母猪的体况管理

近年来在市场走访发现,很多猪场在母猪的体况管理上存在较大问题,给生产造成了负面影响,但却未能引起猪场管理者的充分重视,本文参考了PIC、TOPIGS、Purina、Hendrix、Vitamex等公司相关资料及中国农业大学部分研究论文,从母猪体况管理的重要性、体况评判方法、影响体况的因素和如何调整母猪的体况4方面加以阐述,以供业内同行参考。     

母猪的体况管理

近年来在市场走访发现,很多猪场在母猪的体况管理上存在较大问题,给生产造成了负面影响,但却未能引起猪场管理者的充分重视,本文参考了PIC、TOPIGS、Purina、Hendrix、Vitamex等公司相关资料及中国农业大学部分研究论文,从母猪体况管理的重要性、体况评判方法、影响体况的因素和如何调整母猪的体况4方面加以阐...     

母猪的体况管理

假设窝活产仔11头,每头平均体重1．5kg,哺乳21日后平均增长到6kg,合计窝增重49．5kg。仔猪这些增重所消耗的母乳,完全靠哺乳期间母猪采食的饲料转化是不可能的,其中还有母猪对自身皮下脂肪的动用。所以,分娩前皮下脂肪的适当蓄积和哺乳期间让母猪多吃饲料是母猪饲养管理的重点。     

母猪体况卡尺

在全球范围内,人们通常按一个主观的体况目标对母猪进行饲养。因此,本研究旨在开发一种能够快速、准确、客观地测量母猪体况的工具。开发出一种能够对母猪背部棘突到横突的棱角进行量化的样品卡尺。此母猪卡尺测量技术是基于随着母猪体重、脂肪和肌肉的减轻/减少,其背部会变得更棱角分明的原理来测量的。卡尺臂高3.8 cm,可适应16.5 cm、21.6 cm、26.7 cm或31.8 cm的宽度。试验选用北卡罗莱纳州东部商品母猪场的315头长白×大白后备母猪和高胎次母猪(n=315),将卡尺与母猪体重、背膘、眼肌深度和眼观体况进行相关性分析。用卡尺测量母猪背部的多个部位:肩后部、背部正中和最后肋。母猪称重,记录胎次。再用Aloka 500V SSD超声仪测量背膘厚度(Backfat,BF)和眼肌深度(Loin Depth,LD)。用1(瘦)~5(过胖)的5分制法对母猪的眼观体况进行评分(Body Condition Score,BCS)。体重、BF、LD和BCS可解释卡尺测量值上51%~71%的变异。结果表明,母猪最佳的卡尺宽度为26.7 cm,且应在最后肋处进行测量。母猪体况卡尺是一种可以被猪农用来标准化母猪体况的客观测量工具。     

根据体况饲喂母猪

1窝产仔数直接受母猪配种时的体况影响 我们曾介绍过仔猪的死亡率随着母猪产次的增加有上升的趋势,并观察到成年母猪不断增加的体重会如何加大它的维持费用.因此错过适时引入后备母猪,简直就是在浪费昂贵的饲料.     

母猪的按体况饲喂

有了基于体重和背膘厚的更可靠的方法时,对每头母猪进行目视检查并对其体况打分就不是决定母猪妊娠期每天喂料量的好方法了。[编按]     

母猪体况卡尺的应用

为了准确评估母猪的体况,使用不依赖人眼、不主观的工具是有必要的。使用母猪体况卡尺可以帮助消除评分员目测评分的主观性,使养殖者能够优化饲料成本并最大限度地提高母猪福利。     

母猪体况卡尺的开发

本文探讨了母猪体况卡尺的开发及其研究意义,为客观体况测量工具的研发和使用提供了依据。本文将母猪体况和母猪繁殖性能相结合并进行了对比,总结了母猪体况与母猪繁殖性能相关性的研究数据,提出了使用母猪体况卡尺的经济学意义,并给出了合理的饲喂策略(图1~37)。     

母猪的体况管理与阶段饲养策略

正养猪企业,要想持续经营下去,获得成功,最终要提高两个效率:母猪繁殖效率和育成猪生长效率。这样才能降低综合成本。因为企业之间最终的竞争就是成本的竞争。无论是国内还是国外的竞争,谁的成本领先,谁就能发展得更好。养猪可概括为:繁殖+生长,关键点就是仔猪断奶。前期既涉及繁殖又涉及胚胎的生长、仔猪的生长,为后期动物生长奠定了基础。     

通过妊娠期饲喂策略管理母猪体况

PIC母系猪的育种目标是与时俱进的,其中除了选育繁殖性状外,还包括约40％的选育性状与终端公猪相同,例如生长育肥期的存活率和抗逆性、生长效率和胴体性状.因此,现代化的PIC康贝尔母猪比过去更加高效. 母猪在分娩时体况偏肥是PIC的技术服务团队在全球范围内最常发现的现象.从饲喂的角度来看,体况偏肥的母猪有更高的饲料成本,...     

Concentrations of leptin in serum and milk collected from lactating sows differing in body condition

Leptin concentrations in the circulation and milk were determined in sows that differed in body condition at farrowing, and in feed consumption during lactation. Serum concentrations of leptin at farrowing and weaning were highest in sows exhibiting the greatest amount of backfat. Leptin was detected in both skim and whole milk throughout lactation, but levels were not correlated with backfat thickness or circulating leptin concentrations. This report provides the first evidence for the presence of leptin in sow milk; its function in the physiology of suckling pigs remains to be determined.     

Effects of feeding schedule on body condition, aggressiveness, and reproductive failure in group-housed sows

A total of 208 sows and 288 gilts (PIC line C29) were used to determine the influence of feeding frequency (2 vs. 6 times/d, floor fed) on performance and welfare measurements on a commercial sow farm. Treatments consisted of feeding similar amounts of feed to each sow (2.5 kg) or gilt (2.05 kg) over 2 (0700 and 1530) or 6 times daily (0700, 0730, 0800, 1530, 1600, and 1630). There were 8 sows or 12 gilts in each pen. Gilts and sows were moved to pens 1 to 4 d after breeding. In sows, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, backfat change, or variation in BW. There was a trend (P < 0.08) for sows fed twice daily to farrow more total pigs born, but number born alive or other reproductive performance traits were not different (P > 0.10) among treatments. Sows fed 6 times per day had increased vocalization during the morning (P < 0.07) and afternoon (P < 0.01) feeding periods compared with sows fed twice daily. Sows fed twice daily had more skin (P < 0.01) and vulva (P < 0.04) lesions as well as a small increase in feet and leg (P < 0.01) and hoof (P < 0.02) problems. In this commercial facility, the standard management protocol required moving gilts to a different gestation facility on d 42. On d 42, two pens of gilts with similar breeding dates and treatment were combined and moved to another facility with larger pens until farrowing. Gilts fed 6 times daily had a tendency for greater ADG (P < 0.07) from d 0 to 42 and a tendency for greater (P < 0.09) backfat on d 42. After movement to the larger groups from d 42 to farrowing, ADG was similar (P > 0.10) for gilts fed 2 or 6 times daily. Gilts fed twice daily had lower BW variation at d 42 (P < 0.04) and tended to at farrowing (P < 0.10). In gilts, there were no differences (P > 0.10) for reproductive performance, skin and vulva lesions, and feet and leg scores. In conclusion, there were few growth, farrowing, or aggression differences among gilts fed 2 or 6 times daily. This suggests that either feeding method is suitable for group-housed gilts. Among sows, feeding frequency resulted in few growth or farrowing performance differences. Feeding 6 times daily resulted in a small but significant reduction in skin and vulva lesions and structural problem scores while increasing vocalization. Increasing the feeding frequency from 2 to 6 times daily does not appear to have a negative or positive impact on performance or welfare of group-housed gilts and sows.     

泌乳期母猪的饲喂频率对其体况、生产和繁殖性能的影响

文章评估了哺乳期间母猪的饲喂频率(2或3次/d)对母猪体况、繁殖性能及仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选择68头母猪,随机分为8组(每组8~10头母猪),哺乳期间其中4组母猪每天饲喂2次,另外4组每天饲喂3次,母猪分为青年母猪(<2胎次)和老龄母猪(≥3胎次),试验结束后记录母猪体况评分、肩部组织病变、发情率、母猪生产及仔猪生长性能。结果显示:每天饲喂3次的母猪比饲喂2次的母猪采食量高(P<0.05),肩部组织病变低(P<0.05)。在每天饲喂3次的母猪中,青年母猪返情率为0%,老龄母猪返情率为29%,而在每天饲喂2次的母猪中,青年母猪发情率为20%,老龄母猪为5%。综上所述,在哺乳期,母猪每天饲喂3次较每天饲喂2次提高了采食量,对母猪体况评分和肩部组织病变有改善作用,同时也降低了年轻母猪的返情率。     

Body condition of sows across parities and relationship to reproductive performance

Weight, heartgirth, backfat and body condition of sows was monitored in a commercial, farrow-to-finish unit during 1 yr. Measurements were obtained during the third, ninth and fifteenth week of gestation and the day after weaning. Litter performance and rebreeding rate also were recorded. Body weight and heartgirth increased (P less than .01) over parities because gestational gains were larger than lactational losses. Backfat tended to be lower in later parities. Body weight, heartgirth and backfat, but not condition score, declined from weaning to the third week of the subsequent gestation in both first and second litter sows. Correlations among measures of body condition were low (less than .45), except the overall correlation between body weight and heartgirth. Number of pigs born alive increased and interval to estrus decreased in later parities. There were no significant relationships between changes in body condition and rebreeding performance of sows. These results suggest that changes in body condition typically observed in sows housed in commercial production units may be too subtle to have an effect on reproductive performance.     

Dietary medium- or long-chain triglycerides improve body condition of lean-genotype sows and increase suckling pig growth

In a field trial conducted on a commercial swine farm, lean-genotype sows (n = 485) were fed diets containing 0 or 10% supplemental fat as either medium-chain triglyceride or choice white grease from d 90 of gestation until weaning (15.5 d). Effects on standard sow and litter production traits were examined together with assessment of sow body condition using live ultrasound. Daily feed intake during lactation was 10% higher in sows consuming diets without added fat (7.2 vs 6.5 kg; P < 0.01); however, lactation ME (23.9 Mcal/d) and digestible lysine (54 g/d) intakes were unaffected (P > 0.10). Sows supplemented with fat were 4 kg heavier on d 109 of gestation (220 vs 224 kg; P < or = 0.01), 1 d after farrowing (210 vs 214 kg; P < or = 0.01), and at weaning (210 vs 214 kg; P < or = 0.01). Expressed as overall gain, this amounted to a 23% increase (0.66 vs 0.86 kg/d; P < or = 0.01) and was accompanied by a 49% increase in backfat (0.82 vs 1.68 mm; P < or = 0.03) from d 90 to farrowing. Changes in sow weight (-0.01 kg/d) and backfat (+4.2 mm) over lactation were minimal and were not affected by fat supplementation (P > or = 0.10). Longissimus muscle area at weaning was slightly greater (44.96 vs 46.2 cm2) in sows consuming fat than in control sows (P < or = 0.05), but changes in longissimus muscle area were not significant from d 90 to weaning (P > or = 0.10). Gestation length, pigs born alive, average birth weight, survival (d 3 to weaning), and days to estrus were not affected by diet (P > 0.10). However, supplemental fat increased pig ADG (192 vs 203 g/d; P < 0.01) and average pig weaning weight (4.3 vs 4.5 kg) at 15.5 d (P < or = 0.02). No differences between the two fat sources were detected. This large-scale study demonstrated that supplemental fat during gestation and lactation effectively improved sow condition and improved suckling pig performance without affecting energy intake during lactation, implying improved efficiency of sow energy utilization.     

脂肪酶和脂肪粉对母猪产仔性能、体况及断奶发情间隔的影响

旨在研究脂肪酶和脂肪粉对母猪产仔性能、体况及断奶发情间隔的影响。选择妊娠80 d的经产健康新美系长白、大白原种母猪各36头,随机分为9组,每组4头长白、4头大白,采用3×3双因子设计,即脂肪酶设0%、0.02%、0.03%三个水平,脂肪粉设0%、1%、2%三个水平。试验从母猪妊娠80 d开始至分娩后结束,其中预饲期5 d。结果:①产仔性能:不同脂肪酶水平对母猪的各项产仔性能指标影响均不显著(P>0.05),但平均初生重、平均初生窝重有随着脂肪酶增加而明显提高的趋势;不同脂肪粉水平对母猪的平均窝产活仔数、平均初生重、平均初生窝重影响均不显著,但随脂肪粉增加有提高的趋势。②体况:2%脂肪粉组妊娠背膘增厚显著高于0%脂肪粉组(P<0.05),泌乳期背膘损失最少,断奶发情间隔最短。在泌乳期背膘损失方面,0.03%脂肪酶组表现最理想。③发情间隔:2%脂肪粉组及0.03%脂肪酶组间隔最短。试验表明,炎热的夏季,在日粮中添加2%脂肪粉及0.03%脂肪酶对母猪产仔性能、体况以及断奶发情间隔方面最好。     

Space allowance for dry, pregnant sows in pens: body condition, skin lesions, and performance

Different floor space allowances for dry, pregnant sows in pens were evaluated to determine the impacts of space on sow performance, productivity, and body lesions during 2 consecutive farrowings. Treatment groups of 5 sows/pen were assigned to 1.4, 2.3, or 3.3 m(2) of floor space/sow or of 5 sows in individual stalls (1.34 m(2)). The experiment consisted of 6 replications (blocks 1 to 6), and within each block measurements were recorded for 2 consecutive pregnancies and farrowings. A total of 152 sows were measured at 1 farrowing, and 65 of those sows were measured at the successive farrowing (n = 217 records). Performance traits were BCS, BW, backfat (BF), days until rebred, and proportion culled. Litter traits were number of piglets born alive, male:female ratio, and proportions of stillborn, mummified, or dead piglets after birth. Litter performance measures were mean piglet BW and gain and litter BW. Lesion scores were assessed for several body regions. There were treatment and parity effects and interactions for several traits. An interaction of space treatment and parity occurred for sow mean BW, d-110 BW, BF, litter size, and litter and piglet BW and gain, with most effects in parity 2, 3, and 4 sows. Space affected sow mean (P < 0.001) and d-110 BW (P < 0.05) and mean BF and adjusted BF (P < 0.001); sows in pens at 相似文献   

Relationship between body fat and postweaning interval to estrus in primiparous sows

Twenty-two primiparous Yorkshire sows were used to determine whether a minimal threshold of body fat exists below which the return to estrus is delayed. A second objective was to examine the relationship between body fat and interval from weaning to estrus in restricted-fed sows. During lactation (28 d), sows received 7, 9, 11 or 13 Mcal of ME daily to produce a range of sow body fatness at weaning. Intake of all dietary essentials except ME was similar for all sows. Litter size was adjusted to 10 pigs for all sows by d 3 postpartum. Each day from weaning to estrus, sows received 110 kcal ME per kg metabolic body weight plus 1,359 kcal ME per sow. Body fat was estimated at weaning and at first postweaning estrus by deuterium oxide dilution. Last rib backfat depth was determined ultrasonically 24 h postpartum and at weaning. Irrespective of dietary ME intake, percentage body fat at weaning (R2 = .24; P less than .05) and first postweaning estrus (R2 = .03; P greater than .50) accounted for only a small portion of variation in interval from weaning to estrus. Likewise, loss of backfat depth during lactation was not an accurate predictor of interval from weaning to estrus (R2 = .24; P less than .05). The low coefficients of determination (less than .25) suggest that body fat is a minor controller of postweaning interval to estrus. In contrast, dietary ME intake during lactation accounted for the largest portion of the variation (R2; = .48; P less than .01) in postweaning interval to estrus. We conclude that timing of postweaning estrus in primiparous sows is not dependent on a minimal threshold of body fat. Furthermore, effects of lactational ME intake on the postweaning interval to estrus are more pronounced than the effects of body fat.     

饲养管理、环境及体况对妊娠母猪繁殖性能影响的研究进展

在母猪饲养过程中,通过考虑到个体差异可以降低饲料成本,从而提高动物生产效率.因此,对母猪进行精准饲喂可以提供有关动物生产性能和生活条件的实时信息,这些信息应被集成到需求估计中.到目前为止,只有体重和背膘厚度的生产数据被集成到个体营养需求计算中.但文献报道,健康状况和行为(如身体活动、社会行为和在围栏中的位置)会强烈影响...