我国胡桃属(Juglans L. )种质资源与核桃(Juglans regia L. )育种

我国是胡桃属的分布中心,原产5种,已引进5种。本文提出将我国核桃的栽培实生群划分为新疆、华北山地、秦巴山地、西藏高地四个地理生态型;并对它们的分布区域及主要生态特征以及各个地理生态型内的重要实生类群作了简要论述。     

L( )酒石酸

Ｌ（＋）酒石酸为无色结晶或白色微细结晶粉末，酸度较柠檬酸强１．２倍～１．３倍，食品工业中作酸味剂、膨胀剂、抗氧化剂之辅助剂，作绿色色素等，医药中作医药拆分剂。其它行业中可作印染防染剂、照相显影剂等。 本课题已通过江苏省科委鉴定。技术特点是：从６４支收集到的诺卡氏菌筛选到一支具有高产环氧环开裂水解的菌株，能以顺式环氧琥珀酸转化生产Ｌ（＋）酒石酸，产酸在７％以上，提取率６５％以上，产品质量符合英国药典ＢＰ９３版要求。采用先进的酶工程技术固定化诺卡氏菌处理细胞，用固定化细胞生物反应器进行连续酶转化方法…     

Zur Kenntnis des PappelschädlingsPygaera anastomosis L. (Lep.-Fam. Notodontidae)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

ANALYSIS OF CHINESE LARCH (L.GMELINI)SCMP BLEACHABILITY

Experimentaldatarevealedthattherelativeratiosofmajorpo1ysaccharidecontentswereasfOllows'arabin(Ar.):xylan(Xy.)'galactosan(Gal)'mannan(Man)'glucosan(Glu)=l.oo:2.8o.5.5l.7.-o4f2l.82.Underthesulfonationconditionsinvolx:ed-dissolvingrateswereobservedtobefGal.>Ar.>Man.>Xy.xG1u.Dissolutionofligninbehaveddifferentlywthdifferentsulfonationtemperatures.C,forn1ulasforL.gmeliniheartwoodandsapwoodmilledwoodlignin(MWL)wereC,H,95O,87(OCH,51andC,H,.,o,oo(OCH,),.,'respectively.Itwasfoundthatthecarb…     

Late leaf development in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur): An antiherbivore defence?

Abstract

Two phenological forms of the pedunculate oak co-occur in the same habitats throughout the species range: the early trees (Quercus robur var. praecox) develop leaves up to 5 weeks before the late ones (Quercus robur var. tardiflora). This study tests the idea that late leaf flushing serves as an antiherbivore defence, i.e. late trees, which develop leaves asynchronously with eclosion of folivorous caterpillars, avoid the costs of defoliation, which could offset the costs of a later onset of the growing season. Effects of folivorous caterpillars foraging on oaks were observed in 1998–2006 in remnants of primeval temperate lowland forest preserved in the Bia?owie?a National Park (eastern Poland). Observations covered trough and outbreak years of the major defoliator, the winter moth [Operophtera brumata L. (Geometridae)]. In seven out of nine seasons, including all peak caterpillar years, the amount of frass produced by folivorous caterpillars on late trees (n=8–18) was significantly (up to 7.1 times) lower than on the early ones (n=12–32). Assessment of the degree of defoliation in 2002–2006 showed that the late oaks were visibly defoliated only during a caterpillar peak (2003), while the early trees were affected in all years and in 2003 almost completely lost their leaves. The results confirm the effect of late budburst on lowering herbivore damage, and give support to the idea that late leaf flushing acts as an antiherbivore defence.     

伴生菌(L.wingfieldii)对苏格兰松病害作用研究

研究纵坑切梢小蠹Ｔｏｍｉｃｕｓｐｉｎｉｐｅｒｄａ的主要伴生菌Ｌｅｐｔｏｇｒａｐｈｉｕｍｗｉｎｇ－ｆｉｅｌｄｉ在六种温度下的生长力及对苏格兰松Ｐｉｎｕｓｓｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓ的侵染力和致病力。在１０℃～２５℃范围内，Ｌ．ｗｉｎｇｆｉｅｌｄｉ随温度升高生长加快，而在３℃或３０℃下生长受到抑制。接种苏格兰松的前１０天表现出一定侵染力，但也诱发了树木的抗性反应，该反应抑制伴生菌的进一步扩张。在伴生菌较高密度接种下，寄主木质部有大量伴生菌、松脂分布，部分木质部也因失去水分而丧失正常功能，表明Ｌ．ｗｉｎｇｆｉｅｌｄｉ对苏格兰松有较强致病力。     

Die Generationsverh?ltnisse der fichtengallenlaus Sacchiphantes (Chermes) abietis L.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Erhaltungszucht mit Überschuß von Musca domestica L. (Diptera,Muscidae)

Zusammenfassung Für die Prüfung der biologischen Wirksamkeit von Mitteln zur Bekämpfung von hygienisch wichtigen Fliegen, wie auch für zu entwickelnde Testverfahren zur Bewertung subakuter Wirkungen von Chemikalien in Böden (Ökotoxikologie), ist die Massenzucht der betreffenden Fliegenart Voraussetzung. Die Kosten-Nutzen-Relation zwingt zur Abkehr von einer dauerhaften Massenhaltung hin zu Erhaltungszucht mit Überschuß, wie sie vonIglisch (1985) definiert worden ist.Auf langjähriger, praktischer Erfahrung basierend, werden der Lebenszyklus vonM. domestica unter Bedingungen im Laboratorium, Zuchteinrichtungen und Gefäße sowie das technische Material für die Aufzucht von Larven und Imagines, die Zusammensetzung des Larvenmediums und die Aufzucht der Larven, die Vorratshaltung der Nahrungssubstanzen, und Pflegemaßnahmen beschrieben. Weiterhin werden Richtzahlen zum kurzfristigen Aufbau einer Massenzucht aus Überschüssen an Eiern und Puppen gegeben. Die Gewinnung einer annähernd definierten Menge an Larven für ökotoxikologische Testzwecke wird beschrieben. Zum Arbeitsaufwand und der Kostenzusammensetzung wird Stellung genommen.

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Maintenance breeding with surplus ofMusca domestica L. (Diptera, Muscidae)

Facilities for the mass breeding of fly species are a prerequisite for evaluation of the biological efficacy of products to control fly species of hygienic importance and of subacute effects of chemicals in soils (exotoxicology). Because of the costbenefit ratio, permanent mass breeding has to be abandoned in favour of maintenance breeding with surplus as defined byIglisch (1985).On the basis of many years of practical experience, the life cycle ofM. domestica under laboratory conditions, breeding equipment and containers as well as the technical material needed for raising larvae and adults, composition of the medium for larvae and breeding of larvae, keeping of feeding substances in stock and nursing measures are described. Orienting figures for a short-term build-up of a mass breeding from surplus eggs and pupae are given. It is described how an approximately defined amount of larvae can be obtained for purposes of ecotoxicological testing. Expenditure in terms of labour and composition of costs are commended.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen und 2 Tabellen     

Dilophonota (Erinnyis) Ello L. als Schädling an Manihot utilissima Pohl

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 5 Abbildungen Die Untersuchungen wurden w?hrend eines zweij?hrigen Aufenthaltes im Staate Sta. Catharina (Brasilien) durchgeführt.     

Schwere Schäden durch den Hausbock(Hylotrupes bajulus) L. an Starkstrommasten

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 4 Original-Aufnahmen     

Studien zur Lebensgeschichte vonCarpocapsa pomonella L. (Lep. Tortr.) in Palästina.

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 4 Abbildungen.     

现在流行R.E.A.L食物

如今,在西方国家正流行一种R.E.A.L饮食,它适应于那些忙碌人们的营养需要,不仅让人满足、使人快乐,激励大脑,而且还让身体保持健康。R是常规饮食在固定的时间里吃营养平衡的食物可以阻止血糖降低。大脑需要葡萄糖和氧气的按时供应,所以按时     

胡桃科(Juglandaceae)胡桃属(Juglans L.)

生长习性、产地和用途——胡桃属包括15种落叶乔木或大型灌木,发生在北美、南美西北部,以及欧洲东北部至亚洲东部的温带地区。多数树种的木材有一定的使用范围,其中有些种对细木工、枪托及室内装修具有很高的利用价值。坚果供人类食用,也可供作野生动物食料。美国现有八个种或许有栽培的潜在价值(表1)。美国和其他国家广泛种植波斯核桃(J.regia)以生产坚果。     

Die Ernährung des Pappelbockes (Saperda carcharias L.

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 3 Abbildungen.     

Zur Bek?mpfung des Hylobius Abietis L. (Curc. pini Rtzbg.)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Firmiana simplex （L.） W. Wight

Chinese parasoltree (Firmiana simplex (L.) W. Wight) is a deciduous tree and belongs to the family Sterculiaceae. Its bark is green and smooth with vertical thin pale stripes. Its leaves are simple, alternate,deciduous, large, deeply palmately lobed with an entire margin and long stout petiole. F. simplex is andromonoecius. It flowers are in yellow terminal panicle, blooming in June and July.     

Test von Monoterpenen als Zusatz zu Pheroprax® bzw. Chalcoprax® in Pheromonfallen zum Fang des Buchdruckers,Ips typographus L. bzw. des Kupferstechers,Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Col., Scolytidae)

Experiments on monoterpenes in combination with Pheroprax^® and Chalcoprax^® in pheromone traps for catching the bark beetlesIps typographus L. andPityogenes chalcographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) It is highly evident that monoterpenes of the host tree serve as olfactory stimulants for “pioneer-beetles” colonizing first a tree before any bark-beetle-produced aggregation pheromones can lure those beetles to the host. The findings ofRedemann (1993) about a significant increase of spruce engraver catches by addition of both (?)-alpha-pinen and (+)-limonen simultaneously to pheroprax-baited bark beetle traps (Pheroprax^R being the aggregation pheromone ofIps typographus) induced us to conduct field experiments testing the same host volatiles in comparable bark beetle traps baited with either Pheroprax^® or Chalcoprax^® (aggregation pheromone ofPityogenes chalcographus). Despite we used methods considering the influence of place and time on the bark beetle flight activities, in 3 experiments with 30 repetitions in total no monoterpene-induced enhancement oftypographus-catches could be found; the same was true withP. chalcographus (2 experiments, 18 repetitions in total). With respect to the important role of host volatiles also from a practical point of view, it is strongly recommended to repeat experiments like these under different conditions to reveal the reasons of the different findings.     

Zucht vonSarcophaga carnaria L.(Dipt., Tachinidae) aus einer Freilandpopulation von Regenwürmern des GenusAllolobophora Eisen(Oligoch. Lumbrieidae) (Zur Kenntnis der GattungSarcophaga Mg. III)

Summary S. carnaria was successfully reared from natural infected earthworms of a given population. 6% of the worms were parasitized by the fly. The possible role of this fleshfly as important factor influencing the populations of earthworms is discussed.     

Ein Beitrag zur Habitatselektion des Ameisenbuntkäfers,Thanasimus formicarius L. (Col., Cleridae)

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte Aspekte der Habitatselektion beim AmeisenbuntkäferThanasimus formicarius L. (Col., Cleridae).Der Ameisenbuntkäfer zieht vertikale Baumstammsilhouetten horizontalen vor. Optische Habitatmerkmale werden ollaktorischen Merkmalen vorgezogen. Borkenkäferpheromon und volatile Stoffe der Wirtsbäume wirken erst im Zusammenhang mit Baumstammsilhouetten attraktiv.

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Studies on the habitatselection of the bark-beetlepredatorthanasimus formicarius L. (Col., Cleridae)

Optical and olfactory cues for habitatselection of the barkbeetle-predatorThanasimus formicarius were compared. In alternative choices,T. formicarius preferred black-coloured trunk-models in vertical position, if single trunk-models of equal size in vertical and horizontal position were offered. When a source ofIps typographus-pheromone and a vertical trunk-model were offered,T. formicarius preferred the trunkmodel. If in the same display a trunk-model was placed beside the pheromone-source, it showed a vice versa effect. The combination of both is more attractive toT. formicarius, than a trunkmodel only. The habitatselection appears to be mostly influenced by the optical signal stem.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen