玉米冠层内外风速变化周期特征的研究

应用Morlet连续小波变换对玉米冠层内外 4个高度风速数据的变化分析结果表明 ,1h平均风速的连续小波变换提供了不同高度风速数据所包含的多种周期分量的清晰图像 ,1d和 18d周期是 4组风速数据包含的主要周期分量。连续小波变换的平均谱显示了风速数据的时间变异性和能量在不同周期分量中的分布     

干旱风沙区农田防护林网空间风速与地表风蚀特征

为准确了解和评价干旱风沙区在典型大风环境下农田防护林空间风速分布,以及林网内风蚀状况,分别利用三杯风速仪和诱捕法,对干旱风沙区盐池县农田防护林网空间风速与地表风蚀特征开展了林网内不同水平距离内的距地表50、200 cm高度风速分布与地表风蚀状况监测。研究表明:1)随着防护距离的逐渐增大,风蚀量呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,而风速变化规律正好相反;50和200 cm高度的风速变化规律均一致,均呈先逐渐降低后逐渐升高的变化,以12H处对风力减小作用最明显,50和200 cm高度的风速降幅分别达到了51%和46%;林带防风效益与距离呈先增加后减小趋势,以12H(12倍的防护林带树高,下同)处200 cm高度最佳,为53.65%;侵蚀模数由林带内的轻度、1H处的强度到3H、7H处的剧烈,12H处为极强度,以3H处最大,为21 944.62 t/km~2。2)沙粒粒径以73.99、87.99、104.6μm区间为主,其中82.53%~99.93%沙粒均集中在248.9μm以下,为细沙粒,而旷野对照组沙粒粒径主要集中在104.6~148μm,沙粒明显较粗。因此,干旱风沙区沙质农田防护林网在典型大风日内对风速的减缓非常有效。但由于林网内沙物质源丰富,风蚀现象依然严重,对当地沙尘暴发生影响较大。该研究对准确掌握当地林网风蚀,科学评价林网防护功能等有一定的借鉴作用。     

风速对盆栽苋菜蒸腾及物质积累的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了2.0 m·s-1、1.0 m·s-1、0.4 m·s-1、0.0 m·s-1风速下风速气象因子对苋菜蒸腾耗水及生长的影响.结果表明:温室内盆栽苋菜的蒸腾速率及日蒸腾量受不同风速影响的表现相似,差异不显著,整体看来,蒸腾速率和日蒸腾量以1.0 m·s-1风速处理最大,0.4 m·s-1风速处理和对照次之,最大风速2.0 m·s-1处理最小.采用逐步回归分析了不同风速处理下盆栽苋菜的蒸腾速率、日蒸腾量与气象因子的相关关系,发现不同风速处理蒸腾速率与光照强度的正相关性最强,2.0 m·s-1风速处理的蒸腾速率与温度的正相关性次之,而其他处理的蒸腾速率与相对湿度呈显著负相关;日平均温度是影响各处理日蒸腾量的主要因素.盆栽苋菜的物质积累曲线表明,风速1.0 m·s-1处理的物质积累量最大,2.0 m·s-1处理最小.风速处理对温室盆栽苋菜的地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重以及根冠比均有极显著影响,且1.0m·s-1与2.0m·s-1风速间差异极显著.干物质重受风速影响显著,1.0 m·s-1处理干重最大.风速处理对盆栽耗水量和水分利用效率的影响未达显著水平,但1.0m·s-1风速处理的水分利用效率最大.     

Validating the use of Cs measurements to estimate rates of soil redistribution by wind

Wind erosion has degraded over one-half billion hectares of land worldwide. ¹³⁷Cesium (¹³⁷Cs) has been used as a tracer to study long-term rates of soil redistribution by water and, to a lesser extent, by wind. Early studies assumed that the decline in ¹³⁷Cs activity for a potentially eroded soil relative to that for an uneroded soil was linearly proportional to soil loss. More recently, models have emerged that consider the effects of soil cultivation and the particle surface area-dependent partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs on soils. We investigated the partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs in wind-eroded sediments and with soil surface samples sieved into contiguous ranges of particle sizes. We also compared the ¹³⁷Cs activities and stratification of several adjacent soils with known wind erosion and deposition histories. Finally, we tested ¹³⁷Cs-based soil loss models with measured data from sites with documented histories. ¹³⁷Cs activities and mean particle diameters of aeolian samples agreed well with the ¹³⁷Cs activities and respective mean diameters of the sieved surface soil samples. Good agreement between model estimations and measured data indicated that ¹³⁷Cs models developed to estimate soil redistribution by water were also applicable to soil redistribution by wind provided that the models contained an appropriate particle size correction parameter.     

Influence of pebble mulch on soil erosion by wind and trapping capacity for windblown sediment

In the semiarid region of northwest China, pebble mulches have been used by farmers for over 300 years. However, very little studies were conducted on the effect of pebble mulch on soil erosion by wind. Results of a wind tunnel simulation and a field experiment showed that pebble mulch had two functions in controlling wind erosion: first, it could prevent soil from eroding by wind; second, it could trap dust carried by wind. According to the wind tunnel simulation experiment, pebble mulch reduced wind erosion rate (g m⁻² min⁻¹) by 84–96% at the different wind velocities (10–26 m s⁻¹) in comparison with the controls. In addition, the ratio between total soil loss from the pebble-mulched soil and the bare soil was 0.06. The field study indicated that pebble mulch could trap 1.6–1.8 times more windblown sediments than the control suggesting that pebble mulch might also be effective in controlling dust storms. The grain size distribution of eroded soil showed that a lower percentage of particles in the range of >1.0 mm fractions and a higher percentage in the range of <0.05 mm fractions occurred in the pebble-mulched treatments than in the controls, while windblown sediments trapped by pebble mulches had a lower percentage of grains in the range of >0.5 and <0.05 mm fractions than that trapped by the controls.     

河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀特征的影响

为研究河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀的影响,通过春小麦田间试验,设置免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒4种保护性耕作处理,以传统耕作为对照,分析了河西绿洲灌区不同保护性耕作措施对田间输沙量、风蚀深度、风蚀物粒径组成、风速的影响。结果表明：0~30 cm高度输沙量能敏感地反映不同耕作措施之间输沙量的差异。与传统耕作相比,免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒处理0~30 cm高度输沙量分别减少17.4%~46.7%、21.7%~45.2%、24.7%~48.2%和10.7%~42.4%。风蚀深度传统耕作为1.22~1.44 mm,4种保护性耕作处理均为0 mm。与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作处理风蚀物粒径组成无显著变化,但<0.063 mm细粒占比有减小趋势。立茬处理20 cm高度风速显著降低24.1%~39.5%,其他保护性耕作措施风速降低不显著。综上所述,河西绿洲灌区不同保护性耕作措施能不同程度地抑制土壤风蚀,立茬处理是相对较优的保护性耕作措施,适宜该地区推广应用。     

Field evaluation of relationships between a vegetation structural parameter and sheltering against wind erosion

Measurements of natural vegetation canopies and of threshold friction velocities for soil movement were made at three arid and semiarid field sites. Threshold friction velocities for the vegetated surface and for bare soil were used to evaluate the partitioning of shear stress between that absorbed by the plant canopies and that absorbed by the soil surface (this potentially causing movement of soil particles). Canopy measurements were used to estimate lateral cover (total frontal-silhouette area per unit ground area), a parameter shown by previous laboratory studies to be a good predictor of shear stress partitioning. The relationship between lateral cover and shear stress partitioning for the field sites agreed with the laboratory results of Gillette and Stockton (1989). Results indicate that the protective influence of vegetative cover against wind erosion can be successfully predicted using simple measurements of vegetation canopy structure.     

Assessing the drop size distribution of simulated rainfall in a wind tunnel

The installation of a rainfall simulator inside the wind tunnel of I.C.E. (International Center for Eremology, Ghent, Belgium) enables to study the combined effect of wind and rain on the erosion processes. Simulated rainfall characteristics assessed were: the spatial distribution of the intensity in the working area of wind tunnel and the drop size distribution under different operating pressures and wind speed. The rainfall intensities varied between 37.9 mm h⁻¹ to 143.0 mm h⁻¹ depending on the number of operating nozzles, the applied pressure and the wind speed. Areas for different rain intensities with a uniformity coefficient higher than 80% were determined in the working area of the wind tunnel. Under simulated rainfall the raindrop diameter varied between 0.2 and 3 mm and this was affected by the operating pressure and by the wind speed. A narrower raindrop distribution and a smaller sorting coefficient, (D₇₅−D₂₅)/D₅₀, was obtained under wind-driven rain (oblique rain) compared to vertical rainfall (without wind).     

河西绿洲灌区春小麦留茬免耕的防风蚀效应研究

通过风洞模拟试验,对不同留茬高度(20 cm和40 cm)和不同留茬方式(立秆留茬和留茬收后压倒)下的土壤风蚀量和不同处理在25～250 mm高度内的风速廓线进行定量测定,并分析土壤风蚀速率与风速的关系.结果表明,高立秆留茬免耕处理在吹蚀风速20m˙s-1以下时对土壤的防风蚀作用存在显著影响.立秆留茬40 cm的风蚀速率比传统耕作降低87.84%,比相同留茬量的压倒留茬处理降低5.89%,表现为最小风蚀速率,且对吹蚀风速的减弱作用最强,防风蚀效果最好.进一步研究表明,传统耕作的土壤风蚀速率(Q)与风速(V)呈幂函数关系,而免耕处理的土壤风蚀速率(Q)与风速(V)遵循二次函数关系.     

高立式沙柳沙障防风效益研究

 通过鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗纳林陶亥镇境内毛乌素沙地边缘沙区的高立式沙柳沙障风速野外观测,利用Surfer（8.8）软件绘制了高立式沙柳沙障体系内外的风速流场图,分析高立式沙柳沙障的防风效益。结果表明:当旷野风速大于起沙风速时,复式带状高立式沙柳沙障体系内外风速变化较明显,防沙带2m高处风速呈现带前增强,带内平缓,带后减弱的趋势;而防沙带0.5m高处风速带内更趋向于平缓、稳定。此外,对沙柳沙障的粗糙度进行了研究。结果表明:障前212H（障高）范围内下垫面粗糙度变化不大;障间粗糙度明显增大;障后212H处的粗糙度比障间粗糙度降低了33.3%,但还是高于旷野对照点粗糙度,为旷野粗糙度的29倍。     

海伦市土地利用与土壤侵蚀时空变化分析

以1995年,2000年2个时段的土地利用和土壤侵蚀TM影像数据为基础,采用GIS空间分析方法和马尔科夫模型对海伦市土地利用和土壤侵蚀变化进行了综合分析。分析表明,土壤轻度、中度侵蚀以旱田为主,强度侵蚀主要是坡耕地。海伦市1995年土壤侵蚀强度大于2000年,从土地利用和土壤侵蚀整体发展趋势来看是向着良性循环转化。     

低风速适用型水平轴风力机气动性能优化与试验

为开发低风资源适用型风力机,以100 W水平轴风力机为研究对象,分析不同设计叶尖速比和设计攻角对风轮变风况气动性能的影响;考虑低风速地区风资源数据统计特点,以提高年发电量和降低启动风速为目标,以设计叶尖速比、设计攻角、叶片弦长和扭角为变量,采用NSGA-II算法进行全局多目标气动寻优;开展风力机性能测试试验。结果表明,优化后年发电量提高了9.14%,风轮启动转矩提高了9.62%;在不同负载条件下,优化叶片功率输出均有明显提高,启动风速由3.84 m/s降低到3.03 m/s;该方法避免设计陷入局部优化,提供一种低启动风速与高功率输出矛盾解决方案,为低风速水平轴风力机设计与应用提供重要参考。     

Similarities and dissimilarities between the dynamics of sand and dust during wind erosion of loamy sandy soil

Aeolian dynamics were measured during a wind erosion event on an agricultural field in Northern Germany. Because the topsoil was loamy sand, particle flow behaved as a sand–dust mixture and not as pure sand (>63 μm) or pure dust (<63 μm). Although generally similar, the erosion, transportation and deposition patterns were not identical for the two particle fractions. The difference was most pronounced for accumulation (defined as deposition minus erosion). For dust, accumulation was negative all over the field because grains were removed in dust clouds. For sand, spots of negative accumulation (erosion) alternated with spots of positive accumulation (accretion) and the net result for the field as a whole was close to zero. The study shows that accumulation maps cannot be used to reconstruct the areas of high aeolian activity. It also demonstrates that during wind erosion, the wind behaves as a selective medium. In topsoil with a median grain diameter between 40 and 160 μm, fine particles are more easily eroded than coarse. In topsoil with a median grain diameter <40 μm, the coarsest particles are more easily eroded. Topsoil with a median grain diameter around 90 μm is very susceptible to granulometric selectivity. The results show that soil lost through wind erosion in NW Germany can amount to several tons per hectare per erosion event, which suggests that wind erosion of soil is more important than water erosion in this region.     

Impact of very low crop residues cover on wind erosion in the Sahel

In the Sahel, with average annual precipitation in the order of 500 mm yr^− 1, wind erosion occurs mainly on cultivated millet fields whose surfaces are only partially covered by crop residues. The impact of these residues on wind erosion was not clearly established. The objective of this study is thus to quantify the actual amount of crop residues in traditional Sahelian fields and to determine their impacts on wind erosion by reference to a bare surface throughout the seasonal cycle over several years.     

基于RS/GIS的布哈河流域土壤侵蚀现状研究

利用遥感和GIS的方法获得了流域内年降水量、年均气温、地形、土壤类型和土地覆被类型等5种评价因子数据,在GIS中通过建模及空间分析,获得了布哈河流域土壤侵蚀强度等级类型及空间分布信息。结果表明,研究区土壤侵蚀总面积是14 337km2,其中轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀面积居多,分别占土壤侵蚀总面积的54.88%和20.51%;剧烈侵蚀面积占土壤侵蚀总面积的0.63%。     

空气引射提高风力灭火机风速的分析与试验

为提高小型便携式风力灭火机的灭火射程和风量,提出了通过空气引射增大其出口空气流量,减缓风速衰减的方法。以其接收室收敛角θ,混合室直径Dm以及喷嘴位置S为变量,建立了240个不同尺寸参数组合的计算流体动力学(CFD)模型并进行了模拟和计算,基于其计算结果,用响应曲面法详细分析并揭示了各结构尺寸对亚音速空气引射性能的影响规律。研究了不同尺寸参数下混合室内部压力场的变化,从机理上探讨了各参数对距离风机中心2.5 m处风速和引射系数交互作用及影响的原因。结果表明:Dm与θ对距离风机中心2.5 m处风速影响很大,Dm与θ两者之间的交互作用很强;而S对距离风机中心2.5 m处风速影响较小,且与其他参数的交互性很弱。确定最佳参数组合即当θ为36.25°,Dm为144 mm,S为90 mm时,距离风机中心2.5 m处风速可达最优值,经试验测定该最优值为36.4 m/s。     

基于GIS的土壤风蚀模型软件构建

针对当前土壤风蚀监测的实际需求,提出基于GIS技术构建土壤风蚀模型软件的思路和方法。该软件基于DTGIS核心服务平台,以C#为主开发语言,Silverlight为界面开发工具,采用轻型数据库SQLite进行数据存储;该软件可为用户提供GIS查询功能、站点数据管理、风力因子计算、土壤侵蚀模数计算、土壤侵蚀强度分级、时间分析、空间分析等功能服务,支持远程客户端连接和多点同时上传数据;同时,该软件将风蚀模型与GIS系统有机地集成到一起,不仅支持风蚀运算过程的交互,而且可以直接将模型运行结果显示在软件中;软件亦可以制作土壤侵蚀模数专题图、土壤侵蚀强度分级专题图、时空分析图,实现土壤风蚀数据系统化管理和数据可视化管理,为评价土壤风蚀的危害提供科学依据。     

西藏高原土壤侵蚀敏感性空间分布

The Tibet Plateau, occupying the main part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and having an average altitude of 4 500 m, has geomorphological features that are unique in the world, with soil erosion being one of the main ecological problems. Thus the main objectives of the present research were to set up an efficient and simple way of evaluating spatial distribution of soil erosion sensitivity in the Tibet Plateau as well as the responses of soil erosion to changes of natural environmental conditions, and to indicate key regions where soil erosion should be preferentially controlled. Based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation （USLE）, the study applied geographic information system （GIS） technology to develop a methodological reference framework, from which soil erosion sensitivity could be evaluated. The impact of precipitation, soil, topography and vegetation on soil erosion was divided into classes of extreme sensitivity, high sensitivity, medium sensitivity, low sensitivity and no sensitivity. With the aid of GIS, the resultant map from overlaying various factors showed that soil erosion sensitivity had great discrepancy in different parts of the region. In the southeastern part of the Tibet Plateau there were mainly three classes of sensitivity, namely, extreme, high and medium sensitivity. However, the other two classes; low and no sensitivity, were dominant in the northwestern part.     

北方生态脆弱区土壤侵蚀敏感性空间分异

榆林是我国北方农牧交错带典型的生态脆弱区,土壤侵蚀严重制约着榆林地区人类生存和社会经济的可持续发展。以通用土壤流失方程为理论基础,选取自然因素(包括降雨、地形和土壤因子)和人为参数(包括生物措施、农业措施和社会经济措施因子)构建评估指标体系。在完成单因子敏感性评价的基础上,利用GIS空间叠加分析功能,对榆林市土壤侵蚀敏感性空间分异特征进行了综合研究。结果表明:研究区土壤侵蚀敏感性以中敏感为主,低敏感和高敏感次之,不敏感仅有零星分布。空间上土壤侵蚀敏感性程度呈南部黄土沟壑区向北部风沙草滩区递减趋势,高敏感区主要集中在靖边、定边两县南端,东部黄河沿岸以及南六县的部分地区。修正后的土壤侵蚀敏感性评价结果与前人研究的土壤侵蚀分布规律趋于一致,充分说明人类活动对土壤侵蚀也产生了极大影响。因此,急需转变不合理的土地利用方式,加强水土流失治理和植被恢复,针对不同敏感区实施分区管理,有效控制研究区能源开发建设对土壤侵蚀潜在发生的影响程度。     

小流域非点源污染负荷流失特征监测研究——以广东省珠海正坑小流域为例

以GIS为技术支持,完成了以元胞自动机(CA)为模型的基于土地利用变化的土壤侵蚀空间演化分析。通过对土地利用规划前和规划后不同利用模式制约下侵蚀发展状况的模拟,预测了不同利用模式中各地块单元土壤侵蚀的发展方向,为评价土地利用合理程度提供了理论依据。