藏东南耕作棕壤养分模糊综合评价

应用模糊数学方法对藏东南地区的耕作棕壤的养分状况进行综合评价。结果表明,这种方法对土壤养分的评价更加准确和可靠,所获得的最终评价值可直接反映土壤养分的绝对等级。     

保护性耕作综合效益评价体系构建及实例分析

保护性耕作是防治农田土壤风蚀起尘的重要技术方法之一,对于从源头上控制颗粒物污染有重要作用。为了综合评价保护性耕作技术的生态环境效益、社会效益和经济效益,该研究构建了一个包含3个一级评价指标、8个二级评价指标、19个三级评价指标的综合效益评价指标体系,并以天津市大港区苏家园村为例,对传统耕作、免耕覆盖、深松耕3种耕作方式下的生态、经济、社会及综合效益进行评价,以验证评价指标体系的可行性。结果表明:从生态环境效益方面来看,传统耕作免耕覆盖深松耕,其指标值分别为0.182、0.540、0.875;从综合效益来看,传统耕作深松耕免耕覆盖,其指标值分别为0.279、0.435、0.584。保护性耕作比传统耕作具有更高的生态环境和综合效益。该研究可为合理地评价保护性耕作综合效益提供参考,对发展保护性耕作起到良好的导向作用。     

基于模糊数学方法的烟叶品质评价

烟叶品质是反映和体现烟叶必要性状均衡情况的综合性模糊概念,其好坏不仅直接影响烟草产品的质量和效益,而且对烟草经济发展起着举足轻重的作用。研究基于模糊数学理论,应用模糊综合--加权平均模型,从烟叶香味、化学成分、燃烧性及农药残留等方面选取11项指标构建评价体系,对2003年重庆市烟叶品质进行了评价。结果表明:烟叶样本武隆2和酉阳1的隶属度远大于其它样本的隶属度,分别为0.695和0.630,说明两样本烟叶的品质最好;巫山2等多数烟叶样本的隶属度在0.1～0.2之间,样本烟叶品质次之;巫山1等烟叶样本的隶属度在0～0.1之间,样本烟叶品质相对较差。应用F分布法确定k次抛物线分布函数作为烟叶品质模糊综合评价的隶属函数,充分体现了烟叶品质评价本身的特点,而通过构建模糊综合一加权平均模型,可充分获取信息,对多样本进行比较排序,计算方法简便,评价结果可靠、合理。     

乡镇企业节能项目的计算机模糊层次综合评判

运用多目标模糊层次分析法,构建了乡镇企业节能项目综合评价指标体系和评判模型,研究了评判指标的隶属函数、隶属度确定的数值算法及合成算法,用Visual Basic6.0设计了计算机评判软件系统,并通过典型案例进行了应用验证,结果表明:所建指标体系从技术、经济和社会生态环境三方面客观、真实地反映了节能项目的综合效果;所建评判模型反映了节能项目综合评判的模糊性、综合性和多层次性,为评判项目的整体优劣和投资决策提供了依据     

鼹鼠多趾结构特征仿生旋耕刀设计与试验

为减小旋耕刀切土扭矩来降低旋耕机功耗,同时提高旋耕机耕作质量,该文分析了鼹鼠前肢手掌多趾组合结构和趾尖轮廓曲线特征,利用二次高斯方程拟合五个趾尖轮廓曲线(R2 0.95和SSE 0.05),并基于拟合曲线,设计了具有鼹鼠多趾结构特征的仿生旋耕刀。通过田间试验,分析传统型和仿生型旋耕刀在不同机组前进速度、转速和耕深条件下的整机功耗、土壤破碎率和沟底压实情况,得到仿生结构特征对整机田间耕作性能的影响。结果表明,当前进速度从1 km/h增加到5 km/h时,仿生型旋耕刀的整机功耗平均减小16.88%;当转速从254 r/min增加到267 r/min时,仿生型旋耕刀的整机功耗平均减小17.00%;当耕深从80 mm增加到160 mm时,仿生型旋耕刀的整机功耗平均减小21.80%。传统型旋耕刀耕后的沟底有压实现象,且沟脊高而宽,耕作效果不佳;而仿生型旋耕刀可以显著地降低耕后沟底被压实的风险,沟底平整,可进一步减小耕作功耗。2种类型旋耕刀在不同耕作条件下的整机土壤破碎率耕深稳定性、耕宽稳定性、耕后地表植被覆盖率、耕后地表平整度和土壤蓬松度在数值上相差不大,且均满足国标要求。研究结果对实现旋耕刀减阻降耗和改善耕作质量具有一定的启发。     

水土保持耕作法应用趋势

水土保持耕作法(Conservation Tillage)既是种植法,又是种植以后保留至少百分之三十土壤表面作物残茬覆盖层的耕作法.这些方法包括免耕或间作、垄作、条耕.覆盖耕作、少耕和几乎不耕.最近,美国农业部承担的1983年农业生产费用调查(FPES)是1984年春天进行的,经过对全国11000多农民阶层的调查,在应用水土保持耕作法的措施方面,加深了对全国和许多地区的情况了解.包括诸如应用范围与位置、耕作、耕作范围、耕作坡度、使用权、采纳原因和接受政府援助等方面情况.     

金莲花生长发育需水模糊评判模型研究

根据机器视觉技术对金莲花需水特征所提取的数据红色分量R、绿色分量G、蓝色分量B,以及r分量、b分量,利用模糊数学方法建立了金莲花生长发育健康需水多参数模糊评判模型,以减少单参数对其需水判定缺陷,并通过试验数据对模糊评判模型进行了验证.试验表明,该模糊评判模型能够对金莲花的生长发育需水状态进行评判,能够确定其缺水时间长短.通过该模糊评判模型,为金莲花的灌溉策略的制定打下基础.     

不同沟灌方式对夏玉米耗水特性及产量影响的模糊综合评判

为了研究模糊数学在夏玉米耗水特性和产量方面的应用,该文采用改进模糊综合评判模型,综合评价夏玉米不同生育阶段耗水量、产量构成因素(穗长、穗粒数、百粒质量)对沟灌方式的响应。结果表明:无论在宽垄种植模式,还是常规种植模式下,夏玉米同一阶段耗水量随灌水下限增加而呈现递增规律,作物全生育期耗水量也随灌水控制下限增加而呈递增规律,实测结果和模糊评价结果一致;灌水控制下限为70%田间持水量的宽垄种植处理的模糊综合评价指数最高,即灌水控制下限为70%田间持水量的宽垄种植处理小区产量最高,水分生产效率也为最高,达到了1.97 kg/m3,此种灌水控制下限的宽垄种植模式为最优。因此,当水资源较充足时,种植灌溉方式建议采取水分处理为70%田间持水量的宽垄种植处理模式;当水资源较匮乏时,种植灌溉方式采取水分处理为60%田间持水量的宽垄种植处理模式。模糊综合评判结果与大田试验结果相吻合,表明该方法可用于评判节水灌溉效应。该研究可为节水灌溉试验结果评价提供参考。     

基于模糊综合分析法的农用地分等方法

针对农用地评价因素的复杂性和模糊性,而传统的多因素综合评价法在农用地分等时易对评价因素以及等别进行"硬性划分"的不足。该文以湖北省安陆市为例,首次提出将模糊综合评判法与模糊聚类分析法结合(简称模糊综合分析法),以模糊综合评判的矩阵成果作为模糊C-均值聚类分析的数据源来对划分农用地等别方法进行探讨,并将模糊综合评判法的分等结果与传统方法分等结果进行比较,得出2种方法分等结果中约有80%相同。采用安陆市各村的粮食平均播面单产对2种方法分等结果存在差异的地区进行独立检验,得到模糊综合评判法和传统方法的分等成果同播面单产的线性相关系数分别为0.87和0.82。研究结果表明:运用模糊综合分析法进行农用地分等具有可行性;将模糊综合分析法运用到农用地分等中比传统方法更能客观准确地说明土地质量的优劣程度。     

沈阳城市河流生态系统健康评价研究

考虑反映城市河流生态系统的水量、水质、河岸带、水生生物与物理结构等5个方面的因素,构建了城市河流生态系统健康评价指标体系。城市河流生态系统健康评价模型采用模糊综合评判模型,各指标权重利用层次分析法确定。根据评价指标的选择原则,选取8个评价指标,提出了5级评价标准,对浑河沈阳段2009年的河流生态系统健康状况进行了评价。结果表明：浑河沈阳段处于不健康状态。通过对比模型计算,验证了该模型的可靠性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.