杂交授粉方式对玉米与大刍草远缘杂交结实率的影响

为了提高玉米与大刍草远缘杂交结实率,通过方差分析和多重比较等方法,研究不同杂交授粉方式对玉米与大刍草远缘杂交结实率的影响。结果表明：玉米与大刍草杂交,因受体材料（母本）基因型不同,以及采用不同的杂交授粉方式,杂交结实率会有明显差异。重复授粉、剪短雌穗顶部苞叶及花丝、喷施赤霉素等处理后授粉均极显著提高玉米与大刍草杂交结实率,且前2种处理杂交结实率显著高于后一种处理。因此,要提高玉米与大刍草杂交选育的饲草玉米制种产量,除注重对母本基因型选择外,还应采用重复授粉、剪短雌穗顶部苞叶及花丝后授粉等方式。     

Electric aided and bud pollination: which method to use for self-seed production in cole crops (Brassica oleracea L.)?

Summary With Brussels sprouts, Savoy and white cabbage different pollination methods were compared for their efficiency in producing self-seed. Besides bud pollination (BP), also the steel brush and electric aided pollination (EAP) method were used. The steel brush method was found to be considerably less effective than BP and EAP. With BP the mean number of seeds per fruit was higher than with EAP. However, this was compensated for by a higher percentage of fruit setting with EAP. Although the clones responded differently to EAP and BP, the total self-seed production per pollination was the same with either method.With EAP open flowers can be selfed. This implies that EAP can be carried out by untrained people in about 60% of the time experienced bud-pollinators require.     

Increased atmospheric humidity post pollination: A possible aid to the production of inbred line seed from mature flowers in the Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea var. Gemmifera)

Summary In two highly self incompatible inbred lines of Brussels sprouts the effect of increased atmospheric humidity post pollination was examined immediately following 1) hand pollination of green buds and open flowers, and 2) blowfly pollination of open flowers. Data were obtained for mean number of seeds set per pollination, mean number of fruits setting seed, and mean number of seeds produced per fruit which set for both varieties. Measured as number of seeds produced per minute spent pollinating, it was clear that open flower pollination followed by high humidity conditions was a much more efficient method of producing inbred line seed (46 seeds/minute) than green bud pollination (27 seeds/minute).     

爱玉子人工授粉技术初探

为避免爱玉子和其授粉小蜂专一性生态系统的制约,获得可控花粉来源的瘦果,本课题组开展人工授粉试验,通过花粉稀释方法和稀释倍数、授粉时间及果胶酯酶活性测定和比较三方面开展试验。按1:1固体稀释在5天内进行人工授粉,可获得重量和果胶酯酶活性都接近自然结实的瘦果,且人工授粉单果结实数量超过自然结实果44%。在以上试验结果的基础上,初步总结和讨论该人工授粉方法的创新点和不足。     

Use of asynchrony in flowering for easy and economical polyhaploid induction in wheat following Imperata cylindrica‐mediated chromosome elimination approach

Wheat × Imperata cylindrica‐mediated approach of doubled haploidy breeding requires hand emasculation followed by pollination with I. cylindrica pollen. The pace of this endeavour can be enhanced by utilizing asynchronous flowering of wheat spikes by direct pollination without emasculation followed by morphological marker–assisted screening of selfed and crossed seeds. The emasculated and un‐emasculated spikes of 13 spring and six winter wheat genotypes and two triticale × wheat derivatives were pollinated with I. cylindrica pollen. The response of different genotypes for production of crossed and selfed seeds with direct pollination varied significantly within and between groups for spring and winter wheats, whereas triticale × wheat derivatives responded similarly to each other but significantly different from spring and winter wheats. Although, the proportion of pseudoseed formation was lower in case of direct pollination, yet in some genotypes, it was comparable to that of pollination after emasculation. Moreover, the response for haploid embryo induction frequency was similar in both the cases. The method of direct pollination can be utilized for easy and economical induction of haploids.     

冬枣蜜蜂授粉与绿色防控技术集成应用及效果分析

为有效解决随枣树规模化种植出现的,枣树授粉过度依赖激素及病虫防控过度依赖化学农药的双重问题。通过建立示范区开展冬枣蜜蜂授粉与病虫绿色防控集成应用探索,集成了以保护蜜蜂、果品安全,提高蜜蜂授粉效率的配套技术。同时,采取田间小区试验研究蜜蜂授粉有效半径及蜜蜂授粉对枣树坐果、果实发育的影响,结果表明：4足框蜂群有效授粉半径为150 m。与常规赤霉素授粉相比,通过蜜蜂授粉畸形果率降低了57.14%;幼果纵茎、纵向周长、单果重量,分别增加2.25 mm、6.72 mm 和1.43 g。同时通过蜜蜂授粉可有效改善枣果品质、提高枣果商品率,较赤霉素授粉商品率提高7.1%,市场售价每kg增加1.5元。蜜蜂授粉可有效替代赤霉素授粉,保证枣树坐果,减少枣果畸形,提升枣果品质,增加果农收入。     

基因库中多花菜豆种子繁殖更新方法

取材于有特殊经济价值、常异花授粉作物多花菜豆,研究基因库中种子繁殖更新方法。连续３年,选用４个品种,设２５～２００株５种不同群体,采用人工授粉等５种授粉方法,以自然条件下风、虫自然传粉为对照。从农艺性状调查,染色体观察及同工酶分析方面进行研究。人工授粉后无变异现象,但结实率很低,只有２．１％左右,且成本昂贵;群体内昆虫自然传粉结实好,幼苗和籽粒变异率为１．３％和１．２％;单花序或单花套袋自交基本不结实,只有个别品种能结实（１％～２％）;对照生长最好,结实率最高,变异率也最大（幼苗１．７％、籽粒１．９％）;全封闭网棚蜜蜂传粉生长正常,变异率低（幼苗０．４％、籽粒０．７％）,成本也较低;全封闭网棚自然传粉的产量低,折合每公顷只有３７８ｋｇ,其成本高于网棚放蜂者。从而明确了在内蒙古呼和浩特繁种,自然条件适宜可减轻选择压力;以全封闭网棚蜜蜂传粉效果最佳,可减少变异频率,防止外来花粉掺入;其群体大小一般以５０株为宜,是繁殖更新多花菜豆基因库种子切实可行的方法。     

Overcoming pre-fertilization barriers in the wide cross between Chrysanthemumgrandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura and C. nankingense (Nakai) Tzvel. by using special pollination techniques

In our earlier study, pre-fertilization barrier was one of the main factors causing the failure of the wide hybridization between Chrysanthemum grandiflorum ‘Yuhuaxingchen’ and C. nankingense, and seriously restricted the utilization of the excellent chrysanthemum germplasm, C. nankingense. In order to overcome the pre-fertilization barrier and obtain some hybrids, we carried out wide hybridization between them again in this study, and tentatively adopted three pollination techniques including mentor pollen, delayed pollination, and gibberellic acid treatment. The average number of pollen grains germinating on stigma at 24 h after pollination and the percentage of embryo were investigated with a temporary mount method and the technique of fluorescence microscopy. It was found that, compared with the control, delayed pollination, gibberellic acid treatment, and mentor pollen significantly increased the average number of pollen grains germinating on each stigma at 24 h after pollination by approximately 152, 235, and 182%, respectively. In addition, all the three pollination techniques significantly increased the percentage of normal embryos at different periods after artificial pollination in comparison to the control. Furthermore, seed sets of the crosses using the three special pollination techniques were 1.1, 1.4, and 2.0%, respectively, whereas we did not obtained any seeds in the control. Taken together, these results suggest that delayed pollination, gibberellic acid treatment, and mentor pollen are three useful pollination techniques for overcoming pre-fertilization barriers and increasing seed set in the wide hybridization between C. grandiflorum ‘Yuhuaxingchen’ and C. nankingense, and they may be widely applied for increasing breeding efficiency in other chrysanthemum wide hybridization facing similar pre-fertilization barriers.     

Self-incompatibility as a pollination control mechanism for spring oilseed rape,Brassica napus L.

Summary Self-incompatibility was shown to be an effective method of pollination control in spring rapeseed (B. napus L. ssp. oleifera (Metzg.)) by comparing the yield of a Westar-Topas syn-1 produced by crossing two SI lines with the yield of the corresponding syn-1 produced by hand pollination. Although the trial showed high-parent heterosis in the syn-1s, there was insufficient replication to determine the level of heterosis.Abbreviations SI self-incompatible - SC self-compatible     

小麦花粉管生长途径及受精过程经历时间的研究

应用常规石蜡切片和荧光显微镜技术对小麦花粉管生长途径及受精过程相应时间进行研究。结果表明，授粉后，花粉随即萌发，2个精子进入花粉管，营养核留在花粉粒内，不久解体。花粉管进入羽毛状柱头分支结构的细胞间隙，继续生长于花柱基部至子房顶部的引导组织的细胞间隙内。随后穿过子房壁，在子房壁与外珠被之间的缝隙中向珠孔方向生长。自花粉萌发至花粉管长入珠孔大约需要1 h。自花粉萌发并到达柱头分支结构中，花粉管均具明显的绿色荧光；但在引导组织区以及子房壁与外珠被之间生长的花粉管几乎看不到荧光。授粉后1 h花粉管经珠孔及珠心表皮细胞间隙进入1个助细胞，并释放精子。授粉后2～6 h精卵融合，授粉后16 h合子第一次分裂。授粉后2～3 h精子与极核融合，授粉后4 h初生胚乳核第一次分裂。授粉后2～16 h，即精卵融合至合子分裂前为花粉管通道法转化合适的时间，采用花柱横切滴加法转入外源DNA。     

Pollen tube growth and fertilization after different in vitro pollination techniques of Aechmea fasciata

The effect of cut style and placental pollination on fertilization efficiency was studied for compatible Aechmea fasciata plants. These alternative in vitro pollination techniques resulted in lower penetration rates of the ovules by pollen tubes in comparison to pollination on the stigma. An explanation was found in the intervention of the normal pollination process,through which less pollen-pistil interactions were built up. After cut style pollination the percentage of ovule penetration by pollen tubes increased when a longer style part was left at the ovary. Probably fewer factors that control pollen tube growth are present in the lower style part. Pollen germinated on the ovules after placental pollination but only rarely penetration of the micropyle by a pollen tube occurred. Activation of the ovary, induced by in vivo prepollination for 6 hours, and pollination two days after anthesis did not increase the fertilization percentage. Grafting a style with active growing pollen tubes to ovules on the placenta (placental grafted style pollination) resulted in a higher fertilization percentage. Pollen tube growth through the style was essential for pollen tube guidance to the ovules and penetration of the micropyle. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

授粉方式与蜂群群势对杂交大豆授粉效果的影响

为提高大豆不育系的异交结实率,研究了授粉方式与蜂群群势对杂交大豆产量与品质的影响。采用人工授粉、自然授粉和蜜蜂授粉3 种方式,小蜂箱蜂脾1 脾、2 脾、3 脾3 种蜂群的群势对网室杂交大豆进行授粉。统计分析大豆花期采集蜂数量、采集蜂出勤规律、不同节位的结荚率、父母本大豆产量性状,比较3 个处理方式的授粉效果。随着网室内蜜蜂脾数的增加,出勤采集蜜蜂数量也随之增加,蜜蜂访花最活跃的时间均集中在9:00—13:00。不论是自然授粉还是蜜蜂授粉,都表现为母本中上部节位的结荚率高于下部。与自然授粉相比,蜜蜂授粉杂交大豆母本的单株结荚率、单株粒数、十株产量显著提高(P＜0.01),百粒重有所减少。蜜蜂授粉方式优于自然授粉和人工授粉方式,1 脾蜜蜂授粉区内单株荚数为49.4 个,单株粒数为96.1 个,百粒重为20.8 g,十株产量为196.6 g。蜜蜂授粉提高了母本的大豆结籽产量,小蜂箱1脾（即标准脾0.5脾）蜜蜂即可满足20 m2网室杂交大豆的授粉。     

香料烟F1杂交种制种效率研究

为解决香料烟生产上利用杂种优势时遇到的制种问题,对授粉环节中有关杂交制种效率的一些主要因素进行了研究,通过在不同开花期设置不同授粉次数和不同授粉时间,调查单株结实情况,结果表明,不同花期授粉对结果率和结实率有不同影响。在授粉杂交的成功率方面,60%的烟株中心花开放后开始杂交,只杂交1次的方法结果率较高,且工资成本较低;40%的中心花开放后开始杂交,杂交3次,每次间隔3~5d的方法平均单株可采收种子量最高,但制种效率低于前者;20%的烟株中心花开放后开始杂交,杂交4次的方法比较费工,制种效率较差。在同一天内的不同时间段进行人工授粉杂交,结果率差异不大,但在16:30~18:30这个时间段授粉,千粒重较高,且蒴果种子量多,平均单株可采收种子量明显增加。因此,选择在40%的烟株中心花开放后开始杂交,杂交2次的方法,不仅提高了花朵利用率,可以获得较高的单株种子产量,而且授粉用工量适中。授粉时间则应选择在16:30~18:30,不仅结实的种子较饱满,而且蒴果种子数量多,单位面积种子产量高。     

中国农业对蜜蜂授粉的依赖形势分析

研究旨在分析发达国家所担忧的因环境恶化造成的全球范围内野生授粉昆虫数量的减少,和人工饲养蜂群不明原因的消失,可能引发的未来蜜蜂授粉短缺现象是否将会发生在中国。收集整理1999—2013年近15年来中国依赖蜜蜂授粉作物的种植数据进行统计分析。研究得出中国六大类,32种依赖蜜蜂授粉作物的种植面积平均增长了14.7%,增长较快的牧草、大田瓜果、木本水果恰恰也是对蜜蜂授粉依赖程度更高的作物,此外设施农业的快速发展和作物种植集中度较高也无疑增加了农业生产对蜜蜂授粉的需求压力。蜜蜂授粉短缺现象虽尚未在中国发生,但农业生产对蜜蜂授粉的需求越来越大。建议政府在未来通过增加人工饲养蜂群数量,建立商业化蜜蜂授粉体系和鼓励种植户适量养蜂的方式预防未来增加的蜜蜂授粉需求压力。     

国槐花粉保存方法的初步研究

研究旨在对国槐花粉进行提早采集和保存,避免人工辅助授粉和杂交授粉带来的不便,延长花粉授粉期间的生活力。以国槐花粉为实验材料,使用培养基萌发法观察花粉萌发情况,测定花粉萌发所需时间,找出适于花粉萌发的培养基配方,同时比较花粉在室温（27℃左右）和冰箱冷藏室(4℃)2种保存方法下的寿命。结果表明：6种培养基中最适于花粉萌发的培养基为1g琼脂+1g蔗糖+100mg/L硼酸;花粉的萌发时间为萌发60min;保存相同天数的情况下,冰箱冷藏室花粉萌发率明显高于室温萌发率,冰箱冷藏室保存5天的花粉可用于国槐授粉,此时的花粉萌发率大于50%。实验获得了适于国槐花粉进行野外授粉的保存方法,旨在为研究槐属植物的杂交育种提供参考依据。     

地中海仙客来花粉生活力研究

为进行种内繁殖及种间杂交,利用TTC染色法对4种不同类型的地中海仙客来花粉活力进行测定,同时利用I₂-KI染色法和花粉萌发法对H型花粉活力进行了测定。结果表明：TTC染色法是测定地中海仙客来花粉生活力的最佳方法。不同类型地中海仙客来在花粉活力及持续期上均存在明显差异;开花后第2~3天是采集花粉的最佳时期;H型及B型花粉开花后第5天,L型第7天,X型第12天花粉生活力仍在40%以上,可利用此花粉进行授粉。本研究为地中海仙客来杂交授粉提供了重要依据。     

利用花粉管通道转化谷子DNAj基因获得转基因小麦

为提高小麦的抗旱能力,采用花粉管通道法将本实验室克隆的谷子抗逆相关基因DNAj转入小麦中.对授粉方式、柱头处理方式、质粒DNA浓度及DNA稀释试剂等因素对结实率的影响进行了对比,结果只有授粉方式对结实率的影响有显著差异,其他条件下结实率均未显示显著差异.对转化获得的703株T0小麦植株提取DNA进行分子检测,有1株小麦稳定扩增到了预期的1 260 bp的目的基因片段.虽然转化效率偏低(1.42‰),但说明利用花粉管通道法将谷子的抗逆相关基因DNAj导人小麦是可行的,为创造抗逆性改良的小麦新材料奠定了基础.     

兜兰花粉活力及柱头可授性探究

本研究以‘绿肉饼’兜兰为试验材料,用扫描电子显微镜对其花粉块进行研究分析。结果显示,花粉块可分为两半,表面光滑呈现紧密网状结构。为获得‘绿肉饼’人工授粉最佳时间,采用TTC (氯化三苯基四氮唑)染色和联苯胺-过氧化氢法进行花粉活力及柱头可授性的研究。TTC染色法结果表明,‘绿肉饼’的花粉活力呈现从弱到强再到弱的趋势,其中开花15~20 d的花粉活力最大,授粉率较高;联苯胺-过氧化氢法结果表明,‘绿肉饼’的柱头可授性随开花时间先弱后强再变弱,其中开花10~20 d的柱头可授性最高。     

不同蜂种授粉对‘金茶1号’茶叶籽传粉效率与果实品质的影响

蜜蜂授粉对农业生产具有非常重要的价值,为了研究不同蜂种授粉对茶叶品质的影响,本研究以茶树‘金茶1号’为研究对象,分别使用意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera Ligustica)、中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)与地熊蜂(Bombus terrestris)开展蜂媒授粉技术及增产提质影响研究。结果表明中蜂授粉组访花频率最高,意蜂授粉组柱头花粉数最高,地熊蜂授粉组单花访问时间最长。中蜂授粉能显著提升茶树的茶叶籽座果率与茶叶籽油茶多酚含量,但对茶叶籽的含油量影响不显著。意蜂授粉与地熊蜂授粉对座果率影响不显,但能显著提升茶叶籽的茶多酚含量与含油量,3个授粉组对茶叶籽油的主要成分并无显著影响。在实际中可以根据生产需要选择对应的蜂种进行授粉。     

Effects of supplementary pollination on cropping success and fruit quality in pistachio

The effects of pollen supplementation in pistachio orchards using an electrostatic pollination device were investigated in a 3‐year study (1996‐98) in San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Both yield and fruit quality (per cent split fruit) were tested in several experiments. Applying smaller amounts of pollen (1.5 g per tree in early application only in 1996 or 0.5 g in two applications in 1997) resulted in higher yields than with open pollination or supplementary pollination using larger amounts of pollen (1.5 g per tree in four applications in 1996 or 1.0 g in two applications in 1997). Applying 1.0 g pollen in two applications in 1998 resulted in decreased yields compared with open pollination or non‐electrostatic pollination. Pollen germinability on the stigma was greatest for open pollination suggesting that overloading the stigmas with pollen in supplementary pollination may not only reduce yield but also increase competition between pollen grains. The per cent split fruit significantly increased only once in 1996. When pollination is a limiting factor, electrostatic pollination of pistachio can increase yield and may even increase fruit quality. However, when pollination is not a limiting factor, electrostatic pollination may even reduce yield.