Auffällige Schädlingsvorkommen in Mitteldeutschland (1947)

Zusammenfassung Im Sommer 1947 bot sich Gelegenheit zur Beobachtung st?rkeren Auftretens von u. a.Haplothrips tritici an Weizen,Athalia colibri an Senf,Myzodes latysiphon in Kartoffelkellern, anderen Blattlausarten,Trioza viridula, Hylemyia antiqua, Contarinia nasturtii bei Blumenkohl,Pieris brassicae, Grapholitha nigricana, Stilpnotia salicis an Pyramidenpappeln,Psylliodes affinis an Kartoffeln. Engerlinge,Bruchus rufimanus an Pferdebohnen, undLixus iridis an Liebst?ckel.     

Effects of two different neem products on different stages of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nezara viridula</Emphasis> (L.) (Heteroptera,Pentatomidae)

In this study, the effects of two different commercial neem insecticides (NeemAzal T/S and Neem Oil) were determined on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) under laboratory conditions. Neem Azal and Neem Oil were applied at concentrations of 0.5 % and 2 %, respectively. Mortality was recorded after 3, 7 and 14 days for nymphs and adults; 7 and 14 days for old (4-day-old) eggs; and 14 days for newly laid (one-day-old) eggs. Both products have no significant effect on adults and newly laid eggs. However Neem Oil was found to be more effective than NeemAzal T/S on nymphs and on old laid eggs after 7 and 14 days. It can be concluded that both neem products have potential for insecticidal efficacy (approximately 60 %) against nymphs of N. viridula. at concentrations recommended by manufacturers for registered pests.     

Ein Beitrag zur Biologie des Ampferblattkäfers (Gastroidea viridula Deg.)

Zusammenfassung Der Ampferblattkäfer,Gastroidea viridula Deg., hat eine schnelle Generationsfolge, unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen 21–40 Tage Entwicklungsdauer, und im Freiland 3–4 Generationen. Seine primären Futterpflanzen sind Rumex-Arten. Zusammen mit der hohen Produktivität von 100–600 Eier pro Weibchen wäre er in der Lage, die landwirtschaftlich unerwünschten Ampterarten zu dezimieren. Durch weitere Untersuchungen soll ermittelt werden, wieweit der Ampferblattkäfer praktisch zur biologischen Bekämpfung von Rumex-Arten herangezogen werden kann.

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Summary Gastroidea viridula Deg. has a fast sequence of generations. The evolution takes 21 to 40 days in the laboratory and 3 to 4 generations a year in the open air.Gastroidea viridula Deg.'s food primarily consists of Rumex species. Because of the facts thatG. viridula has 3 to 4 generations and the females lay 100 to 600 eggs the beetle would be able to reduce the rumex species which are not desireable from the viewpoint of agriculture. Further investigations are necessary to demonstrate the importance ofGastroidea viridula for biological control of Rumex species.

     

An invasive insect herbivore disrupts plant volatile-mediated tritrophic signalling

Plants respond to insect attack by emission of volatile organic compounds, which recruit natural enemies of the attacking herbivore, constituting an indirect plant defence strategy. In this context, the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis is attracted by oviposition-induced plant volatiles emitted by Vicia faba plants as a consequence of feeding and oviposition by the pentatomid host Nezara viridula. However, this local tritrophic web could be affected by the recent invasion by the alien pentatomid bug Halyomorpha halys, an herbivore that shares the same environments as native pentatomid pests. Therefore, we investigated in laboratory conditions the possible impact of H. halys on the plant volatile-mediated signalling in the local tritrophic web V. faba–N. viridula–T. basalis. We found that T. basalis wasps were not attracted by volatiles induced in the plants by feeding and oviposition activities of H. halys, indicating specificity in the wasps’ response. However, the parasitoid attraction towards plant volatiles emitted as a consequence of feeding and oviposition by the associated host was disrupted when host, N. viridula, and non-associated host, H. halys, were concurrently present on the same plant, indicating that invasion by the alien herbivore interferes with established semiochemical webs. These outcomes are discussed in a context of multiple herbivory by evaluating the possible influences of alien insects on local parasitoid foraging behaviour.     

Beziehungen zwischen Nahrungsmenge,Körpergewicht und Entwicklungsalter beiGastroidea viridula Deg. (Col. Chrysomelidae)

Zusammenfassung Körpergewichte und Fraßmengen in Einzelzucht gehaltener Individuen vonG. viridula wurden während der gesamten Lebenszeit — vom Ei bis zum Tode als Imagines — täglich bestimmt. Aus diesen Daten wurden der C. I. (= consumption index) und der E. C. I. (= efficiency of conversion of ingested food) berechnet. Die Quotienten wurden für die einzelnen Stadien nicht nur auf Frisch-, sondern auch auf Trockengewichte bezogen und miteinander verglichen. Auffallende Unterschiede ergaben sich zwischen Männchen und Weibchen.

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Summary Amount of food consumed, body weight and age in Gastroidea viridula Deg. (Col., Chrysomelidae). Gastroidea viridula beetles were reared separately. Under these conditions the amount of food consumed and the individual body weight were determined daily during the whole life cycle of the insect. From these data the C. I. (= consumption index) and the E. C. I. (= efficiency of conversion of ingested food) were calculated. The C. I.- and E. C. I.-values of different instars were compared after refering them to the dry weight basis. Very different data resulted for males and females.

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Teil einer von der Math.-Naturw. Fakultät der Universität Bonn angenommenen Dissertation.     

高分辨率遥感图像均值调整法分割技术研究

遥感图像分割是将以像元为基础的图像转化为以对象为基础的过程,因此,遥感图像分割是遥感图像高级分析的基础.对于中、低分辨率遥感图像来说,单个像元的面积较大,且混合像元现象严重,图像分割会产生较大的误差.高分辨率遥感图像单个像元的面积较小,分割后图像上单个对象内含若干像元,便于分析和提取信息.以高分辨率遥感图像Q u ickB ird和IKONO S为研究对象,采用均值调整法对图像进行分割和精度检验.结果表明:采用均值调整法进行高分辨率遥感图像分割具有较好的效果,图像分割的速度和精度均较高.     

长白落叶松人工林生长过程及其经济效益的研究

采用解析木分析方法研究长白落叶松人工林生长过程,结果表明:径级10~15 a生生长较快,20 a生以后趋向稳定;树高15 a生以前生长迅速,20 a生后稳定生长;材积生长从20 a开始到40 a逐年增长,是生长旺盛期,40 a生平均生长量分别较20 a、25 a、30 a生增长了73.5%、41.5%和19.8%。40 a生落叶松每公顷木材产量分别为20 a、25 a生时的220%和169%,产值分别为292%和182%,年产值分别为146%和114%。长白落叶松人工林的培育方向应确定以大径级材为主。     

Structural characterization and radioprotection of bone marrow hematopoiesis of two novel polysaccharides from the root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels

Two novel homogeneous polysaccharides, APS-1a and APS-3a were successfully isolated from the root of Angelica sinensis. APS-1a was composed of galactose, arabinose and glucose in a relatively molar percentage of 57.34%, 27.67% and 14.98%, and had a molecular weight of 49.0 kDa, whereas APS-3a was composed of galactose, arabinose and glucose in a relatively molar percentage of 84.54%, 6.50%, and 8.96%, and had a molecular weight of 65.4 kDa. APS-1a and APS-3a mainly consisted of 1,4-linked galactose, 1,3,6-linked galactose, T-galactose and T-arabinose, and the molar ratio of each linkage was different between APS-1a and APS-3a. The bioactivity analysis showed that APS-1a and APS-3a increased the thymus and spleen index, the number of red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) in peripheral blood and the cellularity of bone marrow cell numbers in irradiated mice, protected mice against radiation-induced micronucleus formation in bone marrow, suggesting that polysaccharides could be used as radioprotective agents, especially for promoting bone marrow hematopoiesis.     

色木槭、拧劲槭生长分析及生长阶段划分初探

以色木槭、拧劲槭天然林解析木为对象,用Logistic模型对树高、胸径、材积生长进行拟合,研究其生长规律。结果表明：树高、材积生长拟合效果良好。色木槭树高生长9 a前为生长前期,9～31 a为速生期,20 a为生长高峰年,31 a后为生长后期;材积生长25 a前为生长前期,25～38 a为速生期,32 a为生长高峰年,38 a后为生长后期。拧劲槭树高生长9 a前为生长前期,9～40 a为速生期,12 a为生长高峰年,40 a后为生长后期;材积生长28 a前为生长前期,28～43 a为速生期,36 a为生长高峰年,43 a后为生长后期。色木槭、拧劲槭树高、胸径生长在15 a前比较接近,15 a后色木槭明显高于拧劲槭;色木槭、拧劲槭材积生长在18 a前比较接近,18 a后色木槭明显高于拧劲槭。     

土耳其林业和林业管理机构设置

主要介绍了土耳其的林业概况、林业所有制形式和林业机构的设置情况.土耳其地处欧亚大陆之间,其特殊的地理条件及气候和文化的特殊性,决定了土耳其丰富的植物多样性和适合本国特征的林业管理机构和管理模式.鉴于土耳其东部地区的干旱气候和荒漠地理特征与我国西北地区的相似性,建议引进耐旱植物试种.     

燕山山地华北落叶松单株生物量与生产力研究

根据对33株华北落叶松标准木的生物量实测资料,对林木单株与器官生物量分配情况进行了探讨,建立了以胸径、树高为自变量的生物量预测模型;提出了在幼树期（树龄7-15a或胸径1．7-6．6cm）根茎比平均值为0．159,幼树期以后（当树龄超过15a或胸径大于6．6cm时）根冠比平均值为0．236,建立了以林龄、胸径为自变量的根冠比预测模型;以去皮材积一生物量模型为基础进行解析木的生产力模拟,多年平均生产力变化在211．258-4512．804g／a,16a以后进入速生期,到49a时年生产力水平仍很高,建议生产上主伐林龄应推迟到50a以后。     

中国自然保护区类型比较与可持续发展思考

自20世纪90年代以来,由于各种原因,特别是在经济利益驱动下,在我国出现了同一地域既是自然保护区又是森林公园或风景名胜区的混乱局面,对自然保护事业与公众娱乐事业的和谐发展产生了不利影响。文章从我国现有法律制度出发,对三者进行了比较分析,同时,针对当前我国实践中存在的问题,建议通过制订国家遗产法、建立新型的国家遗产管理体制和监督管理机制,促进我国自然保护事业与公众娱乐事业的和谐、健康与可持续发展。     

中间锦鸡儿生长发育过程中5个miRNAs及其靶基因的表达模式分析

利用qRT-PCR技术分析了5个miRNAs(cin-miR157a、cin-miR159a、cin-miR165a、cin-miR172b和cin-miR396a)及其靶基因在中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)不同发育阶段不同器官的表达变化。结果显示,5个miRNAs的表达模式均存在时空特异性,其中cin-miR159a、cin-miR165a、cin-miR172b、cin-miR396a在成年期营养器官中强烈表达,在幼年期和成年期生殖器官中弱表达;cin-miR157a在幼年期和成年期生殖器官中强烈表达,在成年期营养器官中弱表达。除cin-miR159a的靶基因MYB和cin-miR165a的靶基因HD-Zip Ⅲ外,其它被检测的miRNAs靶基因与相应的miRNAs的表达呈现出明显的相互消长的表达模式。该结果表明中间锦鸡儿miRNA可通过调控其靶基因的表达,进而调控发育阶段转变、器官形态建成、细胞分化等生物学过程。研究结果将为中间锦鸡儿的定向改良工作提供理论依据和基因资源。     

Natural Mongolian Pine Forests in the Great Xing''''an Mountains,Northeast China

1 Introduction The Great Xingan Mountains in the northeast of China is covered by boreal forests. Larch (Larix gmelinii) represents the most frequent tree species. Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) can be found on about 3% of the forested land. Pine forests contain the most valuable timber, which is harvested on large areas and transported to southern regions. Within these forests, few studies exist about the flora, the distribution of the dominating tree species, and their…     

不同林龄光皮桦生物量分布初探

对3个不同年龄的光皮桦生物量分布规律的研究结果表明:在2～4年内,光皮桦单株生物量随年龄的增大而迅速增大,表现出良好的速生性,4年生时单株生物量是3年生的238.0%,是2年生生物量的363.4%。从单株生物量的组成来看,干所占比例随年龄增大而增大,从2年生时的45.8%,增加到3年生时的56.4%和4年生的58.2%,枝、叶所占比例则随年龄增加而下降,其中枝的比例从2年生时的26.7%下降到3年生时的20.5%和4年生时的21.6%,叶的比例从2年生时的3.6%下降到3年生时的2.3%和4年生时的2.2%。而不同年龄根系的生物量均表现为主根>侧根>细根。随着林龄的增加,光皮桦单株根冠比在下降,即从2年生时的0.31下降到4年生时的0.22。     

红松人工林生物量的测定及其分析

利用平均标准木法测定不同林龄和不同密度红松人工林乔木层生物量及其分布格局。结果表明：15a生红松生物量达到19．19t／hm2，25a达到65．27t／hm2，35a达到135．36t／hm2，平均为73．27t／hm2。在各器官的生物量中，树干生物量最大，约占总生物量的一半左右，并随着林龄的增大，其比值也在增大，平均为54．95％；根占总生物量的比例是相对稳定的，不同林龄阶段均保持在20％左右，平均为22．08％；枝叶占总生物量的比例随林龄的增大而减少，15a时占39．9％，25年时为25．60％，35年时为19．63％。在地上各器官垂直分布中，均以0～2m层生物量最大，从0～2m层（不含0～2m层）向上各层生物量呈缓慢减小趋势，到树梢时又突然减小；枝叶生物量在垂直高度上的分布是两头小中间大的分布，其最大值在15a时出现在第2高度层，25a和30a平均出现在第3高度层。     

A selection experiment for height growth with cuttings of Picea abies (L.) Karst

Twenty sets, each consisting of a tall, a medium, and a small plant, were selected from a 2 by 2‐year‐old nursery crop. Selection differential was measured. Cutting propagation was undertaken and the subsequent clones were tested in a field experiment. Differences between groups at age 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 were calculated, and ortet/ramet regressions and age‐to‐age correlations were conducted. Selection of the tall plants gave a response of approximately 17% at age 10. Accumulated genetic gain at this age by a specified stepwise selection procedure is estimated to 36%. Step one is the early selection in the nursery, step two is a later selection amongst the early selected clones and performed after 7 years’ field testing. Ageing of clones, selection for other traits and application of the clones over a variety of sites will reduce these gains.     

集中力作用下索的静力特性精细化分析

悬索桥施工中主梁吊装及自锚式悬索桥吊杆张拉,都需要计算和监测集中力作用下悬索的索力和变形.论文推导了悬索在集中力作用下的无量纲形式的平衡方程和积分形式的协调方程,把协调方程在线性和非线性条件的索力增量方程分别转化为一次、二次和三次方程进行求解,然后对荷载位置、荷载大小以及艾维参数对线性和非线性条件下的索力增量的影响进行精细化分析.研究表明：各种条件下索力误差较小,不考虑索的增长条件下,索的变形特征主要是几何构形变化,荷我在时,正挠度和负挠度分别达到了最大值.     

Assessing carbon balance trade-offs between bioenergy and carbon sequestration of stumps at varying time scales and harvest intensities

Mitigating climate change and securing a supply of energy may be achieved, in part, by substituting fossil fuels with bioenergy from stumps and roots. However, the use of stumps would result in a reduction of the carbon pool and thus, from a greenhouse gas emission perspective, there is a trade-off between using stumps for bioenergy and retaining them in the carbon pool associated with dead organic matter. The objective of this study was to show whether, from a carbon balance perspective and over the short and long-terms, stumps are more important as a source of energy that replaces fossil fuels, or as a carbon sink.     

Consequences of the Swedish forest policy

This article demonstrates that the opportunity cost (return forgone) of cutting principles imposed by the Swedish forest policy is economically significant. The Swedish Forestry Act of 1979 recommends a management strategy for sustaining high yields of valuable timber referred to here as the Balance Strategy. However, the Forestry Act allows for a range of different forest management strategies. The Act establishes both a minimum cutting volume for a ten‐year‐period and a maximum final cut area referred to here as the Minimum and Maximum Strategies, respectively. These strategies were compared to a management plan, referred to as the Economic Strategy, for minimizing the opportunity cost for the forest owner. Based on data from a recent forest management plan, a simulation model was used to predict yields and economic returns for a period of one hundred years. The results show that at a 4% interest rate the Economic Strategy produces a gain of approximately 8200 SEK ha^‐1. The Economic Strategy, however, emphasizes volume and its implementation results in a forest far different from that developed under the Balance Strategy, in which quality timber is also produced. The Economic Strategy may also have less favourable effects on biodiversity, conservation of the natural environment and the recreational value of the forest.