Amaranthus palmeri resistance and differential tolerance of Amaranthus palmeri and Amaranthus hybridus to ALS-inhibitor herbicides

Suspected imazaquin-resistant accessions of Amaranthus palmeri were studied to determine the magnitude of resistance and cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and compare differential tolerance of A palmeri and Amaranthus hybridus to ALS inhibitors. Five of seven A palmeri accessions were resistant to imazaquin. The most imazaquin-resistant accession, accession 7, also showed 74, 39 and 117 times higher resistance than the susceptible biotype to chlorimuron, diclosulam and pyrithiobac, respectively. Resistance to imazaquin and cross-resistance to other ALS inhibitors in A palmeri was due to a less-sensitive ALS enzyme. A palmeri was 70 times more tolerant to imazaquin than A hybridus. A palmeri was also seven times more tolerant to pyrithiobac than A hybridus. Differences in ALS enzyme sensitivity could not fully account for the high tolerance of A palmeri to imazaquin compared to A hybridus. Both species were equally affected by chlorimuron and diclosulam.     

Region-wide analysis of genetic diversity in Verticillium dahliae populations infecting olive in southern Spain and agricultural factors influencing the distribution and prevalence of vegetative compatibility groups and pathotypes

Severity of Verticillium wilt in olive trees in Andalusia, southern Spain is associated with the spread of a highly virulent, defoliating (D) Verticillium dahliae pathotype of vegetative compatibility group 1A (VCG1A) but the extent of this spread and the diversity of the pathogen population have never been documented. VCG typing of 637 V. dahliae isolates from 433 trees in 65 orchards from five olive-growing provinces in Andalusia indicated that 78.1% were of VCG1A, 19.8% of VCG2A, 0.6% of VCG2B, 1.4% of VCG4B, and one isolate was heterokaryon self-incompatible. A single VCG prevailed among isolates within most orchards but two and three VCGs were identified in 12 and 3 orchards, respectively, with VCG1A+VCG2A occurring in 10 orchards. VCG1A was the predominant VCG in the three most important olive-growing provinces, and was almost as prevalent as VCG2A in another one. Molecular pathotyping of the 637 isolates using specific polymerase chain reaction assays indicated that VCG1A isolates were of the D pathotype whereas isolates of VCG2A, -2B, and -4B were of the less virulent nondefoliating (ND) pathotype. The pathotype of isolates correlated with the disease syndrome affecting sampled trees. Only three (seq1, seq2, and seq4) of the seven known sequences of the V. dahliae-specific 539- or 523-bp amplicon were identified among the 637 isolates. Distribution and prevalence of VCGs and seq sequences among orchards indicated that genetic diversity within olive V. dahliae in Andalusia is higher in provinces where VCG1A is not prevalent. Log-linear analysis revealed that irrigation management, source of irrigation water, source of planting stock, and cropping history of soil were significantly associated with the prevalence of VCG1A compared with that of VCG2A. Multivariate analyses using a selected set of agricultural factors as variables allowed development of a discriminant model for predicting the occurrence of D and ND pathotypes in the area of the study. Blind tests using this model correctly indentified the V. dahliae pathotype occurring in an orchard. The widespread occurrence and high prevalence of VCG1A/D pathotype in Andalusia have strong implications for the management of the disease.     

Characterization of the germination and emergence response to temperature and soil moisture of Avena fatua and A. sterilis

Seeds of Avena fatua L. and )A. sterilis L. were germinated under a wide range of temperatures (5–30°C) and osmotic potentials (?25 to ?1400 KPa) in order to characterize their responses to these two environmental factors. Although both species behaved similarly at moderate temperatures, different responses were observed at the two extremes. )A. sterilis germinated and emerged in a higher proportion than A. fatua at temperatures below 10°C but the opposite was true at temperatures above 20°C. Although the rates of these two processes were similar in both species up to 18°C, above this temperature the germination and emergence of )A. sterilis was considerably delayed in comparison with that of A. fatua. The effect of decreasing osmotic potentials in reducing the germination was more pronounced in A. sterilis than in A. fatua. However, no differences were observed in the emergence responses of either species. The adaptative advantages of these characteristics and their relationship with the geographic distribution of the two species is discussed.     

Host Specificity of Ascochyta spp. Infecting Legumes of the Viciae and Cicerae Tribes and Pathogenicity of an Interspecific Hybrid

ABSTRACT Ascochyta spp. (teleomorphs: Didymella spp.) infect a number of legumes, including many economically important species, and the diseases they cause represent serious limitations of legume production worldwide. Ascochyta rabiei, A. fabae, A. pisi, A. lentis, and A. viciae-villosae are pathogens of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), faba bean (Vicia faba), pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), and hairy vetch (V. villosa), respectively. Inoculations in the greenhouse and in growth chambers demonstrated that A. fabae, A. lentis, A. pisi, A. rabiei, and A. viciae-villosae were host specific. Isolates caused no visible disease symptoms on "nonhost" plants (plants other than the hosts they were originally isolated from) but were recovered consistently from inoculated, surface-disinfested, nonhost tissues. Interspecific crosses of A. pisi x A. fabae and A. viciae-villosae x A. lentis produced pseudothecia with viable ascospores, and the hybrid status of the ascospore progeny was verified by the segregation of mating type and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Interspecific progeny were morphologically normal in culture but exhibited more phenotypic variation compared with progeny from intraspecific crosses. Mating type and the majority of AFLP markers segregated in Mendelian 1:1 ratios in both intraspecific and interspecific crosses. A total of 11 and 7% of AFLP markers showed segregation distortion among progeny from interspecific crosses and intraspecific crosses, respectively; however, this difference was not significant (P = 0.90). Only 30 of 114 progeny isolates from the A. fabae x A. pisi cross inoculated in the greenhouse caused lesions on pea and only 4 caused disease on faba bean. In all, 15 of 110 progeny isolates were pathogenic to pea and none were pathogenic to faba bean under growth chamber conditions. Although no obvious postzygotic, intrinsic isolating barriers were identified in any of the interspecific crosses, it appears that host specialization may act as both a prezygotic, ecological isolating barrier and a postzygotic, extrinsic, ecological isolating barrier in these fungi. Host specificity, coupled with low pathogenic fitness of hybrids, may be an important speciation mechanism contributing to the maintenance of hostspecific, phylogenetic lineages of these fungi.     

Identification of pheromones and optimization of bait composition for click beetle pests (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Central and Western Europe

Based on analysis of pheromone gland extracts, highly attractive new baits have been developed for three click beetle pests. That for Agriotes brevis is a mixture of geranyl butanoate and (E,E)-farnesyl butanoate, and that for A rufipalpis and A sordidus contains geranyl hexanoate alone. From known data from species populating Russia, optimized bait compositions for species in Central and Western Europe were developed as follows: geranyl octanoate + geranyl butanoate for A lineatus, geranyl isovalerate for A litigiosus, geranyl hexanoate + geranyl octanoate for A obscurus, geranyl butanoate alone for A sputator and (E,E)-farnesyl acetate alone for A ustulatus. Although slight differences were found in gland contents with A litigiosus var laichartingi and fenotypus typicus, nevertheless there were no differences in response to the optimum bait. There were no differences in pheromone composition or response to the optimized bait between the two morphological forms ('black' and 'red') of A ustulatus. As a result of these studies, highly effective pheromone baits are now available for monitoring and population reduction in all important pest click beetle species in Central and Western Europe.     

绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽对5种植物提取物的触角电位和嗅觉反应

近年来随着转基因棉的广泛种植, 我国盲蝽发生日益严重, 急需开发一些高效、环境友好的新型防治技术。本文以花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum、云木香Aucklandia costus、香加皮Periploca sepium、黄柏Phellodendron amurense、五倍子Rhus chinensis等5种中药材乙醇提取物为材料, 测定了绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum和中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis对这5种提取物的电生理学及嗅觉反应。结果表明, 5种提取物均可引起绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫强烈的触角电位反应。花椒和云木香提取物可引起中黑盲蝽雌、雄成虫强烈的触角电位反应。在嗅觉反应试验中, 绿盲蝽对云木香、香加皮提取物的选择反应率低于30%, 对花椒提取物选择反应率高于60%。中黑盲蝽对花椒、云木香提取物的选择反应率低于40%, 显示出这些提取物对两种棉花盲蝽具有显著的驱避或引诱作用。该研究为利用中药材资源开发棉田盲蝽绿色防控药物提供了理论基础。     

新疆野扁桃与其近缘种的亲缘关系

野扁桃（Amygdalus ledebouriana Schlecht）为野生珍稀濒危植物资源,我国仅分布在新疆。为研究野扁桃与栽培扁桃及其近缘种的亲缘关系,对新疆野扁桃、栽培扁桃、栽培桃和桃属部分物种的叶绿体matK基因进行测序,基于Kimura 双参数模型计算种间遗传距离,并以邻接法（NJ）构建系统发育树。结果表明：野扁桃与蒙古扁桃和榆叶梅的遗传距离较小,与栽培扁桃和桃属物种（桃、山桃和蟠桃）的遗传距离较大;栽培扁桃与山桃、蟠桃和桃的亲缘关系较其与野扁桃、榆叶梅和蒙古扁桃的亲缘关系更近。     

Ochratoxin a in Cereals, Foodstuffs and Human Plasma

Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi contaminate cereals and foodstuffs, and can thus introduce ochratoxin A (OTA) into the food chain. In this work, five new isolates of Aspergillus: A. albertensis, A. auricomus, A. wentii, A. fumigatus and A. versicolor, were found to produce ochratoxin A. Data on the occurrence and the concentration levels of ochratoxin A in European food of vegetable and animal origin are reported. Furthermore, data on the concentration of ochratoxin A in blood of citizens of Western Europe are compared with those of some areas where Balkan endemic nephropathy is endemic. The results of the studies of Stoev and co-workers are reviewed and the possibility that OTA alone cannot be the cause of the Balkan endemic nephropathy is discussed.     

Environmental and Genetic Factors Influencing Self-Fertility in Phytophthora infestans

ABSTRACT Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic-requiring physical proximity of two individuals of different mating type (A1 and A2) for oosporogenesis. Recent reports of limited selfing in young cultures of this oomycete stimulated us to investigate factors contributing to the phenomenon. The ability to produce oospores rapidly (within 2 weeks) in pure, single individual cultures (self-fertility) was tested in 116 individual isolates. The 116 isolates were from geographically diverse locations (16 countries) and were genetically diverse. Mating type and growth medium were the most prominent factors in determining if an isolate would be self-fertile. The majority of A2 isolates (45 of 47 tested) produced oospores when grown on a 50:50 mixture of V8 and rye B medium. In contrast, the majority of A1 isolates (65 of 69 tested) did not produce oospores on this medium. None of the 116 isolates produced oospores when grown on rye B medium (with no V8 juice). Further tests on representative A1 and A2 isolates revealed that oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar, and V8-juice agar all induced the A2 mating type isolate to produce oospores but did not induce the A1 mating type isolate to produce oospores. Calcium carbonate and pH did not alter the self-fertile oospore production in either A1 or A2 mating type isolates. For in vivo tests, the application of fungicide to potato or tomato leaf tissue either before or after inoculation did not stimulate any individual isolate (one A2 and one A1 isolate) to produce oospores in infected tissue. However, in all of the controls for all experiments (in vivo and in vitro), many oospores were produced rapidly if both strains grew in physical proximity.     

Some studies on the competition between Avenu fatua L. and spring barley.II. Variation of A. fatua emergence and development and its influence on crop yield.

The emergence and development of A fatua were studied in 23 spring barly fields in 1972 and nine in 1973 nautarally infested with yhe weed. Emergence occurred up to the four-leaf stages of the crop. The mean number of days from drilling to 50% emergence of A fatua plants was 22 in 1972 and 36 in 1973.The majority of seeds were shed by early emerging plants in 1972, 79% and in 1973. 59% of A fatua plants had emerged by the two-leaf stage of the crop and these plants produced 97 and 89% respectively of all the seed shed. In both years, A fatua plants emerging before the crop produced five times as many seeds per plant as those emerging between the crop two and three-leaf stages. The earliest emerging plants were also the heaviest and had most stems per plant.In both years there was a significant relationship between the density of A fatua plants in the crop in spring and their mortality.A large variation occured between the sites in the number of A fatua plants that emerged by a given crop leaf stage. In 1973.insufficient numbers of sites were investigatesd to derive a relationship between time to A fatua emergence and crop yield loss, but in 1972, a given density of A fatua plants emerging at an early stage caused agreater crop yields loss than the same density emerging later. This was also evident to aleser extent in data derived from a similar series of 15 experiments in 1971.     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.     

Japanese pear black spot and apple alternaria blotch

The pathogenicity and taxonomy of 15 isolates of Alternaria spp. from pear and apple were compared. Only isolates from Asian pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) from Italy and Korea were virulent on leaves and young fruits of the susceptible Asian pear cv. Nijisseiki. Their conidial morphology was typical of A. gaisen (= A. kikuchiana ). Only isolates of A. mali from USA were virulent on susceptible American apple cvs Indo and Red Gold. No virulence was demonstrated in any isolate/host combination among isolates from stem infections of Asian and European pear ( Pyrus communis ), leaf spots of European apple, and ripe fruit rots of Chinese pear ( Pyrus ussuriensis ), European pear and apple. These non-virulent isolates could be readily distinguished from A. gaisen and A. mali by their pattern of branching of conidial chains, the branching associated with A. alternata sensu stricto being most common among non-virulent isolates. This limited survey implies that A. gaisen is only virulent to Asian pear and the toxigenic form of A. mali to certain American apple cultivars; also that A. gaisen is not established outside eastern Asia or the toxigenic form of A. mali outside eastern Asia and parts of USA.     

大穗看麦娘与日本看麦娘的DNA条形码鉴定

大穗看麦娘是我国麦田新发生的恶性杂草,与日本看麦娘苗期形态相近,导致难以识别和有效监测。本研究利用4个DNA 条形码候选序列(rbcL、matK、trnH-psbA和ITS2)对13份大穗看麦娘和10份日本看麦娘叶片材料进行分子鉴定,采用Vector NTI分析扩增的DNA序列峰图质量并比对碱基差异,通过MEGA 6.0软件中的K2P模型计算样本种内和种间的双参数遗传距离,采用邻接法构建系统发育树。结果表明,4个DNA 条形码序列中仅matK扩增测序结果不理想。日本看麦娘在4种DNA条形码序列中不存在种内差异,大穗看麦娘在rbcL、matK和ITS2序列中无种内差异,仅在trnH-psbA序列中存在7个差异位点。大穗看麦娘和日本看麦娘种间各DNA条形码序列均有差异,trnH-psbA、rbcL、matK和ITS2序列存在的差异位点数分别为6、3、14和28。ITS2的种间平均遗传距离大于rbcL,且具有特异性,适宜用于大穗看麦娘和日本看麦娘的准确鉴定。     

Survey and characterization of potyviruses and their strains of Allium species

Nearly 5700 plants of 14 cultivated and 8 wildAllium species and varieties from the Netherlands and other parts of the world, were tested for infection with aphid-borne potyviruses by ELISA, electron microscope decoration tests and/or inoculation onto test plants. This resulted in the detection of two known viruses, viz. leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) and onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), and the discovery and characterization of two new viruses, viz. shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV) and Welsh onion yellow stripe virus (WoYSV), and of six strains of these viruses. ‘Garlic mosaic’, ‘barlic yellow streak’, ‘onion mosaic’, ‘shallot mosaic’, ‘shallot X’, and ‘shallot yellows’ viruses, incompletely described in the literature, are now reidentified as well-known viruses or as strains or mixtures of such viruses. ‘Garlic yellow stripe virus’ is also a complex containing a potyvirus possibly differing from the viruses found in this survey. The symptoms of the potyviruses studied varied widely and ranged from mild to severe chlorotic to yellow striping of leaves, and they are of little diagnostic importance.LYSV was found in vegetatively propagated pearl onion (A. ampeloprasum var.sectivum) from Europe and Asia. It has decreased in leek crops (A. ampeloprasum var.porrum) in the Netherlands since the 1970, apparently due to resistance in new cultivars. OYDV was common in onion (A. cepa var.cepa) from the former USSR and North Africa, and in European cultivars of shallot (A. cepa var.ascalonicum), with the exception of the highly resistant ‘Santé’, but was not detected during this survey in Asian shallot. European samples of ever-ready onion (A. cepa var.perutile), multiplier onion (A. cepa var.aggregatum) and tree onion (A. cepa var.viviparum) contained OYDV. It was also found in sand leek (A. scorodoprasum) from european gene collections. A strain of OYDV from onion and shallot in Morocco and Spain was virulent on onion and shallot cultivars resistant to common OYDV, as reported early for a similar isolate in the USA.Asian shallot appeared generally infected with the new SYSV, similar to OYDV in host range and symptoms but serologically distinct. It was not detected in onion and shallot from Europe or North Africa. A virulent strain of this virus caused striping in sap-inoculated garlic (A. sativum) and Formosan lily (Lilium formosanum). The new WoYSV, infecting Welsh onion in Indonesia and Japan, was earlier described in Japan as OYDV from rakkyo and Welsh onion. It appeared serologically closely related to SYSV and distantly to OYDV, but differed in its host range.Host-specific strains of LYSV and OYDV were detected in garlic, wild garlic (A. longicuspis), an unidentifiedAllium species (suffix-G), and great-headed garlic (A. ampeloprasum var.holmense) (suffix-GhG)., LYSV-G and OYDV-G infected on average 45% and 73%, respectively, of the garlic samples of worldwide origin. Symptoms of isolates of both strains varied in severity, implying the necessity of serological tests for disease diagnosis and health certification. LYSV-GhG was the cause of yellow striping in 93% of the great-headed garlic plants tested, mainly from the Mediterranean area. One sample was also infected with OYDV-GhG.Many samples from vegetatively propagated crops grown from non-certified planting stock contained a few plants free of potyviruses, implying the possibility to obtain healthy (and possibly resistant) selections of such cultivars avoiding meristem-tip culture. Cross-protection of garlic sets by a mild potyvirus isolate seems to be an alternative to the use of vulnerable virus-free sets.Generally, viruses and virus strains could not be transmitted to anyAllium species other than their natural host, except to the highly susceptible crow garlic (A. vineale). This species, and other predominantly vegetatively propagating wildAllium spp. (field garlic,A. oleraceum; ramsons,A. ursinum; sand leek), were found not to be reservoirs of viruses that might infectAllium crops in the netherlands. Streaking in vegetatively propagated wild leeks (A. ampeloprasum and closely related species) originating from the Mediterranean area and Asia was due to an undescribed miteborne virus. The survey confirmed that spread of potyviruses inAllium crops in the Netherlands is from planting sets, and from a neighbouring crop only if of the same species.     

Effect of strip-intercropping potato and annual alfalfa on populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say and its predators

Intercropping systems are practiced to reducing pest density, enhancing predator's diversity and stabling crop yield. We evaluated the effect of strip-intercropping potato and annual alfalfa on populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, predator's biodiversity and potato yield over two seasons (2014 and 2015). Our results revealed that the densities of egg masses, eggs, larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) were significantly lower in intercrops than in monoculture. The main CPB predators recorded on potato plants (ladybirds and the green lacewing) showed a significant increase in the density at each of the three intercrops than in monoculture. The percentage of dry tubers weight loss was 40.9%–42.6% in monoculture, 16.3%–18.7% in 6P: 2A and <10% in 2P: 2A and 4P: 2A in two studied years. Our results suggest that strip-intercropping potato with annual alfalfa, particularly in 2P: 2A and 4P: 2A patterns may be an effective way in integrated management of CPB for reducing pest density, enhancing the presence of predators in potato fields and improving potato yield.     

Phenotypes of Phytophthora infestans collected in England and Wales from 1985 to 1988: mating type, response to metalaxyl and isoenzyme analysis

In a survey of 1864 isolates derived from samples of Phytophthora infestans obtained from potato and tomato collected in England and Wales between 1985 and 1988, the A2 mating type was identified in approximately 10% of samples. There was no evidence for an overall increase in the frequency of the A2 mating type over this period. In agar culture, A2 isolates exhibited a distinct lumpy-colony morphology. Lumps were made up of intensely dichotomously branched hyphae. The incidence of resistance to metalaxyl among samples increased from 41 to 60% between 1986 and 1988. Some of the A2 isolates were resistant to metalaxyl and like other A2 isolates gave rise to progeny from in vitro matings with Al isolates. Except in one case, Al and A2 isolates were uniformly homozygous at an isoenzyme locus for glucosephosphate isomerase but isolates exhibited some variation at a peptidase locus. The source of the A2 isolates could not be established from these data.     

Variation of pathotypes and races and their correlations with clonal lineages in Verticillium dahliae

Understanding pathogenic variation in plant pathogen populations is key for the development and use of host resistance for managing verticillium wilt diseases. A highly virulent defoliating (D) pathotype in Verticillium dahliae has previously been shown to occur only in one clonal lineage (lineage 1A). By contrast, no clear association has yet been shown for race 1 with clonal lineages. Race 1 carries the effector gene Ave1 and is avirulent on hosts that carry resistance gene Ve1 or its homologues. The hypothesis tested was that race 1 arose once in a single clonal lineage, which might be expected if V. dahliae acquired Ave1 by horizontal gene transfer from plants, as hypothesized previously. In a diverse sample of 195 V. dahliae isolates from nine clonal lineages, all race 1 isolates were present only in lineage 2A. Conversely, all lineage 2A isolates displayed the race 1 phenotype. Moreover, 900‐bp nucleotide sequences from Ave1 were identical among 27 lineage 2A isolates and identical to sequences from other V. dahliae race 1 isolates in GenBank. The finding of race 1 in a single clonal lineage, with identical Ave1 sequences, is consistent with the hypothesis that race 1 arose once in V. dahliae. Molecular markers and virulence assays also confirmed the well‐established finding that the D pathotype is found only in lineage 1A. Pathogenicity assays indicated that cotton and olive isolates of the D pathotype (lineage 1A) were highly virulent on cotton and olive, but had low virulence on tomato.     

Aelia Species and their Economic Importance in Turkey

The commonest and most important species of Aelia in Turkey is A. rostrata. It is a primary pest, especially in Central Anatolia. Two other species, namely A. acuminate and A. syriaca , are secondary pests which damage wheat to some extent. The other species so far known from Turkey are of minor importance.     

Effects of after-harvest period and environmental factors on seed dormancy of Amaranthus species

The effects of seven constant temperatures (10–40°C at 5°C intervals) and seven after‐harvest periods (30–540 days after harvest) were evaluated on seed germination of nine Amaranthus species (A. albus, A. blitoides, A. cruentus, A. deflexus, A. graecizans, A. hybridus, A. lividus, A. retroflexus and A. viridis). Seeds of A. blitoides and A. viridis were also tested at alternating temperatures of 10/30°C (12/12 h thermoperiod) in continuous darkness and in an alternating 12/12 h dark/light photoperiod. With the exception of A. blitoides and A. viridis, germination increased as temperature increased from 20 to 35°C; the latter representing the optimum temperature (70–100% germination). At 10 and 15°C constant temperatures, no significant seed germination occurred in A. albus, A. deflexus, A. graecizans and A. lividus, while in A. cruentus, A. hybridus and A. retroflexus there was no germination at 10°C, but at 15°C more than 60% germination occurred. Germination was influenced strongly by after‐ripening period in A. cruentus, A. hybridus and A. retroflexus, partially in A. deflexus, and barely in A. graecizans and A. lividus. Seeds of A. blitoides and A. viridis required alternating temperatures and light to achieve high germination percentage (>90%). Primary dormancy in Amaranthus plays a fundamental role in extending germination over a longer period, so that the probability of seedling survival is maximised. The present study adds to the understanding of the environmental control and germination ecology of Amaranthus species and provides data that can contribute to predicting weed emergence dynamics.     

我国植物青枯菌菌株的遗传多样性和组群划分

 采用15条随机引物对我国11个省(市、区)6种不同寄主植物的43个青枯菌代表性菌株和4个国外青枯菌菌株,进行了PCR扩增.引物OPB11、OPA15、OPE1和OPZ10对上述所有菌株扩增获得了相似的产物电泳图谱,分别具1~5条谱带不等;引物OPB7、OPA10和OPF1对马铃薯菌株获得了相同的产物图谱,但对其它寄主菌株的产物间有明显差别;引物OPA14、OPC,6、OPG14、OPF5、OPK14、OPK20和OPK17对于不同菌株的扩增产物多态性很强.供试菌株被聚类为2个组群,即组群A和组群B.组群A中又可分为7个亚组(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5、A6、A7),其中A1含有2个类型(A1-1、A1-2);组群B中也可分为2个亚组(B1、B2),其中B1含有3个类型(B1-1、B1-2、B1-3),B2也含有3个类型(B2-1、B2-2、B2-3).RAPD组群A中包含了27个来自我国不同地区的马铃薯菌株,主要是3号小种、生化变种2;组群B中含有20个来自不同地区、不同寄主的菌株,分属于其它不同的小种和生化变种.研究结果表明,我国青枯菌菌株RAPD组群的划分与菌株的地理来源关系不大,而与寄主来源有明显相关性.此外,通过对我国青枯菌菌株组群进行同源性PCR分析表明,来源自马铃薯的3号小种菌株属于美洲分支"Americanmm",而来自其它寄主的青枯菌1号、5号小种菌株属于亚洲分支"Asiaticum",与本研究RAPD组群A和组群B的划分是一致的.