生态水文学及有关概念浅析

生态水文学(Ecohydrology)是近10年来发展起来的一门新兴边缘学科,主要从流域尺度上研究水文与生态之间的相互关系,探索实现流域生态平衡与水资源可持续利用的新途径.在我国,近年来生态水文学已经引起学术界的高度重视,但研究工作尚处于起步阶段.国际上,虽然美国、欧洲、加拿大等已经开展了比较多的研究,但对于生态水文学的定义等基本问题尚存在不同的看法.在简述生态水文学发展概况的基础上,对生态水文学及有关基本概念进行分析和讨论,包括生态水文学的定义、生态系统途径、生境质量及其要素、影响生态整体性的环境因素、分析方法以及河流生态学概念等,以深化对生态水文学的认识.     

干旱区面向生态的水资源合理配置研究进展与关键问题

水资源合理配置一直是干旱区水资源开发利用的一个关键问题。该文从研究内容、研究方法以及配置机制等方面分析了水资源合理配置的国内外研究现状与发展态势,指出中国干旱区在生态水文过程的机理、生态需水基础数据积累、水资源的生态价值以及水资源配置的水文学科学基础研究等方面是面向生态的水资源合理配置的制约因素,并提出了该领域应进一步研究生态水文过程与作用机制、流域尺度生态需水计算的理论基础、水资源的生态价值的评价、分布式流域模型、自然与人工复合系统下水资源转化、演变的规律、面向生态的水资源合理配置机制与流域水资源多维调     

林地枯落物层水文特征研究进展

 林地枯落物层作为森林水文功能的第2作用层,在涵养水源和保持水土中发挥了重大作用。通过综述国内外林地枯落物层水文特征的研究内容、室内外研究方法以及水文过程模拟的研究现状,指出目前我国在林地枯落物层水文特征研究过程中存在的主要问题是,研究内容单一和研究方法落后;认为野外定位试验对于全面了解枯落物层水文特征乃至水文过程具有重要意义,是今后研究的重点;同时,认为室内模拟降雨和变雨强研究能够深入了解野外枯落物层的降雨截持能力和截持机理;枯落物层水分动态是多水文过程和多因素综合作用的结果,物理模型的建立与参数的确定对于深入了解枯落物层的水分变化状况,合理营林等具有重要作用。     

中国森林水文学研究进展(英文)

 森林水文学研究对于了解流域物理、生物及化学过程以及实施流域管理,具有重要意义。森林与水的关系及其在流域管理中的应用,是国际水文学及流域管理学界十分关注的课题之一。由于缺乏长期的森林水文观测数据,导致中国的学者们以及政府决策者之间,关于森林对洪水、流域年产水量以及土壤侵蚀的作用看法不一致。作者介绍了近20年来中国森林水文学的发展历史,以及我国森林生态长期定位观测站,在林冠截留、地被物截留、林地蒸发散、地表径流、土壤侵蚀等方面的观测成果。此外,还提出了服务于中国林业工程建设急需研究的森林生态水文学课题.     

地球物理方法在土壤水文过程研究中的应用与展望

土壤水分的多尺度高效监测是土壤水文过程研究的基础.近些年以电阻率成像法、探地雷达法和电磁感应法为代表的地球物理方法,凭借多尺度适用性和微扰动原位监测的优势被广泛用于土壤水文学研究.本文在介绍以上3种代表性地球物理技术工作原理的基础上,初步总结了地球物理方法应用于水文学研究中的进展,讨论了地球物理手段未来应用于土壤水文学...     

生态水文过程模拟研究综述

生态水文过程模拟要求建立相应的模型,但我国生态水文研究尚处于初步阶段,多借鉴于其他学科的模型。目前,流域水文模型普遍被分为集总式模型(Lumped model)和分布式模型(Distributed model)两种类型。集总式参数模型没有考虑流域内部各地理因素的空间变化,一般采用优势、均值等方法来处理非线性自然过程,具有明显的缺陷。分布式参数模型考虑了自然过程及其影响因素的分布性,将区域或流域分成一些有一定的拓扑关系研究单元,假设这些单元内部是均一的,采用有限差、有限元等数值方法求解,具有较强的物理基础,是生态水文过程模拟模型的发展方向。而RS与GIS在模型中的广泛应用,则被认为是流域模型从集总式到分布式转化的桥梁。     

电阻率成像法在土壤水文学研究中的应用及进展

缺乏有效的监测技术是制约土壤学和水文学中尺度问题研究的主要瓶颈。近年来,以电阻率成像法为代表的地球物理学方法被引入到非饱和带土壤水文过程的研究中来,为解决尺度问题提供了新的强有力的工具。结合土壤电阻率与土壤特性之间的岩土物理学关系,电阻率成像法可以实现对土壤特性或状态的多尺度无损连续监测。阐述了电阻率成像法的基本过程、特征及其在土壤水文过程研究中的初步应用。同时,深入探讨了电阻率成像法应用于非饱和带水文过程研究中存在的问题和未来的应用潜力。     

水文过程及模型研究主要进展

揭示水文过程,发展水文模型不仅在暴雨洪水预报及坝库工程设计等方面具有重要作用,而且也是研发土壤侵蚀物理模型必须的基础性工作。从入渗、产流和汇流等水文物理过程出发,综述了国内外水文过程与水文模型的主要进展,并指出,建立基于GIS的分布式水文过程模型是水文模型研究的趋势。     

陆面过程中的水文模式研究

陆面水文过程模拟是解决全球环境恶化与气候异常的最好方法，是当前学术界关注的热点。对陆面过程的涵义、模式的发展、陆面过程中水文参数的描述进行了总结，提出了在陆面水文过程研究中存在的尺度匹配误差、数据共享矛盾、参数不确定性等不足及今后的研究方向。     

电阻率层析成像法在土壤水文学中的应用

电阻率层析成像法（Electrical Resistivity Tomography, ERT）已被广泛用于土壤水文过程研究,充分了解ERT在土壤水文学中的应用及进展是研究土壤水文过程的关键。利用科技文献挖掘与可视化工具CiteSpace,对从Web of Science数据库核心合集中获取的1992—2020年的717篇论文,从国家机构合作、作者合作与共被引、关键词共现与聚类、关键词突发性检测、文献共被引及聚类和文献突发性检测等六个视角进行分析。结果表明,2000—2010年期间是ERT发展的繁荣时期,ERT技术的发展使得其研究方向从理论向应用转变,研究对象从最初的深层地质勘探向非饱和带水文过程的研究扩展,研究尺度从点尺度向中尺度拓展。ERT在生态水文、农业、地球物理等领域的应用使得其研究方向趋于多元化,在土壤水文过程研究中涉及作物根系吸水、根系对水分的再分配、降雨入渗、优先流和深层土壤水分等。这对于了解地球物理技术－电阻率层析成像法的发展态势具有一定的参考价值。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

Quality of used-snow discharged in the ST-Lawrence river,in the region of the Montreal Harbor

Snow disposal creates problems each year in Montreal. Snow dumping in water courses is favored due to both esthetic and economic considerations. Used snow must be considered as a potential pollutant. Its impact on the aquatic receiving environment is not well known. With river dumping in progress, snow samples were collected at 3 sites: Concorde Bridge, and at piers 30 and 52 in Montreal Harbor. Analysis of 28 routine parameters demonstrated that the quality of snow ultimately dumped in the river varies considerably according to its sources and the time it remains in the streets. Used-snow from residential areas was shown to be less polluted than the snow from commercial areas. Furthermore, from the total number of sampled districts, used-snow dumped at pier 30 appears to be relatively more polluted as it originated from downtown areas where vehicle circulation is more dense. Heavy metals in particles sizes between 0.45 and 63 μm represented more than 70% of the measured suspended solids which reflects the risk of bioaccumulation via benthic organisms. Principal component analysis of present data suggests that with analysis of chlorides, suspended solids and Pb alone, it is possible to approximately determine the quality of used-snow.