Application of biochar in mitigation of negative effects of salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects crop production throughout the world. Biochar is an activated carbon soil conditioner that can alleviate the negative impacts of salinity. The research was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of 1% and 2% of biochar application on wheat seed germination and growth attributes under salinity. Both levels of biochar improved the germination and growth conditions under salinity; however, 2% biochar level was more effective compared to 1% level. Root and shoot length increased up to 23% and11% with 2% biochar, respectively. The maximum increase of 16% and 10% in leaf water potential and osmotic potential was noted with 2% biochar at 150 mM salt. The decrease in proline content and soluble sugar at 2% biochar was 51% and 27%, respectively. Decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was 15.3% at 2% level of biochar under stress biochar mitigates the negative effects of salinity and improved wheat productivity.     

土壤调理剂对烤烟根系活力及根际土壤微生物碳代谢特征的影响

为探究土壤调理剂对烤烟根系微生态环境的影响,采用小区试验,研究土壤调理剂在不同施用量(0、1 500、3 000和4 500 kg·hm^-2)水平下烤烟根系活力的动态变化及微生物碳代谢特征。结果表明,添加土壤调理剂3 000 kg·hm^-2对烤烟生长发育中后期时的根系活力提高效应最大,移栽后60、90 d较对照分别提高了115.8%、85.3%。羧酸类、氨基酸类是烤烟根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源,土壤调理剂作用下,羧酸类碳源在移栽后30 d并无显著变化,移栽后60、90 d,施用土壤调理剂3 000 kg·hm^-2对羧酸类和氨基酸类碳源的利用率提高作用均最显著,且微生物多样性均一性指数也显著增加。在移栽后30 d,影响微生物碳代谢强度及多样性的主要因素是烤烟根系活力,而移栽后60、90 d,主要影响因素是土壤调理剂。综上,施用土壤调理剂能提高烤烟根系活力,改善土壤微生态环境,以3 000 kg·hm^-2施用量为宜。本研究结果为土壤调理剂在烤烟生产上的应用提供了理论参考。     

Lettuce plant growth with the use of soil conditioner and slow‐release fertilizers

Abstract

In two pot experiments, lettuce plant growth under different soil‐water conditions was examined. In the first experiment, the effect of soil conditioner in combination with slow‐release and water‐soluble fertilizers was considered. In the second experiment, lettuce plant resistance in moisture stress with the use of a soil conditioner was evaluated. The first experiment showed that the use of soil conditioner with slow‐release fertilizers gives greater yield than the use of water‐soluble fertilizers alone. The second experiment showed that there is no difference on the yield and quality of lettuce plants between the trials until the irrigation time of twenty days.     

A Comparison of Five Bioassays to Monitor Toxicity During Bioremediation of Pentachlorophenol-Contaminated Soil

Five bioassays were used to measure toxicity during bioremediation of a soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP; 335 ppm), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 1225 ppm) and petroleum hydrocarbons (19 125 ppm). Different bioremediation treatments were tested in soil microcosms including amendment with phosphorus and/or PCP-degrading Pseudomonas sp. UG30, either as free cells or encapsulated in κ-carrageenan. Soil toxicity was monitored using the solid-phase Microtox test, SOS-chromotest, lettuce seed germination, earthworm survival and sheep red blood cell (RBC) haemolysis assays. PCP levels were reduced in all treatments after 210 days. The RBC lysis assay, Microtox test and SOS-chromotest indicated reduced toxicity in most of the microcosms by day 210. Trends depicted by lettuce seed germination and earthworm survival LC50 values varied with each treatment. For example, in soil amended with phosphorus, both the seed germination and earthworm survival LC50 data suggested increased soil toxicity. However, for soil treated with encapsulated Pseudomonas sp. UG30 cells, the earthworm survival LC50 data indicated reduced toxicity while seed germination LC50 values showed little change from values obtained prior to bioremediation. Our results show that toxicity trends in a contaminated soil during bioremediation differ according to the assay used.     

GGR6浸种处理浓度对沙打旺种子活力及萌发特性的影响

利用植物生长调节剂调节植物生长、发育和繁殖,是有效提高植物对逆境适应能力和生产能力的重要手段.为探究植物生长调节剂GGR6对沙打旺种子活力及萌发特性的影响,通过观测不同GGR6浓度(0、50、100、150和200 mg/L)浸种处理下,沙打旺种子活力及萌发特性指标,利用隶属函数法,综合分析筛选出适宜沙打旺种子萌发的GGR6处理浓度.结果表明:1)种子发芽动态呈“单峰型”,GGR6处理提高了种子发芽速度和发芽率,缩短发芽时间;2)处理浓度为100 mg/L以下时,种子活力、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、萌发指数和活力指数均随着GGR6浓度升高而升高,且浓度在50 ～ 100 mg/L之间,升高最为显著,高于100 mg/L后,各处理之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);3)促进沙打旺种子萌发的最佳GGR6作用浓度为100 mg/L.研究对利用植物措施在荒漠化土地治理中,加速植被建设的进程和效果具有重要意义.     

不同稻田生态系统周丛生物对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

周丛生物广泛分布于稻田生态系统淹水环境中,直接影响稻田养分的迁移转化过程及其生物有效性,但其是否影响水稻的生长、发育却鲜有报道。通过室内控制试验,利用延边（YB）、鹰潭（YT）和镇江（ZJ）的水稻土培养周丛生物,并研究了三种周丛生物对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,不同类型土壤培养的周丛生物主要由变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）组成;三种周丛生物的多样性存在显著差异,其中延边周丛生物（YBP）的物种数和Chao1指数显著高于其他两组处理（P <0.05）。皮尔森（Pearson）相关性分析结果表明,周丛生物群落物种组成和多样性与土壤pH、全磷、总有机碳和全锰含量呈显著正相关（P <0.01）。此外,三种周丛生物的碳代谢活性存在显著差异（P <0.05）。其中,延边周丛生物（YBP）在整个检测期内的碳代谢活性最高,鹰潭周丛生物（YTP）的碳代谢活性最低。种子萌发试验结果显示周丛生物的存在显著提高了水稻种子的萌发率（最高18%）和α-淀粉酶活性（P <0.05）,同时提高...     

土壤—植物系统的磁生物效应及其微观机制研究进展

在综合前人研究的基础上 ,结合自己的研究成果 ,系统地阐述了磁处理 (如磁场、磁化水、磁改良剂等 )对土壤微生物、酶活性以及种子萌发和植物生长的影响 ,并对土壤—植物系统磁生物效应的共同特点和微观机制进行了探讨     

A rapid-test for screening biochar effects on seed germination

We developed a rapid-test to screen for effects of biochar on seed germination and soils. Crop seeds were placed in containers and covered with 15 g of soil with 1% biochar by weight. Two agricultural soils from South Carolina USA were used. Eighteen biochars were produced from six primary feedstocks [pine chips (PC), poultry litter (PL), swine solids (SS), switchgrass (SG); and two blends of PC and PL, 50% PC/50% PL (55), and 80% PC/20% PL (82)]. Each feedstock was pyrolyzed at 350, 500 and 700°C. There were few biochar effects on seed germination. Shoot dry weight was increased for carrot, cucumber, lettuce, oat, and tomato; primarily with biochars containing PL. Soil pH, electrical conductivity and extractable phosphorus primarily increased with PL, SS, 55, and 82 treatments for both soil types and across species. This method can be an early indicator of biochar effects on seed germination and soil health.     

磁化等离子体处理大豆种子的生物学效应

利用不同剂量的磁化等离子体处理晋豆20种子,分析被处理种子发芽率、幼苗生长、呼吸与能量的代谢以及同功酶谱的变化,为探讨磁化等离子体对种子的作用机理提供依据。结果表明,经不同剂量磁化等离子体处理后,种子的发芽率和幼苗的根长、干重没有显著变化;2.0～3.0A处理组苗高、鲜重比对照分别增加17.8%～26.9%和12.70%～17.08%;2.0A处理侧根数比对照显著增加,增幅为11.8%。当处理剂量为2.5A时,根系活力提高60.9%,叶片和根系的呼吸速率分别提高43.68%和38.92%,ATP含量分别提高37.79%和47.68%。磁化等离子体处理大豆种子后幼苗同工酶谱没有特异性条带的产生,但POD和酯酶同工酶的活性得到了普遍提高,其中2.5A处理后POD活性最高。综合分析指标表明2.5A的磁化等离子体处理对刺激种子活力、促进种子发芽和幼苗生长效果最佳。     

填埋场陈垃圾对黑麦草种子发芽的影响

非正规垃圾填埋场的治理和陈垃圾的资源化利用是环保领域一项重要而迫切的任务。选择黑麦草作为试验对象,采用种子发芽的陆生生态毒理方法,研究陈垃圾对植物发芽的影响,以期为陈垃圾利用和非正规垃圾填埋场治理提供一种新的思路。培养基质中陈垃圾的比例分别为20%、80%和100%,使用蒸馏水和土壤作为对照。试验结果表明：陈垃圾的使用能够显著提高黑麦草种子的发芽势和发芽率,但黑麦草种子的发芽势和发芽率随着陈垃圾用量的增加呈现先增大后减小的特征,陈垃圾在培养基质中的最佳比例为80%,与空白和使用土壤作为培养基质相比,发芽率分别提高了34.3%和20.9%,发芽势分别提高了52.0%和24.0%。培养基质中添加陈垃圾有利于黑麦草种子根、芽的发育和生长,在培养基质中陈垃圾的比例为80%的条件下,黑麦草种子的根长、芽长和芽的鲜质量分别比使用土壤时增加了50.0%、46.9%和74.0%。因此,将稳定后的陈垃圾用于草坪种植是可行的,这为陈垃圾的资源化利用提供了一条新的途径。     

Zinc priming promotes seed germination and seedling vigor of rice

The present study evaluated effects of seed zinc (Zn) priming at concentrations from 0 to 25 mM ZnSO₄ on seedling vigor and viability in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Zinc priming substantially increased Zn concentration in the husk, but not in brown rice. The movement of primed Zn from the husk into the inner layers of rice seed during germination was suggested by Zn concentration declining in the husk coinciding with the increase in brown rice over time (r = –0.62; p < 1%), which did not happen in unprimed seed. Zinc priming significantly enhanced seedling growth and development up to 5 mM. Germination rate, root number, and dry weight were much higher than in unprimed seed, but higher Zn concentrations (10 and 25 mM) depressed seedling vigor. Priming rice seed with 2.5 mM Zn also improved the germination rate of rice in a Zn‐deficient soil, with or without soil Zn application. The results confirm that priming rice seed with Zn can improve germination and seedling vigor and for the first time show how Zn requirement of germinating rice seed and seedlings can be met by the prime Zn accumulated in the husk.     

芥菜浸提液对豇豆连作土壤性质及幼苗生理指标的影响

为探究芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子发芽和连作下豇豆早期幼苗生长影响的生理机制,在盆栽条件下,研究不同浓度(0、10、20、40 g·L^-1)的芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子萌发及5年连作条件下豇豆幼苗生长指标、根系形态指标、叶片保护酶活性和土壤性质的影响。结果表明,高浓度(40 g·L^-1)芥菜浸提液对种子萌发和胚根生长有强烈的抑制作用,其中发芽率、活力指数、胚根长度和数量分别显著降低85.70%、82.66%、36.15%和46.54%;而低浓度(10 g·L^-1)芥菜浸提液对种子胚根生长有显著的促进作用,其中胚根长度和数量分别显著提高44.84%和80.82%。豇豆连作土壤浇灌芥菜水浸提液可不同程度地增加豇豆幼苗株高、茎粗、干质量、鲜质量和壮苗指数,在低浓度处理下豇豆生长指标分别显著增加60.33%、12.24%、85.87%、77.31%和50.82%;此外,豇豆幼苗根长度、根系表面积、根体积、根尖数等根系指标也均有不同程度地增加,其中以低浓度浸提液处理下的豇豆幼苗综合指标最好。芥菜浸提液处理还能促进幼苗叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量升高、以及抗氧化酶活性的提升,其中H₂O₂含量,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性均随着芥菜浸提液浓度的增加而降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性则相反,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性未表现出明显的规律;芥菜浸提液还可以提高土壤pH值,降低土壤电导率,以及提高土壤酶活性,其中蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随着芥菜浸提液浓度的增加而升高。综上所述,不同浓度芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子萌发起着低促高抑的作用,芥菜与豇豆之间存在明显的化感作用;芥菜浸提液可通过提高豇豆幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和改善豇豆根系环境,促进豇豆幼苗生长,缓解连作障碍对豇豆幼苗的危害,从而提高豇豆幼苗的抗逆能力。本研究结果为缓解豇豆连作障碍提供了新的途径。     

马尾松林土壤酚酸类物质检测及其对灌草萌发的影响

利用电喷雾萃取电离质谱(EESI-MS)测定荒草地、马尾松和木荷纯林地土壤酚酸类物质组成,模拟研究了其对几种灌草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,荒草地、木荷林土壤没有检测到松香类物质,而马尾松林土壤松香类物质浓度一般为10～ 100 mg/kg.当土壤松香类物质浓度＜12 mg/kg时,灌草发芽势与对照接近;松香浓度≥25 mg/kg时,黑麦草、白羊草、高羊茅和银合欢灌草发芽势显著低于对照.高浓度松香处理下,银合欢发芽率显著低于对照.     

Crude extract of Astragalus mongholicus root inhibits crop seed germination and soil nitrifying activity

Astragalus mongholicus has been of medicinal use within the traditional Chinese system for centuries. However, little information is available on its allelopathic effects on other crop plants and soil biochemical properties. Field experiment showed that the extracted residues of A. mongholicus root inhibited seed germination of wheat. Inhibition of seed germination was further confirmed in laboratory using the same crude extract. When the crude extract was applied to soil at various rates and incubated for 30 days, soil urease activity and denitrifying enzyme activity were significantly increased while soil nitrification rate was significantly decreased at 10% amendment rate as compared to the control. Soil respiration rate was significantly increased by the crude extract when measured at the start of incubation but returned to basal levels after 30 days of incubation. The crude extract supplemented to NB medium significantly decreased the colony numbers of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, Paraccocus denitrificans and soil bacteria. The stimulating effects of crude extract observed in the amended soil was attributed to the easily-available carbohydrates in the extract, which might served as external energy sources for heterotrophic microbial activities. It was concluded that A. mongholicus contained some compounds that inhibited seed germination, soil nitrification and bacterial growth in general. Possible links between allelochemicals responsible for the inhibitory effects observed in the present study and the medically bioactive compounds are discussed based on information reported in other fields. Further work is needed to specify and verify the allelochemicals produced by this herbal plant.     

两株PGPR对豇豆苗期生长及土著细菌群落的影响

以扬豇40为材料,研究了植物根际促生菌Pseudomonas chlororaphis RA6和Bacillus pumilus WP8对豇豆种子出苗及幼苗生长的作用,评价浸种及拌土处理的差异,揭示一段时间内,两株植物根际促生菌（PGPR）在土壤中的行为特征及其对土著细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明：PGPR对豇豆的促生作用因接种方式、接种量的不同而不同。WP8、RA6浸种处理的出苗率分别比对照提高14.29%和9.52%（P〈0.05）;15 d时的株高分别比对照提高14.39%和10.40%（P〈0.05）;茎叶干物重分别比对照增加19.69%和17.71%（P〈0.05）。WP8、RA6低剂量拌土处理（104cfu·g-1soil,以下简作＂低拌处理＂）各指标与对照相比,均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。WP8、RA6中剂量拌土处理（106cfu·g-1soil,以下简作＂中拌处理＂）出苗率和株高均比对照提高,但未达显著差异（P〉0.05）;茎叶干物重分别比对照增加12.71%和18.59%（P〈0.05）。WP8、RA6高剂量拌土处理（108cfu·g-1soil,以下简作＂高拌处理＂）出苗率分别比对照提高9.52%和14.29%（P〈0.05）;15 d时的株高分别比对照提高6.37%和7.64%（P〈0.05）;茎叶干物重分别比对照增加27.37%和20.43%（P〈0.05）。DGGE指纹图谱分析结果显示：各处理在15 d和45 d时,除WP8浸种处理外,其余土壤微生物群落多样性和对照均已发生明显变化,随时间推延,RA6菌株在土壤中优势地位更趋明显,表现在45 d时仍可明显检测到;WP8在土壤中存活时间不长,但拌土处理改变了土著细菌的群落结构。推测WP8的促生作用很可能与土著微生物群落的变化有关。     

外源水杨酸缓解低温胁迫对玉米种子萌发和早期幼苗生长伤害的生理机制

为探讨低温胁迫下外源水杨酸(SA)对植物种子萌发和早期幼苗生长影响的生理机制,本研究以先玉335玉米品种为试验材料,用0.05 mmol·L~(-1)的SA水溶液和去离子水(对照,记作CK)对种子进行浸种处理,研究外源SA对低温胁迫下种子发芽、种胚淀粉酶、氧化损伤水平、抗氧化酶、抗氧化物质和渗透调节物质等的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,SA处理玉米种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗干重和鲜重分别显著提高了5.57%、7.20%、23.76%、15.49%和28.52%。SA处理的玉米种胚淀粉酶活性显著提高,在种子萌发第2、第6、第8、第10天比CK提高了28.6%、15.1%、9.6%和16.9%;而超氧阴离子(O_2~)和丙二醛(MDA)含量经SA处理后显著下降。SA处理提高了种胚抗氧化酶的活性,在种子萌发第2、第4、第6和第8天时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性比CK分别提高了36.6%、25.9%、43.6%和46.3%;过氧化物酶(POD)活性在种子萌发12 d时比CK提高了9.0%;和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在第4、第6、第8天时比CK分别提高了13.0%、5.7%和17.0%。此外,SA处理还提高了种胚抗氧化物质还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和渗透调节物质脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量。综上所述,SA可以通过改善渗透调节能力和加速淀粉转化来缓解低温胁迫诱导的氧化损伤。本研究结果为探究SA调控低温胁迫下种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的机制开拓了新视野。     

Effect of amending materials on growth of radish plant in salinized soil

The critical Na levels in soil which restricted seed germination and growth of radish, and effect of the amending materials on reducing the salinity hazard were determined by performing petri dish and pot experiments. The plants were grown in amended salinized soil in a phytotron for 21 days. Excess accumulation of Na in cells suppressed seed germination and plant growth. The critical Na level in control soil which restricted germination and growth was 12.5mg Na/g soil. At the same salinity level, amending materials promoted seed germination and plant growth mainly by inhibiting the excess flow of Na into the cell through ion holding mechanism. Among the materials used, the commercial manure of 4 months old held greater amount of Na(3.7mg/g) and thus more efficiently reduced the ion damage. Plants grown under such treatment had the highest dry matter yield (28.Gmg/plant), water content was normal(84%), and the ratio for Na in root to Na in plant's shoot was 2.4. As for the case of plant grown in control soil the respective data were 8. 5mg, 54%, and 4.8.     

卫星搭载处理对辣椒萌发过程中抗氧化酶活性的影响

测定经卫星搭载后的辣椒种子萌发过程中抗氧化酶的活性。结果表明:辣椒种子经卫星搭载处理后,其发芽势和发芽率分别比对照提高了3.5%和5.3%;在萌发过程中,可溶性蛋白质MDA含量低于地面对照,但SOD活性高于对照;卫星搭载的种子在萌发13d的幼苗体内SOD、G-POD、APX和CAT活性分别较对照提高了14.29%、25.23%、1.84%和21.52%。表明卫星搭载处理提高了辣椒种子和幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性,对萌发初期保护膜系统的修复具有重要的意义。     

石墨烯浸种处理对萝卜生长和品质的影响

为了揭示石墨烯浸种和处理对萝卜生长的影响,本研究开展石墨烯4个浓度处理萝卜种子和浇灌土壤,对萝卜发芽和田间生长影响试验,分析石墨烯浸种对萝卜种子发芽、植株生长生理及肉质根品质指标影响。结果发现,石墨烯浓度在20～100 mg/L范围内,对萝卜种子萌发均有促进作用,40 mg/L的石墨烯促进效果最显著;石墨烯施加浓度为40 mg/L时,在萝卜叶片生长旺盛期可显著提高叶片叶绿素含量,增强光合作用,提高植株对氮吸收能力,并促进植株增高;石墨烯能够提高萝卜肉质根产量3.6%～13.8 %,显著提高萝卜肉质根可溶性糖和维生素A含量。研究结果对促进萝卜生产和品质提高具有较大参考意义。     

Seed priming with sorghum water extract and benzyl amino purine along with surfactant improves germination metabolism and early seedling growth of wheat

The influence of seed priming with sorghum water extract (SWE) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) on germination metabolism and early seedling growth of wheat was evaluated in this study. For priming, wheat seeds were soaked in SWE (5%), BAP (5 mg L^?1) alone and mixed with nonionic surfactant Tween-80 (0.05%). All the seed priming treatments significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the germination metabolism and early seedling growth as compared with dry seeds. Seed priming with combination of SWE, BAP and Tween-80 was the most effective treatment in improving the final germination percentage (34%), number of tillers per pot (50%), fresh weight (32%), dry weight (63%), chlorophyll contents (7%) and total phenolic contents (36%) over dry seed control. Similarly, maximum total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars and α-amylase activity were observed from the combined priming with SWE, BAP and Tween-80. Total soluble proteins were maximum in growing seedlings followed by germinating seeds than primed seeds. The germination and growth improvement by priming with SWE was comparable to BAP which makes it a cost-effective natural growth regulator. Combined applications are more effective, which may be due to enzymatic regulation in a synergistic manner.