Intraoligochaete development of Myxobolus intimus (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae), a gill myxosporean of the roach (Rutilus rutilus)

The infection with Myxobolus intimus Zaika, 1965 in the gills of the roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) from Lake Balaton was recorded in 28 out of the 39 fish examined. Developing and mature plasmodia were detected on the gills exclusively in the spring. The Myxobolus intimus infection was found only in 2- to 3-year-old fish. In histological sections, young plasmodia were found in capillaries of the secondary lamellae. More mature, round plasmodia 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter, deformed the respiratory lamellae. The intraoligochaete development of M. intimus was studied in experimentally infected oligochaetes. In two experiments, uninfected Tubifex tubifex Müller and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Claparède) were exposed to mature myxospores of M. intimus. In both experiments, typical triactinospores developed in T. tubifex specimens but no infection was found in L. hoffmeisteri. In semithin sections, developmental stages, pansporocysts and actinospores, were found within the proliferated gut epithelium of T. tubifex. Triactinospores were first released from oligochaetes 37 and 58 days after initial exposure in the two experiments, respectively. Each triactinospore had three pyriform polar capsules and a cylindrical sporoplasm with 32 secondary cells. The spore body joined the 3 caudal projections with a moderately long style.     

Parasitic protozoa of cyprinid fishes: protozoa of the roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Czechoslovakia

In the years 1985-1988, a total of 254 specimens of the roach, Rutilus rutilus, captured in 23 localities of South Bohemia, were examined for the presence of protozoan parasites. Only 17 specimens (6.7%) were free of infection, whereas the others were infected at least with one parasite species, mixed infections were observed most frequently. The following species were found rarely: Myxidium rhodei Léger, 1905 in the liver and muscles. Pleistophora mirandellae Vaney et Conte, 1901 in ovaries, Trichodina nemachili Lom, 1960 on the skin, Trichodina prowazeki Grupcheva et Lom, 1980 on the skin (the first finding in Czechoslovakia). The data concerning localization of individual parasites and their prevalence are presented and five protozoan species described in detail.     

Nuclearia pattersoni sp. n. (Filosea), a new species of amphizoic amoeba isolated from gills of roach (Rutilus rutilus), and its rickettsial endosymbiont

A new species of amphizoic amoeba, Nuclearia pattersoni sp. n., isolated from gills of Rutilus rutilus L. is described. It is characterised by elongate flattened trophozoites of irregular shape. The longer dimension of their bodies is 13.2 (11.0-15.7) microm. Filopodia radiating mostly from the poles are 2 to 2.5 times longer than the body. The diameter of less frequently observed spherical trophozoites is 8.2-10.8 microm; their filopodia radiate to all directions. Cyst-like stages have shorter pseudopodia that arise from one pole only. The surface of locomotive forms from agar plate cultures has a thin amorphous glycocalyx, while most cells are covered by two layers of extracellular matrix. Mitochondria have flattened cristae, dictyosomes are located in the perinuclear zone. A conspicuous ultrastructural feature of the morphologically similar N. simplex, perinuclear striated band, is not present. Light microscopic and ultrastructural data are completed with the sequence of SSU rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis including sequences of related taxa. The bacterial endosymbiont found in N. pattersoni type strain RR2G2 is assigned to the genus Rickettsia.     

施磷对胡麻生长率和磷吸收利用率及其产量的影响

以胡麻"陇亚杂1号"为供试品种,研究了不同施磷水平(P2O5:0,75,150 kg·hm~(-2)和225 kg·hm~(-2))对胡麻籽粒产量性状、灌浆时间、生物生长率、磷的吸收率、籽粒产量、产油量和磷肥利用率的影响及其与籽粒产量间的关系。结果表明,施磷使千粒重增加10.09%,单株籽粒重提高23.01%;灌浆时间延长7.62%;生物量生长率、经济生长率和籽粒生长率分别提高10.15%,15.60%和8.69%,但对胡麻每株蒴果数和每果籽粒数没有影响;磷的吸收率、磷的经济吸收率和籽粒磷的吸收率分别提高31.40%,37.84%和29.57%;籽粒产量和油产量分别提高16.97%和17.93%;磷肥利用率随施磷量增加而减小;籽粒产量与经济生长率呈极显著正相关,与单株籽粒重、千粒重、灌浆时间、生物量生长率和籽粒生长率呈显著正相关。试验区施磷量(P_2O_5)75~150 kg·hm~(-2),可以实现胡麻高产和磷肥高效利用目的。     

干旱对小麦孕穗期叶片生理特性及产量的影响

为明确土壤干旱对孕穗期小麦生理特性和产量的影响,选用小偃22等7个冬小麦品种材料,通过盆栽控水方式,测定孕穗期叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理和产量指标结果表明,在中度和严重干旱下,小麦叶片中的SOD、POD和CAT活性、相对电导率值、MDA含量、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均有不同程度地提高;除晋麦47、小偃22、矮抗58和西农979的可溶性蛋白含量有所增加外,其余品种均下降。干旱胁迫下单株穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重均显著降低。经主成分分析,供试品种的抗旱性依次为晋麦47＞小偃22＞矮抗58＞西农979＞西农509＞郑麦366＞郑麦9023。     

Ultrastructural aspects of tomato leaves infected by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) and co‐infected by other viruses

Optical and electron microscopy studies were carried out to investigate the cytopathology induced in tomato leaves infected by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV), a new picorna‐like virus associated with the ‘Torrado’ disease. Infected leaves, showing typical Torrado disease symptoms were surveyed in commercial greenhouses in the main tomato production areas of Spain. The effect of the co‐infection of ToTV with other viruses which commonly infect tomato crops was also studied. Ultra‐thin sections of ToTV‐infected tomato leaves did not show a strong cellular alteration. However, crystalline arrays of isometric virus‐like particles (VLPs) of 20–30 nm in the inclusion bodies were observed in phloem parenchyma cells of the infected tissues. Tissues co‐infected by ToTV and either Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) or Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) presented more severe cellular alterations. The most deleterious consequences for tomato cells were found in triple infections of ToTV, PepMV and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), where characteristic cell wall overgrowth was distinguishable, together with a large amount of necrotic cells.     

Effect of two satellite RNAs on Nicotiana glutinosa infected with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)

Two types of satellite RNAs (XJs1 and XJs2) were found to be associated with the two Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) beet isolates XJ1 and XJ2 consisting of 384 nucleotides and 336 nucleotides, respectively. Our work showed that XJs1 and XJs2 could attenuate symptoms on Nicotiana glutinosa induced by CMV and the effect of XJs1 on symptoms was stronger than XJs2. Co-inoculation of CMV with XJs1 produced lighter oxidative stress than that with XJs2. Oxygen uptake rates through the alternative pathway in leaves infected with CMV and XJs2 were always higher than that with CMV and XJs1 and lower than infection with CMV alone. The non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (qN) increased more in N. glutinosa infected with CMV and XJs2 than that with CMV and XJs1. The relationship among helper virus, satRNAs and the host plants is discussed. Two closely-related satRNAs from the same plant has not been reported so far. The effects of these two satRNAs on virus-infected N. glutinosa were significantly different. The difference may be caused by deletion and mutation of the satRNAs.     

干旱胁迫对野生及栽培大豆幼苗生理特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫对野生及栽培大豆生理特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响。即用相对含水量分别为80%、70%、60%、50%、40%、30%的土壤分别栽种野生大豆和栽培大豆,测定其根系活力、细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明：在同样的土壤相对含水量以及干旱胁迫程度下,相对于栽培大豆,野生大豆表现出高根系活力和抗氧化酶活性以及低细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量。由此可以说明野生大豆的抗干旱能力高于栽培大豆。     

Correction to: Effects of some biological agents on the growth and biochemical parameters of tomato plants infected with Alternaria solani (Ellis & Martin) Sorauer

European Journal of Plant Pathology -     

生姜对南方根结线虫侵染的生理生化反应

 本试验就生姜感染南方根结线虫后几种生理生化指标的变化进行了研究.结果表明,接种南方根结线虫后,生姜体内各种生理生化指标主要在初次侵染前期和二次侵染前期表现出一定的反应,其余时间则基本丧失这种反应,且生姜不同部位对南方根结线虫侵染的反应程度也有很大差异,以叶片的反应最为剧烈,根系次之,根茎反应最弱.结合南方根结线虫的生活周期,本文提出了生姜对南方根结线虫的生理生化反应主要表现在侵染初期,对再次侵染则部分丧失敏感性的论点.     

蜕皮激素对黑化黏虫体液免疫的影响

为揭示蜕皮激素(MH)对黑化黏虫免疫能力的影响, 本试验对被球孢白僵菌侵染后的黏虫体内MH含量的动态变化进行了分析比较, 并对被侵染的黑化黏虫注射20-羟基蜕皮酮(20E), 分析比较其注射20E后的死亡率以及酚氧化酶(PO)和溶菌酶活性的变化?结果表明:被白僵菌侵染后, 黑化黏虫6龄幼虫的MH含量在侵染后8 h( P <0.05)?72 h( P <0.05)和96 h( P <0.05)均显著高于对照(注射吐温-80)?注射球孢白僵菌后立即注射5 μg/μL的20E稀释液, 黑化黏虫的死亡率显著低于对照组(注射球孢白僵菌后注射无水乙醇)( P <0.05), 其原因是注射5 μg/μL 20E稀释液后, 被球孢白僵菌侵染后8 h和24 h的黑化黏虫体内PO和溶菌酶活性均显著高于对照组(注射球孢白僵菌后注射无水乙醇)( P <0.05)?试验结果表明MH在黏虫体液免疫反应中起到重要的调节作用?     

Effect of Basudin, Selecron and the phytoalkaloid Colchicine (pesticides) on biological and molecular parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails

The results showed that survival rates of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, reproductive potential and hatchability of eggs were evaluated post exposure to Basudin, Selecron and Colchicine. As well, DNA and RNA changes in the cells of ovotestis-digestive gland complex of treated snails were estimated. The current molluscicide Bayluscide was used as a reference compound.The pesticide Selecron proved to be more toxic to B. alexandrina snails than Basudin and Colchicine. Juvenile snails were dead post 3 weeks of exposure to the sublethal concentration LC₀ of either Selecron or Basudin, while 26.75% of snails still alive at Bayluscide treatment. In addition, exposure of adult snails to LC₀ of Selecron for 24 h/week for 4 weeks markedly reduced their reproductive rate (R₀) by 89.9%. Moreover, snails’ eggs failed to hatch post 24 h of exposure to LC₉₀ of either Selecron, Basudin or Bayluscide. Electrophoretic analysis indicated a decrease in the molecular weight of intact DNA in the ovotestis-digestive gland complex of snails treated with 250 ppm of Colchicine and LC₂₅ of Selecron, as it scored 1.2 and 76 bp, respectively, compared to 166.46 bp for control group, while the vice versa was recorded for RNA intensity. It was concluded that the tested pesticides have deleterious effects on snails’ reproductive rate, their eggs and the intensities of DNA and RNA in their ovotestis-digestive gland complex. Therefore, it is expected that reaching of such pesticides to snails’ habitats in water courses during plant pests control could minimize the population density of the snails intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis, hence probably interrupt and reduce the transmission of this parasite.     

灰同缘小叶蝉取食对寄主植物秋枫叶片生理生化的影响

通过测定秋枫叶片被灰同缘小叶蝉为害后生理生化指标的变化,探讨两者之间的相互关系.结果显示,灰同缘小叶蝉取食秋枫叶片后,叶片的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高,分别是健康叶的1.43、1.12倍,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则明显下降,仅是健康叶的0.88倍.试验结果还显示,灰同缘小叶蝉取食后秋枫叶片内的营养物质含量也发生明显变化,可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、蛋白质含量均明显升高,分别是健康叶的1.55、1.22、1.31倍.表明秋枫受害后,能够主动产生一系列生理生化反应来抵御攻击和维护自身更好生长.     

山嵛菜白锈病的初步研究

对山嵛菜白锈病进行调查、病原鉴定 ,结果表明侵染山嵛菜的病原为白锈属的大孢白锈菌[Albugo macrospora (Togashi)Ito]。病害发生与湿度关系密切 ,在高海拔或高纬度低温地区发生重。提高管理水平 ,清除病残体 ,降低田间湿度 ,发病初期喷施58%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液、64%杀毒矾可湿性粉剂400倍液等药剂 ,可有效控制该病的发生     

海南发生木瓜茎腐病

木瓜 (ＣａｒｉｃａｐａｐａｙａＬ .)是重要的热带、亚热带水果 ,从播种到采收只需 9个月 ,可周年结实 ,味美且富含ＶＡ 和ＶＣ,深受生产者和消费者的亲睐。 2 0 0 2年 6月 ,在海南省乐东一木瓜生产基地发现一种木瓜新病害 ,发病率高达 5 0 % ,严重影响木瓜产量。经初步鉴定认为是一种由瓜果腐霉引起的木瓜茎腐病。1　症状木瓜幼苗期和成株期均可受害。发病初期 ,在茎基部近地面处产生水渍状斑 ,并流出白色胶状物 ,后组织崩解、缢缩折倒 ,整株萎蔫。湿度大时 ,病部产生白色棉絮状菌丝体 ,即为病菌菌丝、孢囊梗和孢子囊。2　病原菌菌丝发达 …     

绿僵菌侵染椰心叶甲的部位及侵染过程的电镜观察

利用扫描电子显微镜对绿僵菌侵染椰心叶甲的部位及侵染过程进行研究,从超微结构对绿僵菌侵染椰心叶甲体壁进行分析,结果发现,绿僵菌侵染椰心叶甲的主要部位是腹部节间膜,侵染过程可以分为分生孢子附着、出现分枝、长出芽管、大量聚合和入侵体内,最终绿僵菌分生孢子附着在节间膜上进入椰心叶甲体内.     

Contact action of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-impregnated paper strips on pregnant Levant voles: Effect of alteration of DES concentration and of total strip area

Placement of paper strips impregnated with a suspension of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in soybean oil into the cage of a pregnant Levant vole (Microtus guentheri [D. & A.]) causes disruption of pregnancy in almost all cases, provided the DES concentration is at least 0.062 mg/cm² and the total area of the strips is at least 100 cm². When the total strip area is 50 cm² or the DES concentration is 0.031 mg/cm², the activity of the strips is markedly reduced.     

干旱胁迫对柳枝稷生长与生理特性的影响

为研究柳枝稷的抗旱性,利用盆栽试验针对柳枝稷在干旱胁迫处理下的生长与生理特性开展试验.结果表明:1)干旱胁迫显著抑制了柳枝稷的生长,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量都显著降低,根冠比显著增加;2)光合作用受到抑制,光合-光强响应曲线特征参数都显著降低;3)主要渗透性物质如可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸浓度显著增加,抗氧化系统相关酶活性如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性显著增强.柳枝稷具有较强的抗旱能力,能够一定程度上适应干旱、半干旱地区的不利环境.并采用聚类分析法筛选出Alamo和Kanlow两个抗旱能力强的柳枝稷品种.为柳枝稷在干旱、半干旱边际土地的推广种植奠定了基础.