不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性分析

为明确不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum的抗性水平,于2012—2014年连续3年系统研究了不同葡萄品种上绿盲蝽的为害情况以及越冬卵量,并分析了绿盲蝽越冬卵量与葡萄受害指数之间的关系。结果显示,每年越冬代绿盲蝽对不同葡萄品种的为害情况均存在显著差异;不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性不同,其中香悦对绿盲蝽抗性最强,抗性指数为5.00,金田美指抗性最弱,抗性指数为1.00;每年绿盲蝽在不同葡萄品种上的越冬卵量均存在显著差异;相关性分析表明,不同葡萄品种受害指数与绿盲蝽越冬卵量之间无显著相关性。研究表明,不同葡萄品种对越冬代绿盲蝽的抗性水平存在显著差异。     

枣园绿盲蝽种群周年消长动态及其影响因子

2011年-2014年,对河北廊坊枣园绿盲蝽种群周年消长动态进行了系统调查。结果表明,一代绿盲蝽若虫于4月中下旬发生,5月中旬陆续羽化为一代成虫;二代若虫于6月上中旬达到高峰期,6月中旬至7月上旬陆续羽化为二代成虫,随后迁出枣园。8月下旬至9月上旬,绿盲蝽成虫再次迁回枣园。分析发现,早春温度影响绿盲蝽越冬卵孵化进度,温度越高一代若虫出现的时间越早。研究结果为开展枣园绿盲蝽的发生期测报与及时防治提供重要的科学依据。     

胶东地区苹果园绿盲蝽发生及为害动态

为有效控制苹果园绿盲蝽,对胶东地区绿盲蝽田间消长及危害动态进行了多年系统监测.结果表明,胶东地区绿盲蝽主要以越冬代成、若虫为害苹果新梢,5月上、中旬进入为害高峰期,5月26日后为害基本结束.成虫发生期约169 d,在5月中旬、6月下旬、7月下旬、8月下旬、10月上旬出现诱虫高峰,以5月和10月的诱虫量较高.不同设置高度...     

茶园绿盲蝽种群消长动态

2017年-2019年连续3年对武汉茶园绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür种群消长动态进行了系统调查,结果表明,在武汉茶园绿盲蝽1年发生5代,第1代若虫始见于3月中下旬,4月中下旬陆续羽化为第1代成虫,随后羽化的成虫大量迁出茶园,园内第2、3代虫量较少,第4代成虫9月迁回茶园,并于9月中旬至10月上旬形成1个虫口高峰,个别年份也有末代成虫10月上中旬迁回茶园,并于11月下旬至12月上旬形成1个明显的发生高峰。调查发现,绿盲蝽主要以第1代若虫为害早春头茶。本研究结果为茶园绿盲蝽的预测预报与综合防控提供了参考依据。     

河北省沧州棉区绿盲蝽在不同寄主上的动态分布

系统研究了绿盲蝽在河北省沧州棉区主要寄主上的发生规律及转主迁移特点。结果表明,在河北省沧州棉区,枣树和棉花是该虫的主要互为寄主,1~2代主要为害枣树,2代成虫转主于棉花等作物,转主高峰为6月19~25日,3~4代为害棉花和其他作物,第5代成虫于9月初开始返回枣树产卵越冬。绿盲蝽1~2代若虫孵化时间集中,成虫羽化高峰明显。根据绿盲蝽生活史中的薄弱环节,提出了抓住关键时期,采取大面积统一防治,将该虫消灭在孵化期和成虫羽化及转主之前的防治策略。     

河南冬枣和葡萄上绿盲蝽种群的季节性发生规律

4月初到7月底,调查了绿盲蝽在冬枣和葡萄树上的越冬部位,监测了其在葡萄树上的种群动态及寄主转移规律。结果表明绿盲蝽越冬卵在葡萄树和冬枣树的剪口、葡萄的冬芽以及冬枣树的翘皮等部位越冬,并发现绿盲蝽越冬卵的孵化不整齐还可能和葡萄冬芽发育的不整齐有关。调查结果还揭示了越冬后绿盲蝽在葡萄树上发生的种群动态及其在寄主植物之间的转移规律。本文讨论了这些发现与控制绿盲蝽为害的关系,提出4月初越冬卵孵化高峰期施药以及种植诱集植物(如胡萝卜)诱杀绿盲蝽成虫从而实现绿盲蝽区域性控制的策略。     

枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵的分布及粘虫板对其秋季成虫落卵量的影响

为明确山西省太谷地区‘壶瓶枣’枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵分布及粘虫板对绿盲蝽产卵的影响,对该地区不同管理水平的枣园绿盲蝽越冬场所进行调查,并结合室内外饲养观察卵孵化规律,在枣园悬挂黄色粘虫板观察其对绿盲蝽秋季成虫落卵量的影响。结果表明:不同管理水平枣园,绿盲蝽越冬卵分布场所均以枣树断茬口为主,其次是修剪口和中年生枣股,一年生枣股、老年生枣股及翘皮缝也有少量分布;枣园内外的杂草上均发现有少量绿盲蝽越冬卵,而在土壤中几乎没有分布;枣树不同部位卵分布的集中程度不同,卵粒数由多到少顺序为:断茬口枣股修剪口翘皮缝;绿盲蝽越冬卵4月中下旬开始孵化,孵化盛期为4月底到5月初;秋末,挂黄色粘虫板可使绿盲蝽越冬卵数量降低42.88%～87.56%。研究结果对‘壶瓶枣’枣园绿盲蝽的防控具有重要指导意义。     

肉桂泡盾盲蝽生物学特性及防治

１９９５￣１９９７年对肉桂泡盾盲蝽进行了系统观察研究。该虫每年发生４￣５代，直冬虫于４月中、下旬孵化、若虫危害枝梢和树干。第１、２、３、４代３￣４龄若虫出现时间分别于６月上、，中旬、８月上、中旬、９月中、下旬、１０月下旬。第４代成虫于１１、下旬产卵越冬。根据泡盾盲蝽发生规律，采取掌握虫情，合理修枝，清除野生寄虫，控制虫源地综合防治措施，可达到控制虫灾的目的。     

河南葡萄绿盲蝽越冬种群发生为害规律

2014年3月底到4月底,调查了粗、细管理模式下不同品种葡萄冬芽上绿盲蝽越冬卵量,监测了粗放管理模式葡萄绿盲蝽越冬种群的发生为害情况,并调查了绿盲蝽在胡萝卜上的产卵部位。研究表明,粗放管理模式下葡萄冬芽的有卵芽率(‘户太8号’61.36%,‘红地球’33.33%,‘夏黑’26.88%)显著高于精细管理模式下葡萄冬芽的有卵芽率(‘夏黑’5.65%)。粗放管理模式下,受移栽影响长势不好的葡萄冬芽上越冬卵较多,若虫虫口密度大[‘户太8号’(13.33±12.06)头/株,‘红地球’(9.50±11.47)头/株]。研究还发现干瘪冬芽上的绿盲蝽越冬卵也能孵化,但相对饱满冬芽上的卵发育慢。调查结果还明确了葡萄绿盲蝽在诱集植物——胡萝卜上的产卵部位。本研究对指导葡萄绿盲蝽的田间综合防治提供了依据。     

河南葡萄绿盲蝽越冬种群发生危害规律

3月底到4月底,调查了粗细管理模式不同品种葡萄冬芽的绿盲蝽越冬卵量,监测了粗放管理模式葡萄绿盲蝽越冬种群的发生为害情况,并调查了绿盲蝽在胡萝卜上的产卵部位。研究表明,粗放管理模式下葡萄冬芽的有卵芽率(品种‘户太8号’：61.36%; 品种‘红地球’：33.33%; 品种‘夏黑’：26.88%)显著高于精细管理模式下葡萄冬芽的有卵芽率(品种‘夏黑’：5.65%)。粗放管理模式下,受移栽影响长势不好的葡萄冬芽上越冬卵较多,若虫虫口密度大(品种‘户太8号’：13.33±12.06 头/株; 品种‘红地球’：9.50±11.47 头/株)。研究还发现干瘪冬芽上的绿盲蝽越冬卵也能孵化,但相对饱满冬芽上的卵发育慢。调查结果还明确了葡萄绿盲蝽在诱集植物——胡萝卜上的产卵部位。本研究对指导葡萄绿盲蝽的田间综合防治提供了理论依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.