Runoff and Sediment Attenuation by Undisturbed and Lightly Disturbed Forest Buffers

A runoff plot experiment found that ten metre undisturbed forest buffers removed80–90% of runoff and over 95% of sediment produced by logging skid tracks. The study was carried out on 21^º slopes in a native forest in eastern New South Wales, Australia. The experiment included three replicates of four treatments including undisturbed control, skid track, skid track + undisturbed buffer and skid track + disturbed buffer. Skid track and control plots were 20 m long by 5 m wide. Buffer plots consisted of a 20 m by 5 m skid track directing runoff to a 10 m by 5 m naturally vegetated buffer that was either undisturbed or lightly disturbed. Runoff and sediment yields from plots were monitored over two successive summers. Undisturbed buffers greatly reduced overland flow and decreased sediment yields from around 100 Mg ha¹ to less than 0.5 Mg ha^-1. Differences in both runoff and sediment yield between undisturbed buffer and control treatments were minimal and not statistically significant. Disturbed buffers achieved similarly large reductions in runoff and sediment yield in two out of three replicates. The third replicate yielded as much or more runoff and sediment than the skid track plots suggesting that disturbance increased the risk of buffer failure. The peak rate of outflow from buffer plots was generally not related to peak buffer inflow until a threshold inflow of 1.6 L s^-1 was reached, after which peak outflow and peak inflow were linearly related.     

Riparian forest buffer system research at the coastal plain experiment station,Tifton, GA

Recent attention has focused on riparian forest buffer systems for filtering sediment, nutrients, and pesticides entering from upslope agricultural fields. Studies in a variety of physiographic areas have shown that concentrations of sediment and agrichemicals are reduced after passage through a riparian forest. The mechanisms involved are both physical and biological, including deposition, uptake by vegetation, and loss by microbiological processes such as denitrification. Current research by USDA-ARS and University of Georgia scientists at Tifton, GA is focusing on managing riparian forest buffer systems to alleviate agricultural impacts on the environment. The underlying concept for this research is that agricultural impact on streams is best protected by a riparian forest buffer system consisting of three zones. In consecutive upslope order from the stream these zones are (1) a narrow band of permanent trees (5–10 m wide) immediately adjacent to the stream channel which provides streambank stabilization, organic debris input to streams, and shading of streams, (2) a forest management zone where maximum biomass production is stressed and frees can be harvested, and (3) a grass buffer strip up to 10 m wide to provide control of coarse sediment and to spread overland flow. Several ongoing projects at Tifton, GA are focusing on using riparian forest buffer systems as filters. A forest management project is testing the effects of different management practices on surface and ground water quality. This project includes three different forest management practices: mature forest, selectively thinned forest, and clearcut. In a different study a natural wetland is being restored by planting frees. The effectiveness of this wetland on filtering nutrients from dairy wastes which are being applied upslope is being evaluated. At this same site, a pesticide study is being conducted on the side opposite to where dairy wastes are applied. An overland flow-riparian buffer system using swine lagoon waste is evaluating the effectiveness of different vegetative treatments and lengths of buffer zones on filtering of nutrients. In this study three vegetative treatments are compared: (1) 10 m grass buffer and 20 m riparian forest, (2) 20 m grass buffer and 10 m riparian forest, (3) 10 m grass buffer and 20 m of the recommended wetland species maidencane. Waste is applied at the upper end of each plot at either a high or low rate, and then allowed to flow downslope. The three zone riparian forest buffer system is being used for the Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM). This model, which is currently under development at Tifton, GA, is a computer simulation model designed to reduce soil and water degradation by aiding farmers and land use managers in decision making regarding how best to utilize their riparian buffer system. Both information currently being collected in field studies and development of the REMM are innovative farm-level and forestry technologies to protect soil and water resources.     

Agricultural Sediment Reduction by Giant Cane and Forest Riparian Buffers

The sediment filtering capabilities of giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm.) and forest riparian buffers were compared in a southern Illinois, USA non tile drained agricultural watershed. Giant cane, a bamboo species, serves as important wildlife habitat throughout its native range in the southeastern and lower midwestern United States. Overland flow samples were collected at the field edge and at 3.3 m, 6.6 m, and 10.0 m within the riparian buffers during 19 precipitation events over a 1-year period. On an annual basis, significant sediment reductions occurred by 3.3 m and 6.6 m in the cane and forest buffers, respectively. The giant cane buffer reduced incoming sediment mass by 94% within the first 3.3 m, while the forest buffer reduced sediment by 86% over 6.6 m. Within 10.0 m of the field edge, the cane and forest buffers reduced sediment mass by 100% and 76%, respectively. On a seasonal basis, the cane buffer outperformed the forest buffer. During each of the four seasons, the cane buffer reduced sediment masses within 3.3 m of the field edge, while the forest buffer showed initial reductions occurring at 6.6 m during the summer, fall, and winter. No detectable reductions occurred during the spring in the forested buffer. Reductions in sediment concentrations were less evident compared to mass basis, indicating that infiltration may be a more important sediment reduction mechanism than particle settling. Both the forest and giant cane buffers had relatively high measured soil infiltration rates. Study results indicate that giant cane is an appropriate species to include in riparian buffer restoration designs for sediment control.     

Nutrient Movement Due to Overland Flow in Managed Native Eucalyptus Forests,Southeastern Australia

A rainfall simulator study of total nutrient movement due to overland flow on forest skid trails and general harvesting areas (GHA) in the native eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia, confirmed that the disturbed and compacted areas were the dominant sources of sediment-bound pollutants. Low runoff production and low sediment availability on the rough surfaces of the GHA reduced total nutrient yields. On the more recently disturbed and burnt sites, the solution pathway may have been more dominant due to runoff coming in contact with surface ash and charcoal. We also recorded significant reductions in the total nutrient yields as runoff from the skid trail was delivered to the adjacent hillslope via a cross bank (water bar). This was due primarily to coarse-grained sediment deposition at the base of the banks. Nutrient concentrations in the eroded sediment at the cross bank outlets, however, remained 9 times higher than the in-situ surface soils, due to the preferential delivery of fine aggregate material to the adjacent hillslope. Further reductions in total nutrient yields occurred as overland flow passed through the GHA, illustrating the effectiveness of vegetative filtering in reducing runoff volumes and sediment fluxes. Temporal trends in the data highlighted significant reductions in total nutrient movement on both areas of disturbance as sites regenerated over a period of ～ 5 years. Water pollution abatement practices in these environments should aim to locate skid trails to maximise the redistribution of runoff and sediment from highly disturbed areas to more vegetated parts of the hillslope, and by appropriate cross bank spacing, reduce the volume of overland flow carrying sediment and nutrients.     

上方来水对浅沟侵蚀产沙的野外放水冲刷试验研究

浅沟通常发生在黄土高原地区陡坡农耕地上,是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区一种独特的微地貌现象,影响着坡面降雨产汇流过程和侵蚀产沙数量。以黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面浅沟为研究对象,通过野外典型浅沟径流小区放水冲刷试验,研究上方来水对浅沟侵蚀产沙及输沙规律的影响。结果表明:浅沟径流率随着上方来水流量的增大而不断增大;产沙率随着上方来水流量的增大而增大。含沙量大小顺序为上方来水流量15L/min,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>上方来水流量10L/min,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>无上方来水,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>上方来水流量5L/min,下方水流量5L/min时含沙量>无上方来水,下方水流量5L/min时含沙量。有上方来水比无上方来水含沙量增大1.39～2.46倍。     

Effects of Soil Type and Cover Condition on Cryptosporidium parvum Transport in Overland Flow

Overland transport kinetics of pathogens is controlled, in large part, by soil and vegetation. With an increasing number of concentrated animal operations, there is becoming a greater need to dispose of a vast amount of manure in a single, localized area. Animal manure contains a substantial amount of microbial pathogens, including Cryptosporidium parvum that may pose a threat of contamination of water resources. This study examines the kinetics of C. parvum in overland transport and critical factors involved in the design of best management practices, especially vegetative filter strips, to prevent the transport of harmful pathogens to water bodies. Three soil types were tested (Catlin silt-loam, Alvin fine sandy-loam, Darwin silty-clay), spanning the entire spectrum of typical Illinois soils. A 20-min rainfall event was produced using a small-scale (1.07 m?×?0.66 m) laboratory rainfall simulator over a soil box measuring 0.67 m?×?0.33 m. Each soil type was tested for pathogen transport kinetics with bare surface conditions as well as with smooth brome and fescue vegetative covers. Surface runoff, soil cores, and near-surface runoff were each analyzed for infective C. parvum oocysts using cell culture infectivity assays. Results showed that vegetation greatly reduced the recovery of infective oocysts, in addition to delaying the time to the peak recovery. However, there was no clear evidence of any one vegetation type being advantageous over another. The bare soil experiments resulted in a higher recovery of C. parvum oocysts from the Darwin soil compared to other two soils. Analyses of soil cores show a slightly higher recovery of oocysts in the Catlin soil compared to Alvin or Darwin soils.     

Soil erosion and hydrological response to land abandonment in a central inland area of Portugal

This paper analyses the effects of land abandonment on runoff and sediment yield in a central inland area of Portugal. Rainfall simulation experiments were performed in areas of traditional land use (land cultivated with cereals) with various types of soil plant cover associated with the period of abandonment (4–5 years, 15–20 years and 30–40 years) in two different seasons, namely under very dry conditions and after a long wet period. Statistical analysis showed a notable difference between the cultivated soils and those abandoned for a long period of time, which included appreciable vegetation recovery, higher organic matter content and negligible overland flow and soil loss. Cereal cultivation, in particular ploughing, is a very negative land management practice, due to the high runoff and soil loss. Within 4–5 years a crust develops over abandoned soils with sparse herbaceous plant cover, particularly after a dry season, which enhances runoff and sediment yield. In scrubland and oak plots, although marked water repellency was registered at the end of a dry, warm season, its influence seems to be irrelevant in terms of overland flow and erosion yield. The major factor in controlling overland flow and reducing soil erosion rates appears to be the role played by vegetation in protecting the soil surface and supplying organic carbon to the top layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of Four Buffer Solutions for Determining the Lime Requirement for Ohio Soils

Lime is used as a soil amendment to achieve the optimum pH suitable for good crop growth. Buffer pH (BpH) measurements have been calibrated to relate the linear drop in pH of the soil–buffer system to the amount of lime needed to neutralize soil to a certain pH level. The amount of lime required to neutralize soil acidity, called the lime requirement (LR), is obtained from soil–limestone (CaCO₃) incubations. In this study, 13 soils from Ohio were incubated with CaCO₃ for a period of 1 month to determine the LR to achieve different target pHs. This LR was then regressed with the different BpHs of four buffer solutions [(1) Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt (SMP), (2) Sikora, (3) Mehlich, and (4) modified Mehlich] to obtain calibration equations. The Sikora and modified Mehlich buffers are variations of the SMP and Mehlich buffers, respectively, but they are designed to promote buffering without use of any hazardous constituents [i.e., chromium(VI) in SMP buffer and barium in the Mehlich buffer]. This study was done to verify the applicability of the buffers that do not contain any hazardous constituents and to calibrate these buffers for predicting lime requirement needs for Ohio soils. Comparing the calibrated equations of the SMP and Sikora buffers with CaCO₃‐incubation LR recommendations revealed that the SMP and Sikora buffer solutions were not significantly different, and a single calibrated equation can be used for these two buffers to determine LR predictions in Ohio. The Mehlich and modified Mehlich calibration equations differed significantly from the SMP calibration equations and were not as highly correlated with CaCO₃‐incubation LR recommendations using a linear model (r² < 0.54). Thus, it is possible to use the Mehlich and modified Mehlich for determining lime recommendations, but they require a correction factor such as inclusion of the initial soil pH to improve the precision of the LR prediction. We also found the various buffers tested in this study were better able to predict LR rates for greater LR soils than low LR soils. In conclusion, successful laboratory tests to predict LR for Ohio soils are possible using alternative buffers that do not contain hazardous constituents.     

Pipes and pipe flow process in an upland catchment,Wales

The results of observations on the spatial localisation, origin and function of soil pipes in an upland catchment are discussed. The pipes occur in distinct zones in the brown earth soils of the lower slopes, and form a hydrological link conducting water between an upslope zone of highly permeable skeletal soils and the stream channel. It is proposed that in this catchment, pipes develop from an initial network of mole burrows, modified by hydraulic activity to produce an efficient downslope transmission network. A conceptual model for the pipe slope segment is proposed which recognises the importance of this transmission role. Slope discharge controls switching between saturated throughflow, pipe flow and overland flow, each of which has a specific threshold value for operation. Attempts to investigate the significance of pipe flow at the catchment scale met with limited success, but it appears to be important in increasing both contributing area and duration of storm flow.     

神府东胜煤田原生地面放水冲刷试验研究

神府东胜煤田是我国重要的能源重化工基地，在开发建设过程中造成了严重的人为水土流失，为了分析计算神府煤田弃土弃渣、扰动地面及非硬化路面的新增水土流失量，以本区未经人为扰动的、撂荒的原生地面为自然侵蚀本底值的作用对象，采用野外放水冲刷实验的研究方法，对原生地面的侵蚀产沙规律进行了研究。结果表明：径流量、产沙量与放水流量，径流量、产沙量与坡度的关系均呈线性相关，即随着坡度与放水流量的增大，径流量和产沙量也在线性增加。径流量与产沙量之间呈幂函数关系变化，关系式为Ms=0.049W^0.93。     

The potential for soil phosphorus tests to predict phosphorus losses in overland flow

Soil phosphorus tests offer a potentially powerful tool for land managers trying to predict the areas which will contribute diffuse losses of phosphorus (P) to surface water bodies through the overland flow vector – but do they work? We address this question at a range of scales, from patch (< 1 m²), through plot (several m²) to small watershed (several hectares). Our hypothesis is that as we increase the scale, and therefore the complexity of the system, soil P tests will predict P concentrations and losses associated with overland flow less well, and that this is partly due to a shift from dissolved P losses to P losses associated with eroded soil material. At the patch scale soil P tests were used to predict the P concentration and load from 24 European soils exposed to simulated rainfall under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Results showed that soil P tests were generally good predictors of reactive P <0.45 μm, but did less well at predicting total P > 0.45 μm. By combining the soil P test with measured sediment concentrations predictions of total P concentrations improved. Outdoor rainfall simulation experiments on bare soil plots (10 m²) revealed the overwhelming influence of particle bound P losses compared with P losses in the water phase. Soil P tests, which relate primarily to the dissolved P fractions in soil, were not able to predict total P losses, but were related to reactive P < 0.45 μm losses. At the watershed scale soil P tests were able to predict reactive P < 0.45 μm losses, but with considerable uncertainty. We conclude that soil P tests, in combination with sediment concentration provide a useful means of assessing the mobilization of P in overland flow, but should not be expected to provide watershed scale predictions of the movement of P into overland flow.     

The Fate of Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts in Reclaimed Water Irrigation-history and Non-history Soils Irrigated with Various Effluent Qualities

The present study aimed to look at the fate of protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts applied through surface drip irrigation on reclaimed water irrigation-history and non-history sandy-loam (Hamra) soil columns. A new and simple isolation method for recovery of oocysts from soil samples was developed and used along this study. The new soil isolation method of oocysts is based on the “two phase separation method” formerly used to recover Clostridium perfringens spores from sediments and soil samples with minor modifications. The range recovery achieved by this method was 64–95% (mean 61.2?±?17.4). The objectives of the second part of this study were to investigate several physical and chemical factors governing transport and survival of C. parvum oocysts in sandy-loam soil columns by breakthrough curves. Comparison of fresh water and reclaimed water irrigation revealed that reclaimed water irrigated-history soil was more hydrophobic allowing water flow through channels with poor oocysts retention and fast flow. Examination of the organic matter effect (originating from reclaimed water irrigation) on oocysts breakthrough revealed that their soil infiltration increased. Calculations of oocysts concentration at different columns depths showed that most of the oocysts were retained in the first 5 cm of soil column. In the present study, comparing the two soil types (history and non-history of effluents irrigation) beside the surface electrostatic charge, one of the main elements found to affect oocysts infiltration and transport in soil columns was soil hydrophobicity caused by soluble organic matter originating from reclaimed water irrigation. Therefore, prior to application in soil irrigation, reclaimed water should be treated to high quality (i.e. membrane technology as the best option) to prevent enhanced transport of various pathogens through those irrigated soils.     

坡面薄层含沙水流水动力学参数提取的方法

针对坡面径流水深浅(1～5mm)和水动力学参数(流速、水深等)提取困难,给坡面侵蚀径流水流结构、能量耗散及泥沙输移等的深入研究带来困难的问题,基于水动力学原理和相似性理论,通过"非常规比尺模型"将径流水深进行放大,来研究坡面薄层含沙水流的水流相似过程。结果表明:(1)当薄层含沙水流水深放大2.5倍,含沙量在10～320kg/m~3时,薄层含沙水流原型和模型的水面线(阻力)、流速、侵蚀地形的误差分别为0～0.1%,0.1%～5.3%,0.9%～4.9%,误差均在允许范围之内,原型和模型满足几何、运动等相似比尺转换关系;(2)水深在0.5～1.25cm时,薄层含沙水流为紊流,原型和模型的流速垂向分布满足对数分布,可以用同一方程进行表达;(3)"非常规比尺模型"可以作为一种方法应用到薄层含沙水流的水动力学参数提取、水流结构、能量耗散、泥沙输移等的深入研究过程中。     

Effects of deer grazing and fence-line pacing on water and soil quality

Abstract. We studied the effects of red deer grazing and fence-line pacing on soil losses of contaminants (suspended sediment, Escherichia coli , phosphorus) and nitrogen species (ammonia, nitrate) via overland flow and soil physical properties (macroporosity, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, K _sat) soon after (1 day) and 6 weeks after grazing on a Pallic pastoral soil in southern New Zealand. Fence-line pacing decreased the soil volume occupied by water, macroporosity and K _sat, while increasing suspended sediment (to 0.226 g 100 mL⁻¹), total P (to 2.0 mg L⁻¹), mainly as particulate P (up to 90% of total P), and E. coli (to 3.52 log₁₀ c.f.u. 100 mL⁻¹) concentrations in overland flow at 1 day after grazing compared with soils from the rest of the paddock (0.148 g 100 mL⁻¹, 0.86 mg L⁻¹ and 2.86 log₁₀ c.f.u. 100 mL⁻¹, respectively). Although concentrations in overland flow were less at 6 weeks after grazing than at 1 day after grazing, losses of P, especially in fence-line soils, were still above recommended limits for surface water quality. Compared to P, losses of N species would be unlikely to have a significant impact on downstream water quality. Management strategies should be directed towards minimizing the occurrence of fence-line pacing to prevent contaminant loss and maintain water and soil quality.     

Effect of plot scale and an upslope phosphorus source on phosphorus loss in overland flow

Abstract. Phosphorus (P) in overland flow is mediated by soil P, added P, erosion, and hydrological processes and their interaction as affected by landscape position and length of flow. We investigated the effect of flow path length (1 to 10 m long plots) on P transport in overland flow with and without a localized dairy manure application (75 kg P ha^–1 added to the upslope end [0.5 m] of each plot) and simulated rainfall (7 cm h^–1), at two sites within an agricultural watershed in Pennsylvania, USA. Particulate loss in overland flow was c . 20% greater from manured than unmanured plots due to the less dense nature of manure than soil. Increased soil moisture at Site 2 contributed to a greater loss of P compared to Site 1, both with and without manure; with most occurring as particulate P (60 to 90% of total P). Further, the selective erosion of fine particulates (24 to 34% clay) and P loss increased with plot length. From a management perspective our results demonstrate that the forms and amounts of P loss are greatly influenced by flow path length and interactions among antecedent moisture, soil P, and texture.     

神府东胜煤田原生地面放水冲刷试验研究

神府东胜煤田是我国重要的能源重化工基地,在开发建设过程中造成了严重的人为水土流失,为了分析计算神府煤田弃土弃渣、扰动地面及非硬化路面的新增水土流失量,以本区未经人为扰动的、撂荒的原生地面为自然侵蚀本底值的作用对象,采用野外放水冲刷实验的研究方法,对原生地面的侵蚀产沙规律进行了研究.结果表明径流量、产沙量与放水流量,径流量、产沙量与坡度的关系均呈线性相关,即随着坡度与放水流量的增大,径流量和产沙量也在线性增加.径流量与产沙量之间呈幂函数关系变化,关系式为Ms=0.049W0.93.     

玉米秸秆覆盖缓冲带对细沟侵蚀及其水动力学特征的影响

玉米秸秆覆盖缓冲带是一项有效的坡面水土保持措施,为探究其减少细沟侵蚀的效果及水动力学机理,在室内人工模拟连续降雨条件下,选取黄土高原高强度侵蚀性降雨标准和细沟发育活跃的典型坡度,根据细沟发育的不同阶段,研究了不同布设部位(坡面中部5 m和坡面下部7 m)的秸秆覆盖缓冲带对细沟侵蚀及其水动力学特征的影响。结果表明:与裸露处理相比,玉米秸秆覆盖缓冲带可以减少坡面侵蚀量27.2%~54.8%,减少细沟侵蚀量40.8%~59.2%,减小细沟侵蚀量对坡面总侵蚀量的贡献率。对于细沟形态,缓冲带可减少细沟割裂度23.0%~32.0%,减少细沟平均深度6.7%~10.5%。比较2种布设部位,在坡面细沟发育后期,坡面下部7 m处布设的秸秆缓冲带可以取得更好地减少侵蚀和约束细沟形态变化的效果。对于单条细沟,裸露坡面上的细沟宽度沿坡长方向呈现约1.2 m长的周期性变化规律,而秸秆缓冲带改变了细沟宽度沿坡长方向的周期性变化趋势,此外还通过拦截淤积上方来沙减小了布设位置细沟侵蚀深度,通过拦截径流保护下方有限长度内的细沟。分析其水动力学原因可知,玉米秸秆覆盖缓冲带可使细沟水流向缓层流流态方向延伸,与缓冲带上方相比,秸秆缓冲带下方的细沟水流流速显著减小19.6%~21.9%,雷诺数和佛汝德数分别减少了29.6%~37.9%和8.3%~18.5%,而通过秸秆缓冲带后,细沟水流Darcy-weisbach阻力系数增加了22.4%~43.3%,水流剪切力、单位水流功率和断面单位能量分别减小13.6%~21.5%、20.0~21.0%和9.5%~21.0%,径流能量和侵蚀能力的降低最终导致了坡面总侵蚀量的减小。因此,在坡面上每隔5~7 m布设缓冲带可以有效的削弱坡面径流侵蚀能力,减少坡面细沟侵蚀量和总侵蚀量。该研究结果可为类似地形条件下的坡面水土保持措施合理配置提供理论基础。     

Phosphorus Forms in Overland Flow from Agricultural Soils Representative of Mediterranean Areas

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) losses through overland flow (surface runoff) may contribute to eutrophication of water bodies. The main purpose of this work was to study P forms in overland flow (dissolved and particulate) to identify which can be potentially used by algae. To this end, rainfall on 17 representative soils from Mediterranean areas was simulated, and P forms in overland flow studied by chemical and sink (resin, iron oxide–impregnated paper strip) extraction; sequential chemical fractionation of the suspended sediments was also used to establish “operational pools” with a differential capacity of P release. Total P (TP) in runoff ranged from 0.089 to 0.765 mg L^?1 and was mainly related to suspended sediment (particulate P, 86% of TP on average). Iron oxide strip P, which is taken to be an estimate of algal‐available P, accounted for 34% of TP on average in runoff samples; most of the P extracted by this sink was particulate P (68%). In most cases, FeO strip P was equivalent to dissolved reactive P (DRP) plus P extracted by NaOH and citrate‐bicarbonate in suspended sediment (the more labile P fractions) (Y=X, R²=0.82; P<0.001; n=15). One can thus assume that Fe oxide extracts DRP, adsorbed P on sediments, and P related to highly soluble precipitated Ca phosphates, but it does not extract releasable P through reduction of sorbent surfaces or the organic P that can be mineralized in the bottom of water reservoirs, which must be taken in account to estimate the long‐term algal‐available P in runoff.     

山西省葛铺煤矿弃土弃渣径流泥沙研究

通过人工降雨模拟实验,对岚县葛铺煤矿堆土场,弃渣场及原状地貌耕地的径流量和泥沙量进行了系统的研究.结果表明,在降雨量相同的情况下,不同下垫面条件下的径流量与泥沙量的排序为:堆土场>弃渣场>耕地;随着降雨量和坡度的增大,各地类径流量和泥沙量也随之增大.并且针对实际情况,对该矿区未来的水土流失防治技术进行了探讨.     

坡面流侵蚀水动力学特性研究综述

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