SIDD的实践与思考

分析了我国现阶段灌区管理现状，介绍了国外代表性的灌区管理模式，针对我国的实际情况，提出了一种较为先进的农业灌溉管理模式，即体现经济自立，视水为商品的SIDD模式，并根据国内几个灌区SIDD的实践，评价了SIDD试点的成效，探索了存在的典型问题与对策。     

中国的参与式灌溉管理改革:自主管理灌排区

基于"参与式灌溉管理"(简称PIM)这一概念所进行的灌溉管理改革正在世界各国进行.在中国,基于PIM这一概念的农民用水者协会对灌区进行管理的改革得到了中国水利部的大力支持.自主管理灌排区(SIDD)的前称为经济自立灌排区,是在中国开发的一种参与式灌溉管理的综合形式,并在许多世行项目区得到了发展.SIDD包含了整个灌区,是由农民用水者协会[WUA负责管理灌区末级渠道(给用户放水)]和供水公司(管理骨干系统)组成.自1995年以来,中国水利部一直支持SIDD/WUA在世行项目区的发展,已在6个世行项目中实施.     

机械灌溉节水技术问答(Ⅰ)

机械灌溉节水技术问答（Ⅰ）张佑墉沈阳市和平区文体路１８号３４３信箱（１１０００３）［１］何谓机械灌节水技术？答：机械灌溉节水技术是在机械灌溉农田中，以最少或较少灌水量的投入，获得最多或较多农产品的产出，从而提高单位灌水量利用率的一种灌溉技术。机械灌溉...     

沈阳市节水灌溉工作的现状与问题

沈阳市节水灌溉工作的现状与问题沈阳市水利局１发展过程沈阳市位于辽宁省的中部，是东北的重工业城市，人口５１０万，共有耕地６００万亩，地处辽河、浑河的中下游。由于辽宁省的工业城市较多，工业在沈阳的各行业中又占相当大的比重，故沈阳的需水量相当大。地下水超采...     

沈阳市开展三项“十强”乡镇评定活动

从今年后半年开始,沈阳市在农村开展综合经济实力“十强”乡镇、粮食生产“十强”乡镇和“菜蓝子”建设“十强”乡镇的评定活动。1993年,沈阳市农村142个乡镇的社会总产值已达298亿元。而经济     

高效节水灌溉技术“1＋x”

把“管灌”这一广大农村使用最为普遍的节水灌溉技术,与其它节水灌溉技术相结合,比作“1＋X”的高效节水灌溉技术。就是利用“管灌”输水速度快、能耗低、水利用率高（95％以上）等长处,避其“管灌”田面灌水利用率较低的短处,改用其它田面节水灌溉技术。在不增加投资入或投入较少的前提下,大幅度提高农田灌溉水的利用率,实现高效节水灌溉。     

高效节水灌溉技术"1+X"

把“管灌”这一广大农村使用最为普遍的节水灌溉技术，与其它节水灌溉技术相结合，比作“1＋X”的高效节水灌溉技术。就是利用“管灌”输水速度快、能耗低、水利用率高（95％以上）等长处，避其“管灌”田面灌水利用率较低的短处，改用其它田面节水灌溉技术。在不增加投资入或投入较少的前提下，大幅度提高农田灌溉水的利用率，实现高效节水灌溉。     

抓住机遇 开拓创新 推动自治区节水事业的发展

介绍了内蒙古自治区“十一五”节水灌溉的经验、教训,分析了发展节水灌溉存在的问题,提出了“十二五”发展计划。确定了节水灌溉的重点发展区域。     

PE管半固定式喷灌系统简介

19世纪是“煤”的世纪,20世纪是“油”的世纪;21世纪是“水”的世纪。这就说明在21世纪里，整个世界将围绕“水”而展开各种活动。中国要实现可持续发展战略，也要为“水”而奔波；水资源有限，“节水”势在必行。农业灌溉用水占去了年总用水量一大部分，能否切实可行地“节水灌溉”，对整个节水事业有着极其重大的意义。20世纪70年代，节水灌溉开始在我国发展，90年代初至现在，节水灌溉行业进入蓬勃发展的阶段。生产节水灌溉设备的企业也如雨后春笋般发展起来，与此同时国外灌溉设备企业也进入了中国市场。灌溉方式各异，各有长短。笔者从…     

浅谈灌区渠系配水调度工作

沈阳市浑北灌区地处沈阳市西北部,土地面积285.5km2,灌溉面积1.49万hm2.灌区有总干渠1条,干渠2条,支渠22条.灌区渠首在浑河右岸,灌溉用水由浑河引水,水源由大伙房水库提供,灌区内有机电井120眼,在库水水源不足时由机电井提水来补充.     

饮料中柠檬黄含量测定的不确定度分析

对饮料中的柠檬黄含量进行了测定和不确定度分析,通过对各影响因素的不确定度评定,试验重复性对饮料中合成着色剂的测量结果不确定度的影响最大,其次是样品处理回收率和标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度对试验结果也有较大的影响。结果表明:饮料中柠檬黄的含量为（103.5?3.5）mgkg,k＝2。      

Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of irrigation in Saskatchewan

Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology.     

技工院校数学教学中培养学生应用能力的对策分析

数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。     

沼气在冬季温室生产中的应用

本试验通过沼气燃烧,提高冬季温室温度,促进西红柿生长发育.试验结果表明:增温可有效提高冬季温室温度,为西红柿越冬生产提供良好条件,有利于西红柿植株茎粗增加及果实膨大速率提高;可使西红柿坐果期提前10天左右,采收期延长20天左右,并提早上市.同时,增温可显著提高西红柿产量,亩增产800kg.     

四川简阳地区砂岩层中水分利用研究

分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。     

Advances in application of climate prediction in agriculture

Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.

In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.

In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.

We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential.     

Fate and transport of atrazine in a sandy soil in the presence of antibiotics in poultry manures

Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics.     

北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估

为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。