基质效应对瓜类蔬菜中有机磷农药残留测定的影响研究

采用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器(GC-FPD)进行检测,比较8种有机磷农药在7种瓜类蔬菜中的基质效应,用丙酮标准曲线、基质匹配标准曲线和黄瓜基质标准曲线对测定值分别进行校准。结果表明,8种有机磷农药在7种瓜类蔬菜中均有不同程度的基质效应,基质效应的强弱与瓜类蔬菜的品种和农药的官能团有关;基质匹配校准法能够减少基质效应对定量的影响,其中黄瓜可以作为瓜类蔬菜的通用基质。     

蔬菜中农药残留检测方法研究进展

对蔬菜中农药残留的前处理方法及检测方法进行了综述。固相萃取法(SPE)、超临界流体萃取(SFE)、毛细管气相色谱(CGC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)及其联用技术是现阶段农药残留分析中的主要方法。     

云南省蔬菜中有机磷农药残留现状分析

利用气相色谱法研究了云南省38种蔬菜1779个蔬菜样品中甲胺磷等7种有机磷农药残留问题。结果显示,云南省蔬菜中有机磷农药超标率为7.76%,绿叶类蔬菜和白菜类蔬菜是云南省蔬菜超标的主要蔬菜类别,而根菜类蔬菜和薯芋类蔬菜中有机磷农药未超标。不同取样场所类型中,蔬菜生产基地和超市的蔬菜超标率较低,批发市场和农贸市场的蔬菜超标率较高。从不同的有机磷农药种类来看,中度毒性农药毒死蜱和乐果在云南省蔬菜生产中使用最广泛;国家明令禁止使用的高毒农药氧化乐果、甲胺磷、对硫磷在云南省蔬菜中残留情况严重;甲拌磷未检出,甲基对硫磷未超标。     

高温季节蔬菜施用有机磷农药残毒残留试验研究

为摸索夏季病虫高发季节蔬菜喷施有机磷农药后的农药残毒、残留变化情况,通过在夏季高温少雨和高温多雨2种不同天气下进行的蔬菜施用毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷、三唑磷、丙溴磷等农药试验,于施药后1～18d进行定期取样,用农药残毒速测仪和气相色谱进行检测。农药残毒检测结果:不同农药、不同蔬菜的农残抑制率差别很大,三唑磷、丙溴磷农残抑制率大于70%,持续时间长,毒死蜱较短,乙酰甲胺磷农残抑制率低于70%;蕹菜持续时间长,辣椒持续时间居中,豆角持续的时间最短。农药残留量随着药后时间的延长而降低,降雨对丙溴磷残留有较大影响。     

沈阳市主要蔬菜农药残留的调查研究

2005年3月和7月,分别对沈阳市蔬菜生产基地蔬菜农药残留状况进行了调查,结果表明,蔬菜农药残留超标率分别达到9.0%和5.7%,其中叶菜类蔬菜的农药残留超标率均在10%以上。蔬菜农药残留超标主要是有机磷农药含量过高。沈阳市蔬菜农药残留问题还比较严重,政府及有关部门仍需加强管理。     

有机磷农药多残留分析方法标准化的研究

本通过制订有机磷农药多残留分析两项国家标准，系统地阐述了进行农药多残留分析方法标准化的工作程序、方法研究、协作验证试验、质量控制及结果评价，为农药多残留分析方法标准的制订，提供示范实例。     

我国蔬菜农药残留速测技术的应用与发展

蔬菜农药残留快速检测技术分为生化检测技术、生物检测技术和分析化学检测技术3类。本文简要叙述了目前蔬菜农药残留快速检测技术在我国的研究概况,并分析了农药残留速测技术的应用状况和发展前景。     

扬州市蔬菜农药残留状况研究

连续2年测定了主要蔬菜品种13种农药的残留状况,蔬菜农药残留平均不合格率为15.7%,因有机磷农药残留超标占总超标的73%,因禁用的高毒高残留有机磷农药残留超标占总超标的54%。比较了不同蔬菜品种、不同来源、不同季节的蔬菜安全质量状况。     

农药残留快速检测方法研究进展

在果蔬生产中,随着农药的大量和不合理使用,发展相应的农药残留检测技术已越来越受到社会的高度关注和重视,成为全球的焦点。该文概述了近年来果蔬农药残留快速检测方法的研究进展,主要包括酶抑制法、酶联免疫法、生物传感器法、近中红外光谱法、荧光光谱法、拉曼光谱法和核磁共振技术,详细介绍了上述方法的检测原理、研究现状及实际应用情况,分析了各方法的优缺点及研发难点,并对果蔬农药残留快速检测方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

提取、纯化沉积物中有机磷农药和菊酯类农药的两种程序的比较

Two procedures were compared for extraction and clean-up of 20 organophosphorus and 19 pyrethroid pesticides in sediment to identify the more effective procedure for groups of pesticides or individual compounds. In Procedure Ⅰ, methanol/water and n-hexane were used for extraction, and 1:10 (v/v) dichloromethane in n-hexane and acetone were used as eluents for eluting the analyte through the cartridge, with one evaporating steps on a rotary evaporator and two eluting steps on the cartridge, n-hexane/acetone (2:1, v/v) was used for extraction and elution in Procedure Ⅱ with one evaporating step on a rotary evaporator and one eluting step on the cartridge. All extractions were performed under an ultrasonic bath and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were utilized for measurements. Procedure Ⅱ was developed as a rapid, timesaving, less costly and safer substitute for Procedure Ⅰ which was an old method. Procedure Ⅱ was more effective for almost all the organophosphorus pesticides tested and 11 of the 19 pyrethroid pesticides, while Procedure I was more appropriate for analysis of 5 pyrethroid pesticides. However, recoveries of most pyrethroid pesticides were fairly low. Thus, further studies should focus on adjustment and formulation of solvents for more efficient extraction and clean-up of pyrethroid pesticides from sediment samples.     

南宁市蔬菜的硝酸盐含量及评价

通过调查和采样分析结果表明,南宁市各类蔬菜硝酸盐平均含量依次为叶菜类(1932 1mg·kg-1)>根菜类(944 1mg·kg-1)>葱蒜类(488 6mg·kg-1)>瓜菜类(183 6mg·kg-1)>茄果类(157 6mg·kg-1)>豆菜类(147 0mg·kg-1)>水生菜类(62 0mg·kg-1)。部分蔬菜受不同程度硝酸盐污染,以叶菜类污染最重(除韭菜),其次是根菜类和葱蒜类,污染指数在1 04～6 60,多数在2 0以上,其它各类蔬菜的污染指数均<1,未受硝酸盐污染。     

Relationships between Cd concentrations in different vegetables and those in arable soils,and food safety evaluation of vegetables in Taiwan

Abstract

The cadmium (Cd) accumulation capacity of various vegetables and the relationship between Cd concentrations in edible parts of vegetables and those in soils were assessed by conducting field experiments at Cd-contaminated sites in northern and central Taiwan. In addition, to thoroughly assess Cd concentrations in vegetables and to understand the food safety of vegetables in Taiwan, 2257 paired vegetable and surface soil samples were collected from major vegetable production areas for Cd concentration analysis. According to the bioconcentration factors calculated, the Cd accumulation capacity varied considerably among the vegetable species tested, and the order of the five vegetables with the highest capacities is peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) > amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) > spinach (Spinacia oleraceae L.) > gynura (Gynura bicolor DC.) > okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.), whereas the order of the five vegetables with the lowest capacities is bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) < cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) < asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) < snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) < sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem.). We derived 29 soil–plant transfer models of Cd for individual vegetable species based on available pools of the Cd, manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) concentrations; soil pH; and cation exchange capacity (CEC). According to the derived models, the available Cd, Mn and Zn concentrations, and pH, served as the main factors affecting Cd concentrations in the edible parts of vegetables, whereas the CEC and available Cu and Fe concentrations are less important factors. The data of previous studies and those of this study from major vegetable production areas, including 30 vegetable crops, were used to evaluate the safety of vegetables in Taiwan. The results indicated that the percentage of vegetables with Cd concentrations exceeding the regulatory concentration was 0.54%; therefore, the food safety concern is low. However, 9.8, 1.0, 0.9 and 0.6% of amaranth, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group), Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Skeels.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.), respectively, had Cd concentrations in the edible parts exceeding the regulatory concentration. Particular attention should be paid when planning production areas for these vegetables. We recommend cultivating peanuts in fields with a soil Cd concentration < 0.33 mg kg^?1. The bioconcentration factors and soil–plant transfer models derived in this study might serve as assessment tools for planning farming areas for these vegetables.     

Large volume GC injection for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface

A simple, rapid and sensitive multiresidue method has been developed for the determination in vegetables of organophosphorus pesticides commonly used in crop protection. Pesticide residues are extracted from samples with a small amount of ethyl acetate and anhydrous sodium sulfate. No additional concentration and cleanup steps are necessary. Analyses are performed by large volume GC injection using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface. The calculated limits of detection for each pesticide injecting 50 microL of extract and using an NPD are lower than 0.35 microg/kg which is much lower than the maximum residues levels (MRLs) established by European legislation. Repeatability studies yielded a relative standard deviation lower than 10% in all cases. The method was applied to the analysis of eggplant, lettuce, pepper, cucumber, and tomato.     

壳聚糖金属配合物对冬枣保鲜作用及降解有机磷农药

为了降低由于冬枣腐烂造成的经济损失及提高冬枣食用安全性,该文研究了室温贮藏条件下壳聚糖锌(Ⅱ)、铈(Ⅳ)配合物对冬枣的保鲜作用,并探讨了其对冬枣表面有机磷农药的降解效果和机理。结果表明,在冬枣贮藏期间,壳聚糖金属配合物涂膜组处理的冬枣的质量损失率、呼吸强度和多酚氧化酶的活性均显著低于对照组,可溶性固形物、维生素C和多酚的质量分数均显著高于对照组,对有机磷农药毒死蜱的降解率显著高于对照组;总有机碳质量分数(TOC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析表明,壳聚糖金属配合物降解毒死蜱的中间产物主要为O,O-二乙基(3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶基)、3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇,最终降解产物为PO43-、NO3- 和Cl-,降解途径主要为氧化和水解作用,不会引起中间产物积累而导致二次污染。研究结果为冬枣的采后保鲜和壳聚糖金属配合物降解有机磷农药的实际应用提供理论依据。     

土壤、蔬菜Cd污染相关性分析与土壤污染阈限值研究

为探求土壤重金属污染和蔬菜污染的相关性,为绿色蔬菜生产提供技术支持,该研究以郑州市常见的5种叶菜类蔬菜(油麦菜、荆芥、蕹菜、生菜、苋菜)为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了土壤不同浓度 Cd污染与蔬菜污染的相关性,并对绿色蔬菜生产要求的土壤污染阈限值进行了分析。研究结果表明：低浓度Cd污染的土壤对蔬菜生长、产量有促进作用;随着Cd浓度的增加,5种蔬菜中的Cd含量都呈现增加趋势。蔬菜中的Cd含量与土壤中的含量相关性较好;模拟得出土壤Cd阈限值为：油麦菜(0.3199±0.0349)mg/kg,荆芥(0.3335±0.01904)mg/kg,蕹菜(0.1952±0.1072)mg/kg,生菜(0.1554±0.0064)mg/kg,苋菜(0.2690±0.0532)mg/kg;对Cd富集能力由大到小排序为：生菜、蕹菜、苋菜、油麦菜、荆芥。     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.     

脂溶性农药旋动射流混药器结构分析与混合均匀性试验

以研究乳油、悬乳剂等脂溶性农药在线混药均匀性为目的,基于产品结构分析旋动射流混药器的混合机理,并提出提高混药器混合效率的措施:继旋器起旋、螺旋收缩管、分流器切向径流和在扩散管中增加导叶等方式提高混合液旋动效率。研究了这些措施对在线射流混药器混合效果的影响。为了提高旋转效率,减少阻力损失,继旋器内设有3个导叶,导叶高度6.5 mm,导叶包角15°;扩散管内导叶高度由0逐渐增加到6.5 mm,导叶包角15°;分流器进药采用切向进入,切向角β根据农药黏度、浓度等不同而改变;收缩管收缩度为0.095,收缩管螺距128 mm,收缩角16°。经过数值仿真,水和农药能够实现螺旋状流动,喷头处药液容积分数分布均匀性指数为0.999 5,药液分布一致。试验结果发现:旋动射流混药器出口与喷头直接连接时,农药需要药泵注药才能实现在线混合;混药器出口最大混合比为99.442 5%,旋动射流混药器能够实现脂溶性农药和水均匀混合。     

胶东山区县域优质苹果生态适宜性评价及潜力分析

山区地形复杂,自然资源立体差异显著。如何精确的表示各种资源在山区的分布状况和建立评价模型,是山区农业结构调整和资源优化利用所需要的。该文以胶东半岛典型山区栖霞市为例,构建了县域数字高程模型,应用GIS对气候因子进行了空间定量模拟,在分析苹果生长生态要求与地形、土壤、气候各项生态评价因子关系的基础上,利用多因素综合法进行了县域优质苹果生态适宜性评价,并综合评价结果和土地结构特征,分析了栖霞市优质苹果发展潜力。结果表明：栖霞市优质苹果生长的生态适宜程度较高,中、高度适宜面积达9万多hm2,占县域面积的45%;优质苹果发展的潜力较大,中度以上生态适宜区可开发面积达5万多 hm2,其中高度适宜区具备优质苹果发展的潜力最大,中度适宜区次之,极度适宜区和初度、不适宜区的发展潜力较小。该评价结果为当地苹果产业快速发展和农业结构调整提供了决策依据。     

山东省土地适宜性空间分析及其优化配置研究

基于山东省自然、社会、经济统计资料及图形资料,运用GIS地理空间分析方法,对山东省土地适宜性进行评价,同时对区域土地资源自然质量指数、土地资源综合适宜度、相对适宜度进行研究。通过对适宜评价图和利用现状图的空间叠加,计算、分析了待调整土地资源的多度及重要值。以土地资源空间分析为基础,多度、重要值为依据,进行土地资源空间优化配置。结果表明,优化后农用地减少10994.82 hm²,林牧用地增加13083.56 hm²,未利用地减少1438.83 hm²。