玉米/大间作式对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤营养、根际微生物的影响

为明确冀西北地区玉米/大豆间作模式(简称玉豆间作模式)对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤微生物群落的影响,以青贮玉米中原单32与大豆绥农41为材料,于2017-2018年进行了 5种不同间作模式种植试验,测定了青贮玉米产量、品质以及土壤营养与微生物的变化.结果表明,与玉米单种(CK)相比,玉豆间作能明显提高青贮玉米产量、品质,...     

硒、钴配施对玉米产量及籽粒蛋白质和硒、钴含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了Se、Co配施对玉米产量和籽粒中蛋白质、Se、Co含量的影响。结果表明:单施Se对玉米产量无明显不良影响;单施5mg·kg-1的Co对玉米产量无明显影响,但10mg·kg-1和20mg·kg-1的Co处理可明显降低玉米产量;5mg·kg-1的Co和0.5mg·kg-1的Se配施可明显提高玉米产量,比对照(C0S0)提高35.75%。单施Se和单施Co以及Se、Co配施均对玉米籽粒中蛋白质含量无明显影响。单施Co对玉米籽粒的Se含量影响不大,而单施Se以及Se、Co配施均可明显提高玉米籽粒的Se含量。单一施Se和单一施Co可以提高玉米籽粒中Co的含量。Se、Co配施时,施Co10mg·kg-1和20mg·kg-1时,Se能抑制Co在玉米籽粒中的积累。Se、Co配施能明显改善玉米籽粒Se、Co的营养状况,且各处理玉米籽粒中Se、Co含量均低于牲畜、家禽的最大安全量。     

施用硒、锌、铁对玉米和大豆产量与营养

采用黄土高原低硒区典型土壤,以玉米、大豆为供试作物,研究施用硒、锌、铁对作物产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,仅施用氮、磷、钾肥料,玉米、大豆产量无明显变化,施用适量硒、锌、铁时,玉米产量明显提高15.6%～73.8%,大豆产量提高58.9%～115.1%。施用硒、锌、铁,玉米籽粒氮含量明显增加,而磷、钾含量无明显变化,大豆籽粒氮含量无明显变化,磷、钾含量有所下降。土施或结合叶面喷施硒、锌、铁时,玉米和大豆籽粒硒、锌、铁含量明显增加,尤其是土施结合叶面喷施硒、锌、铁时效果突出。与对照比较,玉米籽粒硒增加480.4%、锌增加106.9%、铁增加126.7%; 大豆籽粒硒增加512.9%、锌增加62.2%、铁增加15.6%。综合考虑玉米、大豆产量和籽粒硒、锌、铁含量变化,锌、硒适宜土壤施用,或土施结合叶面喷施施用,叶面喷施铁可有效提高作物籽粒铁含量。     

河北平原冬小麦、夏玉米农田基础产量和地力贡献率分析

为了解河北平原冬小麦、夏玉米农田基础产量状况,提高养分管理水平,对2011~2014年在河北省开展的894组小麦和952组玉米配方施肥农户示范数据进行了分析,评价了河北省冬小麦、夏玉米农田施肥量、基础产量、施肥产量、养分效率和地力贡献率。结果发现,河北冬小麦、夏玉米平均施氮(N)量分别为242和234 kg/hm~2,施磷(P2O5)量分别为65和59 kg/hm~2,施钾(K2O)量分别为45和61 kg/hm~2;冬小麦、夏玉米平均农田基础产量分别为4 509和5 979 kg/hm~2,农民习惯施肥平均产量分别为6 390和7 905 kg/hm~2;氮肥偏生产力分别平均为25.3和39.9 kg/kg,磷肥偏生产力平均为47.3和115.2 kg/kg,钾肥偏生产力平均为102.9和136.0 kg/kg。河北平原冬小麦、夏玉米的农田基础产量贡献率平均为70.6%和71.6%,农田地力贡献率随着基础产量水平的提高呈显著提高趋势,基础产量与施肥产量呈极显著线性相关关系。提高基础产量水平是保证河北省冬小麦、夏玉米高产的关键。     

氮、磷营养对黄土高原旱地玉米产量、品质的影响机理研究

田间裂区试验研究了不同氮磷施用水平对旱地玉米子粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施氮、磷肥,能增加子粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸含量和子粒容重,降低粗淀粉的含量,提高玉米产量和水分利用效率,且氮肥效果优于磷肥。施用氮、磷肥能够增加土壤碱解氮、速效磷的浓度,有利于玉米根系对氮磷营养的吸收;在促进根系生长的同时,提高玉米的生物产量,增加植株茎秆、叶片对氮素、磷素的吸收、转化以及向穗轴、子粒的输送,显著提高子粒的灌浆强度,促进灌浆中后期子粒氮、磷的积累,增大粒重,改善子粒品质。     

氮素营养对黄土高原旱地玉米产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

20022003年在陇东旱塬的甘肃省农科院镇原旱农试验基地秋覆膜玉米地上进行了不同施氮量对旱地玉米产量、品质及水分利用效率影响试验。结果表明,不同年份氮肥用量对不同类型玉米品种产量均有极显著差异,但同一年份不同类型玉米品种或不同年份同一类型玉米品种产量无显著性差异。玉米产量随着施氮量的增加而提高,且每公斤氮肥增产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、光合速率(Pn)等均以中氮(N.180.kg/hm2)时最大。在中等氮肥水平以下,玉米子粒粗脂肪、粗蛋白和淀粉含量随施氮量的增加而提高,同时,歉水年份有利于容重、粗蛋白和淀粉的累积。     

不同培肥措施对银北灌区土壤盐碱特性、玉米生长及产量指标的影响

为探究银北灌区盐碱地不同培肥措施下的土壤盐碱特性和作物生长情况,通过3年定位试验开展了不同量化肥、秸秆、生物有机肥应用后对土壤盐碱特性、春玉米生长及产量指标的影响研究。结果表明:(1)玉米播前土壤表现为对照脱盐碱化现象最明显,而高量生物有机肥和高量化肥有增加耕层土壤盐分含量的趋势,秸秆还田在降低玉米生长前期耕层土壤pH值方面较显著;(2)高量秸秆还田在提高玉米株高和增加玉米茎粗方面优于施用生物有机肥和中低量化肥,玉米株高、茎粗随着有机肥和秸秆用量的增加而提高;(3)在增加玉米穗长、穗粗和穗粒重方面,单施化肥措施优于单施秸秆或生物有机肥;在增加玉米百粒重方面,秸秆还田与化肥措施效果相当;培肥第3年各处理玉米产量表现为:施用生物有机肥T4>T3>T2,施用秸秆T6>T7=T5,施用化肥T10>T9>T8,配施处理T11>T12,玉米产量随生物有机肥和化肥施用量的增加而提高,秸秆还田在提高玉米产量方面优于生物有机肥,而中量秸秆还田在提高玉米产量方面优于高量和低量秸秆还田。与施用化肥相比,试验区连续3年配施生物有机肥在提高玉米产量方面已表现出优势,而配施秸秆在提高玉米产量方面尚未发挥优势,秸秆还田相对生物有机肥在提高作物产量方面存在滞后效应。     

不同轮作模式对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

为了探明苜蓿-青贮玉米(A-C)、大麦-青贮玉米(B-C)、小麦-青贮玉米(W-C)、燕麦-青贮玉米(O-C)、黑麦草-青贮玉米(L-C)5种不同轮作模式对青贮玉米产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响,以玉米-玉米(C-C)连作为对照,在2014年和2015年进行了田间随机区组试验。结果表明,不同轮作模式下青贮玉米产量、粗蛋白、淀粉、粗脂肪、p H值、有机质、速效养分和土壤酶活性指标均显著优于连作模式(P0.05)。A-C处理中青贮玉米产量、裹包青贮玉米的粗蛋白、淀粉、粗脂肪含量均高于其他处理,并分别高出对照(C-C)39.29%、27.90%、39.46%和28.30%。随着种植年限的延长土壤酶活性呈下降趋势,其中A-C和O-C处理中,蔗糖酶随着种植年限的延长明显下降;W-C处理中,碱性磷酸酶活性随着种植年限的延长明显下降。因子分析结果表明,不同轮作处理土壤肥力得分依次为A-CO-CB-CW-CL-C,说明苜蓿与青贮玉米轮作不仅有利于提高玉米产量和改善青贮饲料品质,还有助于改良土壤。本研究结果为长三角地区优质饲草轮作制度的建立提供了理论依据。     

河北省低平原区近16年来农田施肥量、作物产量和养分效率的变化特征

为阐明近16年来河北省低平原区农田养分管理措施对作物产量和养分效率的影响,提高农田养分管理技术水平,对1998~2014年在河北省开展的6个土壤肥力定位监测试验进行了统计分析。结果发现,河北省低平原区小麦氮、磷、钾肥施用量一直维持在较高的水平,年平均施用量分别为315.2、199.5和173.2 kg/hm~2。玉米施肥量逐年增加,2014年氮、磷、钾施用量分别为247.0、69.8和128.5 kg/hm~2。小麦、玉米施肥区产量分别较1998年提升了40.7%和72.4%,小麦无肥区没有明显增产,玉米无肥区产量提高了36.1%。施肥量增加对小麦产量没有明显的影响,但对玉米产量增加有显著的促进作用,其中氮素是影响玉米产量的最主要因素。小麦的氮肥偏生产力和农学效率因施肥量较高在过去16年间没有明显的变化,而玉米则随时间和施肥量的增加呈下降趋势。土壤基础地力对小麦、玉米产量的贡献率呈逐年下降的趋势。     

不同施肥量对贵州高产玉米养分吸收、生物性状、产量及品质的影响

在贵州黄壤地区开展了以玉米品种(“金玉506”和“黔单24”)为主区,不同施肥量为副区处理的大田裂区试验,探讨贵州两种高密度栽培品种玉米的产量、生物性状、养分吸收和品质对不同施肥量的响应。结果表明：不同施肥量对玉米品种产量有显著影响。“金玉506”产量随施肥量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,以常规密度种植推荐施肥量增量15％处理产量最高,达10229.3 kg/hm2;而“黔单24”略有不同,其产量随施肥量增加呈降低趋势,以推荐施肥量处理最高,为9434.1 kg/hm2。从产量构成因素看,品种与施肥量对玉米穗粗和千粒重有显著影响,两种玉米品种的千粒重随施肥量增加均呈增加趋势,增幅分别为2.2％~10.3％和3.2％~6.8％。在生物性状方面,“金玉506”以推荐施肥量增量15％处理玉米的株高、穗位高和茎粗最优,分别为308.5、130.4和2.6 cm;而“黔单24”以推荐施肥量处理株高、穗位高和茎粗达最大,分别为311.6、138.0和2.43 cm。从养分吸收看,品种和施肥量对玉米植株的养分吸收有显著影响,其中“金玉506”植株氮、磷和钾的吸收量均随施肥量的增加而增加,增幅分别为24.8％~32.7％、44％~47.8％和5.9％~45.6％;而“黔单24”植株氮、磷和钾吸收量均随施肥量的增加而降低,降幅分别为3.8％~13％、11.8％~23.5％和3.9％~15％。在品质方面,合理施肥量有利于提高玉米的淀粉和粗蛋白含量,而过高施肥量会导致玉米品质的降低。因此,根据不同玉米品种的养分需求规律进行科学合理的施肥有利于促进玉米的养分吸收,提高产量和改善品质。     

Profiles of carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant activity of selected color waxy corn grains during maturation

Waxy corns are becoming increasingly consumed as fresh foods or as raw materials for whole grain foods facilitating human consumption in China, so they are usually harvested before complete maturity. Unfortunately, information on functional properties of immature waxy corns is very limited. Therefore, we investigated the profiles of carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolics, and the antioxidant activity in three types of waxy corn with different colors (white, yellow, and black) during maturation, as well as a normal corn (yellow) used as control. The results showed that black waxy corn had the highest quantity of anthocyanins, phenolics and the best antioxidant activity, yellow corn contained a relatively large amount of carotenoids, while white corn had the lowest amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity. For each type of waxy corn, the higher carotenoids were found at the M2 stage (no major difference between the M1 and M2 stages for yellow corn). The levels of anthocyanin and phenolics decreased for white and yellow corns, contrary to those for black corn during maturation. The antioxidant activity determined by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays increased with ripening, but no difference was found between the M2 and maturity stages for yellow and black corns. For white corn, the DPPH radical scavenging activity first increased and then decreased, while the antioxidant activity determined by TEAC and FRAP assay decreased during maturation. Differences in these parameters indicate that types and harvesting time have significant influences on functional properties of waxy corns.     

Effects of Corn Sample,Mill Type,and Particle Size on Corn Curl and Pet Food Extrudates

The effects of corn sample, grinder type, and particle size of ground corn on the extrusion of corn curls and pet food were studied. Extrusion runs were conducted using a twin-screw extruder. Properties of corn curl and pet food extrudates were affected significantly by corn samples obtained from different parts of the country (Nebraska, Illinois, and Texas), even though grinding and extrusion parameters were held constant. The type of grinder used to grind the corn had an effect on extrusion properties. The volumetric expansion index (VEI) of extrudate from pin-milled samples was lower than that of extrudate from the same corn ground in a hammer mill or roller mill. Small particle size, obtained by grinding corn in a hammer mill with different screen sizes, produced extrudate with a significantly higher VEI than extrudate from coarse- or medium-sized particles.     

玉米/大豆间作模式对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤营养、根际微生物的影响

为明确冀西北地区玉米/大豆间作模式(简称玉豆间作模式)对青贮玉米产量、品质及土壤微生物群落的影响,以青贮玉米中原单32与大豆绥农41为材料,于2017—2018年进行了5种不同间作模式种植试验,测定了青贮玉米产量、品质以及土壤营养与微生物的变化。结果表明,与玉米单种(CK)相比,玉豆间作能明显提高青贮玉米产量、品质,改善土壤营养和微生物菌落。玉豆2:1模式为该地区最佳间作模式,该模式青贮玉米产量为68.53 t·hm^-2,粗蛋白(CP)、淀粉含量明显增加,分别比CK多0.5和3.2个百分点;每吨干物质可生产的牛奶量达到1 539.00 kg·t^-1。与CK相比,玉豆间作下根瘤菌固氮作用明显,其中玉豆2:1模式下灌浆期根际土壤碱解氮含量为124.3 mg·kg^-1。此外,在玉豆间作模式中,玉米根际土壤中子囊菌门真菌表达丰度增加,担子菌门真菌表达丰度降低;出现柄孢壳菌、Harpophora radicicola等新真菌类型。玉豆2:1模式下玉米根际土壤微生物OTU最多,达到318个。本研究为冀西北地区开展高产、优质玉豆栽培技术模式提供了理论依据。     

Divisive field-scale associations between corn yields, management, and soil information

For corn crops on soils with fine texture in eastern Canada, research has been ongoing on the relationships between corn grain yields and management practice, soil strength/compaction, and soil nutrient status. However, these variables can operate in a complex manner that may not be detectable via uni-structural models. This study used regression-tree analysis, in an exploratory context, to model corn grain yields over a relatively flat clay to silty loam field on the basis of several soil physical, soil nitrate, and management variables. It was found that corn grain yields were first subdivided by length of time under corn production (1st and 3rd year corn groups). These yield groups were further subdivided by cone penetration resistance, elevation, soil nitrate, and soil texture information. Generally, higher corn grain yields were associated with 1st year corn, lower relative soil strength/compaction, and higher post-growing season soil nitrate levels. The modeled results helped to identify equifinality, context dependent relationships, and spatial continuity in inferred formative mechanisms; issues important in many field and/or landscape studies of spatial processes.     

Quality,Decontamination, and Energy Use Considerations During Radiant‐Heat and Tempering Treatments of Shelled Corn

Infrared (IR) heating of corn followed by tempering treatments has potential to decontaminate corn of microbes without adverse effects on the overall corn quality. However, it is vital to determine the optimal processing parameters that maximize throughput and microbial load reduction and minimize drying energy without affecting overall corn quality. This study investigated effects of IR heating and tempering treatments on mold load reduction, corn color change, and drying energy requirements. Freshly harvested corn samples with initial moisture contents (IMCs) of 20, 24, and 28% wet basis were dried with a laboratory‐scale IR batch dryer in one and two drying passes. The dried samples were then tempered for 2, 4, and 6 h at 50, 70, and 90°C. Results showed that mold load reduction ranged from 1 to 3.8 log colony forming units per gram of corn (log CFU/g) for one‐pass treatments and from 0.8 to 4.4 log CFU/g for two‐pass treatments as tempering temperature and tempering duration increased. Compared with the control, treatments resulted in reduction of the corn color parameter (ΔE ) (P < 0.05). Energy expended to dry the corn varied between 1.7 and 2.5 MJ/kg for one‐pass treatments and between 4.1 and 6.1 MJ/kg for two‐pass treatments. This work showed that IR heating of corn has the potential to significantly decontaminate microbes on corn. The IR process may help producers combat mycotoxin issues in corn that result from mold contamination.     

中国四川间作地区作物高度、覆盖度和叶面积指数的时间变化

作物参数在模型模拟中具有非常重要的作用。但很多关于作物参数的研究是很久以前的,一般发表于20世纪中期或更早,并且这些结果都来自于净作作物。为了填补这个空缺,进行了该项研究。结果显示:作物的高度、覆盖度和叶面积指数随时间变化很大。玉米的最大高度是177 cm,间于已有的文献值范围内。玉米的最大覆盖度是花期的86%。玉米的最大叶面积指数是1.96,低于参考文献的2.1~10的范围,这是因为参考文献的研究集中于北美和欧洲,由于品种和耕作制度的不同而造成的。甘薯的最大和最小株高分别为22 cm和12 cm。甘薯的最大覆盖度为薯块膨大期的73%。甘薯的最大叶面积指数是1.79。当甘薯和玉米间作时,其所有的作物参数受玉米影响很大。在玉米-甘薯这个间作系统中,最危险的侵蚀期是玉米收获后至甘薯覆盖度最大期。     

氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响

施用氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质有明显的影响。氮磷钾营养平衡施用(NPK)较不施氮(PK)、不施磷(NK)和不施钾(NP)显著增加优质玉米产量,使高油玉米(农大115)分别增产15.9%、6.9%和12.1%,使高淀粉玉米(白玉109)依次增产20.3%、8.6%和12.7%。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量;施磷或施钾能增加高油玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量以及氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量,而对高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质及其组分含量基本无或较小影响。施氮使高油玉米子粒氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量提高0.83和0.41个百分点,使高淀粉玉米提高1.18和0.36个百分点;施氮、施磷和施钾增加高油和高淀粉玉米淀粉总量和支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量,使高油玉米分别增加0.83、0.41和0.30个百分点,使高淀粉玉米分别增加0.34、0.18和0.13个百分点,而施磷或施钾对两品种子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量的影响不明显。     

Influence of drying temperature, water content, and heating rate on gelatinization of corn starches

The gelatinization properties of starch extracted from corn and waxy corn dried at different temperatures were determined at various water contents and heating rates by differential scanning calorimetry. All gelatinization transition temperatures increased with drying temperature and heating rate. Onset and peak temperatures remained relatively constant, whereas end temperature decreased in the presence of excess water. The gelatinization enthalpy (deltaH(g)) of corn starch decreased with drying temperature at 50% water; however, it remained constant for waxy corn starch. The effects of water content and heating rate on deltaH(g) were dependent on each other. The minimum water levels required for gelatinization of starch extracted from corn dried at 20 and 100 degrees C are 21 and 29%, respectively. The activation energy (E(a)) was calculated using an Arrhenius-type equation and two first-order models; the degree of conversion (alpha) was predicted using a newly proposed model that produced good results for both E(a) and alpha.     

Effects of Amylose,Corn Protein,and Corn Fiber Contents on Production of Ethanol from Starch‐Rich Media

The effects of amylose, protein, and fiber contents on ethanol yields were evaluated using artificially formulated media made from commercial corn starches with different contents of amylose, corn protein, and corn fiber, as well as media made from different cereal sources including corn, sorghum, and wheat with different amylose contents. Second‐order response‐surface regression models were used to study the effects and interactions of amylose, protein, and fiber contents on ethanol yield and conversion efficiency. The results showed that the amylose content of starches had a significant (P < 0.001) effect on ethanol conversion efficiency. No significant effect of protein content on ethanol production was observed. Fiber did not show a significant effect on ethanol fermentation either. Conversion efficiencies increased as the amylose content decreased, especially when the amylose content was >35%. The reduced quadratic model fits the conversion efficiency data better than the full quadratic model does. Fermentation tests on mashes made from corn, sorghum, and wheat samples with different amylose contents confirmed the adverse effect of amylose content on fermentation efficiency. High‐temperature cooking with agitation significantly increased the conversion efficiencies on mashes made from high‐amylose (35–70%) ground corn and starches. A cooking temperature of ≥160°C was needed on high‐amylose corn and starches to obtain a conversion efficiency equal to that of normal corn and starch.