Integrated Control of Heterodera avenae1

Cereal cyst nematode is a major pathogen in southern Australia costing $40 to $80 million in lost production each year. Our research has shown that three chemicals applied with the seed in the drill row, viz. Counter (terbufos) granules, Vydate (oxamyl) as a seed dressing and Nemadi (ethylene dibromide), reduced Heterodera avenae damage and gave yield increases which are economical in the Australian wheat farming system. A plant assay of soil has been developed to assess potential damage by H. avenae before employing chemical control. Wheat yields 2 years after growing H. avenae-resistant Festiguay wheat were 0.4 to 1 t/ha higher than after other cultivars. Rotations with legumes alternating with wheat reduced damage from H. avenae. Wheat sown without cultivation (minimum tillage) resulted in less root damage from H. avenae and higher yields than when sown into cultivated soil.     

Some Problems Posed by the Heterodera avenae Complex1

Cyst nematodes are sedentary parasites with limited host ranges and co-evolution with circumscribed host groups is believed to result in species complexes. A scheme for this process is given. The Heterodera avenae group is such a complex parasitising cereals and grasses. Although the group includes ten nominal species, only H. mani, H. avenae and H. avenae pathotype 3 present taxonomic problems of immediate relevance in agriculture. Application of a multivariate technique, principal co-ordinate analysis, to second-stage juvenile characters indicates that H. avercae pathotype 3 is as distinct from H. avenae as H. arenaria, an accepted species in the H. avenae group. In contrast there are difficulties with juvenile and cyst morphology in distinguishing H. mani from H. avenae.     

广西南宁甘蔗赤条病调查及分子检测

2020年在广西南宁市金光农场发现'桂糖58'和'柳城05-136'疑似感染甘蔗赤条病,为明确其病原,本研究对不同甘蔗品种进行了发病率调查,并采集病样进行了PCR检测分析.田间调查结果表明:不同品种自然发病率不同,'桂糖58'发病率为29％～52.33％,发病严重田块平均发病率为49.67％,发病中等田块平均发病率为3...     

Variations in Cereal Yield Losses associated with Heterodera avenae in England and Wales1

Many field experiments in England and Wales during the past 20 years have measured cereal yield losses and established regressions of yield on numbers of Heterodera avenae. Yield benefits from soil sterilants were greatest where most H avenae was present. Isogenic selections of barley and oats resistant and susceptible to H. avenae were extensively grown to assess the losses caused by this nematode alone. In some experiments these losses were identical with those measured by nematicide use, but in others (notably where broad spectrum biocides were used) losses were greater than those attributable to H. avenae and could be explained only by the known incidence of accompanying pathogens. Some yield loss may be due to migratory nematodes, e.g. Pratylenchus spp. occurring with H. avenae. Barley and wheat yields in the last 30 years have increased by 63 and 84 % due to improvements in cultivars and farming practice. Smaller percentage loss in a high yielding crop can be as costly as large percentage loss in poor crops grown on dry light soils. Many factors - soil type, rainfall, nutrients, other pathogens etc. - can greatly modify crop responses to similar popuiation levels of H. avenae.     

安徽省茶树细菌性梢枯病病原鉴定

2017年-2018年在安徽省庐江、东至县茶园种植区发现一种茶树新病害——梢枯病,发病症状表现为顶芽枯死,嫩叶叶柄变褐,叶片枯萎.为明确庐江、东至县茶树梢枯病的病原菌,采用平板划线法和稀释涂布平板法分离病原,按照柯赫氏法则对病原细菌进行致病性测定,并利用细菌的表型特征和分子生物学技术确定病原菌的分类地位.结果表明,从茶...     

Role of Blossoms in Watermelon Seed Infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

ABSTRACT The role of watermelon blossom inoculation in seed infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli was investigated. Approximately 98% (84/87) of fruit developed from blossoms inoculated with 1 x 10(7) or 1 x 10(9) CFU of A. avenae subsp. citrulli per blossom were asymptomatic. Using immunomagnetic separation and the polymerase chain reaction, A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected in 44% of the seed lots assayed, despite the lack of fruit symptoms. Furthermore, viable colonies were recovered from 31% of the seed lots. Of these lots, 27% also yielded seedlings expressing bacterial fruit blotch symptoms when planted under conditions of 30 degrees C and 90% relative humidity. A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected and recovered from the pulp of 33 and 19%, respectively, of symptomless fruit whose blossoms were inoculated with A. avenae subsp. citrulli. The ability to penetrate watermelon flowers was not unique to A. avenae subsp. citrulli, because blossoms inoculated with Pantoea ananatis also resulted in infested seed and pulp. The data indicate that watermelon blossoms are a potential site of ingress for fruit and seed infestation by A. avenae subsp. citrulli.     

10个小麦品种（材料）对麦长管蚜的室内苗期抗蚜性*

［目的］ 明确不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)的室内苗期抗性。［方法］ 在温室内采用每株小麦接种1头蚜虫的方法,测定了麦长管蚜在来源于3个国家的10个小麦品种上的发育历期（DD）、相对日均体重增长量（MRGR）和成虫日均产仔数（Rm）,以此来确定不同小麦品种（材料）的抗蚜性。［结果］ 应用多元方差分析,多目标综合判别及聚类分析等方法分析表明,麦长管蚜在‘Ww2730’、‘98 10 30’、‘Astron’上的适应性最差,这几个品种对其抗性最好,是可以利用的抗性品种（材料）;‘98 10 35’、‘98 10 32’次之;‘Batis’对麦长管蚜的适应性最好,抗性最差;‘186Tm’,‘Xanthus’,‘Amigo’对麦长管蚜适应性较好,与作为对照的‘小偃 22’一样,抗性处在中间水平。［结论］ 研究结果可以为进一步的抗蚜育种提供依据。     

Classification of Plants Resistant to Heterodera avenae1

Differentiation of barley plants resistant to Heterodera avenae is simple when they are completely without cysts and the number of cysts is high on a susceptible control cultivar. Problems with classification are discussed.     

Genetic relationships and isozyme variability in the Heterodera avenae complex determined by isoelectrofocusing

Isozyme variability was assessed among the principal species of the cereal cyst nematode complex to complete and enhance the information provided by classical nematode systematics, in order to clarify inter- and intraspecific relationships within this complex. Twenty populations of cereal cyst nematodes ( Heterodera avenae , H. filipjevi , H. latipons and H. mani ) were compared by means of five different isoenzymatic systems (esterase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase and superoxide dismutase) using isoelectrofocusing (IEF) on the electrophoretic separation. The results are in agreement with previous morphological and biochemical characterizations, which established genetic diversity between the Gotland strain and H. avenae and identified the Gotland strain with H. filipjevi . Populations from Israel, all included in the H. avenae group, exhibited well-defined intraspecific dissimilarity. The highest degree of polymorphism was found in the H. avenae group for all five enzymatic systems studied. The H. mani population was also included in the H. avenae group by these isozyme analyses. Malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase and phosphoglucomutase isozymes, fractionated for the first time by IEF in the cereal cyst nematode complex, displayed a higher level of polymorphism than using conventional electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing has proved to be a useful tool for detecting genetic diversity within and among species of the cereal cyst nematode complex and for taxonomic purposes.     

Phosphite Inhibits Development of the Nematodes Heterodera avenae and Meloidogyne marylandi in Cereals

ABSTRACT Phosphonic acid (H(3)PO(3)) solutions were applied to wheat or to bristle oat as soil drenches before inoculation with juveniles of the sedentary, endoparasitic nematodes Heterodera avenae or Meloidogyne marylandi. All the solutions, which were pH adjusted and added at levels as low as 0.63 mg of phosphite (HPO(3)(2-)) per plant, reduced the numbers of H. avenae females and M. marylandi egg masses. Phosphate (PO(4)(3-)), applied as potassium phosphate at the same concentrations, did not reduce the number of female nematodes on the wheat. Addition of phosphate to the phosphite solutions did not change the inhibitory effect of phosphite on H. avenae, but it reduced phosphite's effect on M. marylandi. Phosphite also reduced the number of H. avenae females when applied as many as 20 days after addition of nematodes. The phosphite treatment did not prevent M. marylandi juveniles from penetrating wheat roots or inducing giant cells. However, phosphite inhibited giant cell development: 14 days after inoculation, the giant cells in the phosphite-treated wheat were almost completely vacuolated, whereas those in untreated wheat contained dense cytoplasm.     

不同温度对燕麦孢囊线虫田间群体孵化的影响

为明确不同温度经历燕麦孢囊线虫的孵化特点,分别于10月初小麦播种时和土壤结冻前即12月底采集大量燕麦抱囊线虫孢囊,在室内离体条件下分别测试不同温度对其孵化的影响。小麦播种时采集的燕麦孢囊线虫经5℃恒温处理的孵化高峰期为处理后第10～12周,比15℃恒温处理推迟了约4周;前期置于5℃培养,然后再转至15℃处理的孢囊,5℃处理时间越长,孵化高峰期越滞后;此外,随着5℃低温处理时间的增加,其总孵化率具有增加的趋势。12月底采集的孢囊在5—30℃条件下均有孵化,其最佳孵化温度为20℃,在此温度下其总孵化率最高,且孵化期最短;25℃以上高温对卵的孵化具有显著的抑制作用。     

The Status of Heterodera avenae on Cereals in New Zealand1

The cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) was discovered in New Zealand in 1975 on wheat and oats. It was not at that time causing appreciable economic losses in yield, presumably because usual management practice incorporated a good crop rotation with lucerne. However, now that the growing of cereals has become more profitable, farmers are tending to grow consecutive cereal crops and more damage from H. avenae is being experienced. On one farm, up to 9 % of an oat crop was lost due to this nematode. The biotype has not yet been determined.     

哈蜜瓜种子带细菌性果斑病菌检测技术的研究

哈蜜瓜细菌性果斑病是世界性的检疫对象之一,主要以种子带菌进行远距离传播,本文通过温室育苗、室内分离和PCR(聚合酶链式反应)技术对哈蜜瓜种子带菌情况和主要带菌部位进行了检验,结果表明:3种方法都可以对种子带菌情况进行检测,分离检测和PCR检测还可以确定种子的带菌部位,PCR技术具有特异性强、灵敏度高、检测时间短等特点.另外检测结果也表明种子带菌以种皮为主,种仁的带菌量较少.     

四川省麦长管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae F.)的抗药性研究

198 8～ 1999年测定了四川省不同地区麦长管蚜 (Macrosiphum avenae F.)对化学农药的抗性水平 ,结果表明 ,麦长管蚜对乐果、氧乐果的抗性已达中抗至极高抗水平 ,对氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯也产生了较高水平的抗性 ,对吡虫啉、抗蚜威较为敏感。比较了 12种农药对麦长管蚜的毒力 ,并对该害虫的抗性治理策略进行了讨论。     

以麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂生理生化特性比较研究

在22 ℃,相对湿度 40%和光周期16L：8D条件下,对以麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum和麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead雌、雄成蜂生理生化特性进行了比较研究.结果发现,与以麦二叉蚜为寄主时相比,以麦长管蚜为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂雌、雄成蜂头壳更宽、寿命更长（雌蜂 5.0 d,雄蜂 4.6 d）、过冷却点（雌蜂 -25.7 ℃,雄蜂 -25.3 ℃）和结冰点（雌蜂 -24.9 ℃,雄蜂 -24.8 ℃）更低,体内水分、蛋白质和糖类含量更高,但脂肪含量无显著差异.在同一寄主上雌雄蜂间,前述参数除以麦长管蚜为寄主时头壳宽度存在雌蜂大于雄蜂外,均无显著差异.除过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性以麦长管蚜为寄主时雄蜂高于以麦二叉蚜为寄主时的雄蜂、过氧化物酶（POD）活性以麦长管蚜为寄主时雌蜂高于以麦二叉蚜为寄主时的雌蜂外,CAT、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和POD活性在2种寄主间、同1种寄主上的雌蜂和雄蜂间均无显著差异.研究结果表明,在相同实验条件下,以麦长管蚜为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂比以麦二叉蚜为寄主的烟蚜茧蜂具有更好地抗逆特性,更有利于烟蚜茧蜂的生存和繁殖.     

Biological Control to Protect Watermelon Blossoms and Seed from Infection by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

ABSTRACT The efficacy of biological control seed treatments with Pseudomonas fluorescens (A506), Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (AAA 99-2), and an unidentified gram-positive bacterium recovered from watermelon seed (WS-1) was evaluated for the management of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of watermelon. In growth chamber and greenhouse experiments, seed treated with AAA 99-2 displayed superior disease suppression, reducing BFB transmission by 96.5%. AAA 99-2, P. fluorescens A506, and Kocide also suppressed the epiphytic growth of A. avenae subsp. citrulli when applied to attached watermelon blossoms 5 h prior to inoculation. Watermelon blossom protection reduced seed infestation by A. avenae subsp. citrulli. From blossoms treated with 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 63% of the resulting seed lots were infested with A. avenae subsp. citrulli. In contrast, for blossoms protected with WS-1, Kocide, P. fluorescens A506, and AAA 99-2, the proportion of infested seed lots were 48.3, 21.1, 24.1, and 13.8%, respectively. The effect of blossom treatments on seed lot infestation was statistically significant (P = 0.001) but WS-1 was not significantly different from PBS. These findings suggest that blossom protection with biological control agents could be a feasible option for managing BFB.     

cis-Jasmone treatment induces resistance in wheat plants against the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

cis-Jasmone is a plant volatile known to have roles as an insect semiochemical and in inducing plant defence. It was evaluated in laboratory and field trials for control of cereal aphids. In an olfactometer bioassay cis-jasmone was repellent to alatae of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Moreover, wheat, Triticum aestivum (L), seedlings sprayed with formulated cis-jasmone 24 h previously were less susceptible to attack by S. avenae than control plants. In field simulator studies, significantly fewer alate S. avenae settled on cis-jasmone-treated plants over a 24-h period. In addition, the intrinsic rate of population increase, r(m), of S. avenae apterae was reduced on cis-jasmone treated seedlings. In a series of small-plot experiments conducted over four years, cis-jasmone applications reduced cereal aphid populations infesting wheat in the field.     

麦长管蚜种群消长与小麦植株游离氨基酸的关系

通过对小麦抗蚜品种冀保1号和感蚜品种中旱101不同生育期叶片和穗部氨基酸种类和含量的测定,结合对田间麦长管蚜自然种群的系统调查,采用相关性分析和多元回归分析的方法,研究了麦长管蚜种群消长和小麦氨基酸含量的关系。相关性分析表明,甘氨酸、缬氨酸等10种氨基酸与麦蚜种群消长呈显著相关;回归分析表明,感蚜品种中旱101叶片中缬氨酸、苏氨酸和甘氨酸与麦蚜种群相关显著,回归方程为y中叶=4.030+3.229x苏+1134.504x甘-79.458x缬;穗部的甘氨酸、缬氨酸与麦蚜种群相关显著,回归方程为y中穗=320.931+105.262x甘-33.528x缬。抗蚜品种冀保1号叶片中缬氨酸、谷氨酸和丙氨酸与麦蚜种群相关显著,回归方程为y冀叶=-2.440+23.844x缬+8.010x谷-1.911x丙;穗部的甘氨酸、缬氨酸与麦蚜种群相关显著,回归方程为y冀穗=-235.666+20.245x甘+44.640x缬。综合分析得出:缬氨酸含量的高低可以作为评价小麦抗蚜性的指标之一。     

Investigating Intraspecific Variation of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli Using DNA Fingerprinting and Whole Cell Fatty Acid Analysis

ABSTRACT To assess the diversity of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, 121 strains from watermelon, cantaloupe, and pumpkin were compared using pulse field gel electrophoresis of SpeI-digested DNA and gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. Twenty-nine unique DNA fragments resulted from DNA digestion, and 14 distinct haplotypes were observed. Based on cluster analysis, two subgroups, I and II, were recognized, which accounted for 84.8% (eight haplotypes) and 15.2% (six haplotypes) of the strains, respectively. Results of cellular fatty acid analysis varied quantitatively and qualitatively for the A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains and supported the existence of the two subgroups. Group I includes strains from cantaloupe and pumpkin as well as the ATCC type strain, which was first described in the United States in 1978, whereas group II represents the typical watermelon fruit blotch-causing strains that appeared in the mainland United States in 1989. Knowledge of the two A. avenae subsp. citrulli groups may be useful in screening for watermelon fruit blotch resistance.     

Characterization of Heterodera avenae in Spain1

Several types of Heterodera spp. belonging to the ≪ avenae ≫ group have been found in Spain on cereal crops and wild Gramineae. The morphological differences between them relate to the colour of the cysts, presence or absence and consistency of the subcrystalline layer, presence or absence and shape of the ≪ underbridge ≫ in the vulvar cone, length of the 2nd-stage larvae and shape of their stylet knobs. The value of these characters in the diagnosis of these species is discussed together with the identity of the types.