Naive and memory CD4+ T cell survival controlled by clonal abundance

Immunity to a plethora of microbes depends on a diverse repertoire of na?ve lymphocytes and the production of long-lived memory cells. We present evidence here that low clonal abundance in a polyclonal repertoire favors the survival and activation of na?ve CD4(+) T cells as well as the survival of their memory cell progeny. The inverse relation between clonal frequency and survival suggests that intraclonal competition could help maintain an optimally diverse repertoire of T cells and an optimal environment for the generation of long-lived memory cells.     

Alteration of T-cell functions by infection with HTLV-I or HTLV-II

Two functionally different types of human T-cell clones, one with helper function and two with specific activity, were infected with different isolates of HTLV-I and HLTV-II. Both types of human T cells showed alterations in specific function after infection with either of the HTLV subgroups. Before HTLV infection, the T-cell clone with helper function proliferates and provides help to B cells only in the presence of both a specific soluble antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and histocompatible antigen-presenting cells. After HTLV infection, these cells respond with increased proliferation and indiscriminant stimulation of polyclonal immunoglobulin production by B cells, regardless of the histocompatibility of the antigen-presenting cells or the presence of the soluble antigen. Infection of the normal cytotoxic T-cell clones led to a dimunition or loss of the cytotoxic function. The results of these studies suggest some possible mechanisms for induction of immune deficiency and of polyclonal B-cell activation by viruses of the HTLV family.     

重组鸡白细胞介素2的诱导表达与生物学活性测定

 将去除信号肽的鸡IL-2基因编码框克隆到原核表达载体pBAD/His B，实现了重组鸡IL-2(rchIL-2)蛋白在大肠杆菌中的高效表达。SDS-PAGE分析显示，表达蛋白的分子量约为18 kD。用rchIL-2为抗原制备了单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体，建立了检测rchIL-2含量的抗原捕获ELISA，探讨了天然chIL-2蛋白的体外表达动力学。非变性条件下纯化的rchIL-2 (0.4 ng) 对Con A活化的鸡T淋巴细胞具有明显的增殖活性，而对鸭及鹅的T淋巴细胞无增殖活性。抗chIL-2多克隆抗体可完全中和rchIL-2和天然chIL-2蛋白的生物学活性，而单克隆抗体无中和rchIL-2和天然chIL-2蛋白生物学活性的功能。这些研究结果证实，大肠杆菌表达的rchIL-2及其多克隆抗体拥有生物学功能，而获得的单克隆抗体不具有chIL-2的中和特性。     

Different B cell populations mediate early and late memory during an endogenous immune response

Memory B cells formed in response to microbial antigens provide immunity to later infections; however, the inability to detect rare endogenous antigen-specific cells limits current understanding of this process. Using an antigen-based technique to enrich these cells, we found that immunization with a model protein generated B memory cells that expressed isotype-switched immunoglobulins (swIg) or retained IgM. The more numerous IgM(+) cells were longer lived than the swIg(+) cells. However, swIg(+) memory cells dominated the secondary response because of the capacity to become activated in the presence of neutralizing serum immunoglobulin. Thus, we propose that memory relies on swIg(+) cells until they disappear and serum immunoglobulin falls to a low level, in which case memory resides with durable IgM(+) reserves.     

Preferential localization of effector memory cells in nonlymphoid tissue

Many intracellular pathogens infect a broad range of host tissues, but the importance of T cells for immunity in these sites is unclear because most of our understanding of antimicrobial T cell responses comes from analyses of lymphoid tissue. Here, we show that in response to viral or bacterial infection, antigen-specific CD8 T cells migrated to nonlymphoid tissues and were present as long-lived memory cells. Strikingly, CD8 memory T cells isolated from nonlymphoid tissues exhibited effector levels of lytic activity directly ex vivo, in contrast to their splenic counterparts. These results point to the existence of a population of extralymphoid effector memory T cells poised for immediate response to infection.     

Direct polyclonal activation of human B lymphocytes by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus

When B lymphocytes from normal human peripheral blood were incubated for 1 hour with the retrovirus that causes the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the B cells showed marked proliferation and differentiation. Proliferative responses to the virus peaked on day 4 and appeared to be independent of accessory cells. This finding was repeated with three separate viral isolates, one of which was from a patient from Zaire. The magnitude of the observed responses was comparable to that seen with standard polyclonal B-cell activators. This phenomenon may be at least partially responsible for the polyclonal B-cell activation seen in patients with AIDS.     

拟南芥纤维素合酶的抗体制备与检测

将拟南芥CesA家族基因的高变区克隆到融合表达载体pGEX-4T-3中,构建重组质粒pGEX-AtCe-sAs,在大肠杆菌JM109中经IPTG诱导表达谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶融合蛋白(GST-AtCESAs)。采用GST亲和层析法纯化GST-AtCESAs并制备了多克隆抗体。Western-blotting检测表明,抗体Anti-CESA4和Anti-CE-SA7存在明显的交叉反应,Anti-CESA1、Anti-CESA3、Anti-CESA6、Anti-CESA2、Anti-CESA5、Anti-CESA8均能在拟南芥原生质膜上检测到特异免疫条带,这为进一步深入研究拟南芥纤维素合成机制提供了有利条件。     

Use of chemokine receptors by poxviruses

Chemokine receptors serve as portals of entry for certain intracellular pathogens, most notably human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Myxoma virus is a member of the poxvirus family that induces a lethal systemic disease in rabbits, but no poxvirus receptor has ever been defined. Rodent fibroblasts (3T3) that cannot be infected with myxoma virus could be made fully permissive for myxoma virus infection by expression of any one of several human chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CCR5, and CXCR4. Conversely, infection of 3T3-CCR5 cells can be inhibited by RANTES, anti-CCR5 polyclonal antibody, or herbimycin A but not by monoclonal antibodies that block HIV-1 infection or by pertussis toxin. These findings suggest that poxviruses, like HIV, are able to use chemokine receptors to infect specific cell subtypes, notably migratory leukocytes, but that their mechanisms of receptor interactions are distinct.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒Core蛋白的原核表达及多克隆抗体制备

为制备牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)的Core蛋白及其多克隆抗体,根据Core蛋白的编码基因序列,设计合成一对特异性引物,利用RT-PCR扩增BVDV Core基因并定向插入Pet30a载体中,构建重组质粒Pet30a-Core,经酶切鉴定后转化大肠埃希菌TOP 10感受态细胞,筛选获得阳性重组菌,以IPTG进行诱导后成功表达出分子质量为20 ku的重组Core蛋白。将诱导表达的蛋白产物经融合蛋白的Ni柱亲和法进行纯化,利用纯化的重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体,并利用间接ELISA法测出多克隆抗体效价达到1∶512 000。蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)和间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)证实,多克隆抗体可与细胞中的BVDV抗原发生反应,具有良好的免疫原性和特异性。本实验成功制备了BVDV重组Core蛋白的兔源多克隆抗体,为BVDV的检测及其Core蛋白功能研究奠定了基础。     

PEST domain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (PEP) regulation of effector/memory T cells

Protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases cooperate to regulate normal immune cell function. We examined the role of PEST domain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (PEP) in regulating T cell antigen-receptor function during thymocyte development and peripheral T cell differentiation. Although normal na?ve T cell functions were retained in pep-deficient mice, effector/memory T cells demonstrated enhanced activation of Lck. In turn, this resulted in increased expansion and function of the effector/memory T cell pool, which was also associated with spontaneous development of germinal centers and elevated serum antibody levels. These results revealed a central role for PEP in negatively regulating specific aspects of T cell development and function.     

Persistence of memory CD8 T cells in MHC class I-deficient mice

An understanding of how T cell memory is maintained is crucial for the rational design of vaccines. Memory T cells were shown to persist indefinitely in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-deficient mice and retained the ability to make rapid cytokine responses upon reencounter with antigen. In addition, memory CD8 T cells, unlike na?ve cells, divided without MHC-T cell receptor interactions. This "homeostatic" proliferation is likely to be important in maintaining memory T cell numbers in the periphery. Thus, after na?ve CD8 T cells differentiate into memory cells, they evolve an MHC class I-independent "life-style" and do not require further stimulation with specific or cross-reactive antigen for their maintenance.     

Mechanisms of memory

Recent studies of animals with complex nervous systems, including humans and other primates, have improved our understanding of how the brain accomplishes learning and memory. Major themes of recent work include the locus of memory storage, the taxonomy of memory, the distinction between declarative and procedural knowledge, and the question of how memory changes with time, that is, the concepts of forgetting and consolidation. An important recent advance is the development of an animal model of human amnesia in the monkey. The animal model, together with newly available neuropathological information from a well-studied human patient, has permitted the identification of brain structures and connections involved in memory functions.     

Electronic spin storage in an electrically readable nuclear spin memory with a lifetime >100 seconds

Electron spins are strong candidates with which to implement spintronics because they are both mobile and able to be manipulated. The relatively short lifetimes of electron spins, however, present a problem for the long-term storage of spin information. We demonstrated an ensemble nuclear spin memory in phosphorous-doped silicon, which can be read out electrically and has a lifetime exceeding 100 seconds. The electronic spin information can be mapped onto and stored in the nuclear spin of the phosphorus donors, and the nuclear spins can then be repetitively read out electrically for time periods that exceed the electron spin lifetime. We discuss how this memory can be used in conjunction with other silicon spintronic devices.     

斑马鱼血管新生相关因子PTPRB的原核表达及其多克隆抗体制备

【目的】原核表达斑马鱼（Danio rerio）蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受体B（PTPRB）并制备多克隆抗体,为研究斑马鱼PTPRB基因功能及血管发育相关信号传导通路打下基础。【方法】采用无缝克隆技术将斑马鱼PTPRB基因插入原核表达载体pET-B2m构建重组表达质粒,转化大肠杆菌B21感受态细胞后采用IPTG进行诱导表达,然后以诱导表达的融合蛋白免疫大耳兔制备多克隆抗体,并采用Western blotting和ELISA检测多克隆抗体的特异性及免疫效价。【结果】斑马鱼PTPRB蛋白亲水性均值为-0.490,属于亲水性蛋白,且具有较丰富的潜在抗原表位位点,分布均匀,无典型的跨膜区。将斑马鱼PTPRB基因插入原核表达载体pET-B2m成功构建获得重组表达质粒pET-B2-PTPRB,转化B21感受态细胞后经IPTG诱导表达,即获得35.0 kD的融合蛋白。融合蛋白PTPRB主要以包涵体形式存在;以纯化融合蛋白PTPRB免疫大耳兔,其血清抗体效价为1∶2048000,说明采用融合蛋白PTPRB可有效刺激大耳兔产生较强的免疫反应,获得较高效价的PTPRB多克隆抗体。Western blotting检测结果显示,PTPRB多克隆抗体具良好抗原特异性。采用Protein A/G亲和层析柱对制备获得的PTPRB多克隆抗体进行亲和层析纯化,可获得高纯度的多克隆抗体,纯化后的PTPRB多克隆抗体浓度在10 mg/mL以上。【结论】构建的斑马鱼PTPRB基因原核表达载体能高效表达具备良好免疫原性的融合蛋白PTPRB,以融合蛋白PTPRB免疫大耳兔可获得高效价、高特异性的PTPRB多克隆抗体,为研究斑马鱼PTPRB蛋白功能提供有利工具,也为揭示PTPRB在鱼类血管发育中的作用机制提供技术支持。     

The medial temporal lobe memory system

Studies of human amnesia and studies of an animal model of human amnesia in the monkey have identified the anatomical components of the brain system for memory in the medial temporal lobe and have illuminated its function. This neural system consists of the hippocampus and adjacent, anatomically related cortex, including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. These structures, presumably by virtue of their widespread and reciprocal connections with neocortex, are essential for establishing long-term memory for facts and events (declarative memory). The medial temporal lobe memory system is needed to bind together the distributed storage sites in neocortex that represent a whole memory. However, the role of this system is only temporary. As time passes after learning, memory stored in neocortex gradually becomes independent of medial temporal lobe structures.     

猪波形蛋白对PRRSV感染Marc-145细胞的抑制作用

为了研究波形蛋白在介导猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染细胞过程中的作用,利用RT-PCR方法从PRRSV非易感细胞系猪肾细胞系PK-15细胞中扩增目的基因,克隆入pET-28a(+)载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达。表达的重组猪波形蛋白经SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定和纯化后免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体。利用病毒抑制试验检测重组猪波形蛋白及多克隆抗体在PRRSV感染Marc-145细胞过程中的作用。结果表明,成功扩增猪波形蛋白基因并克隆入pET-28a载体,经诱导后得到高效表达,纯化后免疫兔子产生高价血清抗体(105)。病毒阻断结果表明,猪波形蛋白及多克隆抗体均能阻断PRRSV感染Marc-145细胞。这为以波形蛋白为基础的PRRSV受体阻断抑制剂的研究提供了实验依据。     

Priming and human memory systems

Priming is a nonconscious form of human memory, which is concerned with perceptual identification of words and objects and which has only recently been recognized as separate from other forms of memory or memory systems. It is currently under intense experimental scrutiny. Evidence is converging for the proposition that priming is an expression of a perceptual representation system that operates at a pre-semantic level; it emerges early in development, and access to it lacks the kind of flexibility characteristic of other cognitive memory systems. Conceptual priming, however, seems to be based on the operations of semantic memory.     

A role for CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells in the generation of CD8+ T cell memory

The delivery of CD4 help to CD8+ T cell responses requires interactions between CD40 and CD40 ligand and is thought to occur through antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation. Here we show that generation of memory CD8+ T cells displaying an enhanced capacity for cell division and cytokine secretion required CD4 help but not CD40 expression by the APCs. Activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed CD40; and in the absence of this protein, CD8+ T cells were unable to differentiate into memory cells or receive CD4 help. These results suggest that, like B cells, CD8+ T cells receive CD4 help directly through CD40 and that this interaction is fundamental for CD8+ T cell memory generation.     

从蛋白质和转录水平鉴定类猪圆环病毒P1存在ORF2和ORF3

【目的】确定类猪圆环病毒P1 存在开放阅读框ORF2 和ORF3;【方法】采用Trizol 法,提取类猪圆环病毒 P1分子克隆转染PK-15细胞的总RNA,纯化之后,分别用P1 ORF2 和 ORF3 特异性引物进行RT-PCR,应用AxyPrepTM DNA 凝胶回收试剂盒回收PCR 产物,转化Trans5α 感受态细胞,挑取单菌落,经PCR检测为阳性后测序。同时,利用rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) 技术分别扩增P1 病毒 ORF2 和 ORF3 的5′-与3′-末端。另外,根据P1 ORF2 和ORF3 的序列预测其B细胞抗原表位,采用标准的逐步固相合成法合成表位肽,与载体蛋白KLH偶联后,免疫新西兰大白兔制备抗 P1 ORF2 和ORF3 的多克隆抗体。采用常规间接ELISA法检测分离血清效价,包被抗原用合成肽,450 nm 波长下测定,血清抗体效价为S/N ≥2.1的血清最高稀释度。 然后,用P1 双拷贝分子克隆转染PK-15细胞,通过免疫组化方法对该多抗与P1 的反应性进行检测,同时利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测转染细胞中P1 的拷贝数。【结果】利用ORF2和ORF3特异性引物对P1 RNA 进行的RT-PCR,均能扩增出目的片段,回收测序大小分别为111 bp和128 bp,分别与P1 ORF2 和ORF3 进行同源性比较,序列同源性均为100%;RACE技术分析,得到P1 ORF2 的5′-和3′-RACE 末端分别为第11位（G) 和第168位（T),P1 ORF3 的5′-和3′-RACE 末端分别为第285位（T) 和第 579位（A）。根据预测结果,合成肽的氨基酸序列分别为ORF2：CLSRLPQSERPPGRW和ORF3：CVYPKVRERRVLKMP;用ORF2 和ORF3 表位肽与载体蛋白KLH 的偶联物免疫新西兰大白兔制备的多克隆抗体效价均达到1﹕512 000以上,并且能够与P1 病毒发生特异性显色反应,应用蓝色DAB显色试剂盒染色结果为紫蓝色,多数在细胞浆,少数在细胞核,而对照组细胞无显色反应。定量PCR检测结果显示,P1可以在转染P1双拷贝分子克隆的PK-15细胞中复制,并且转染后104 h 增殖量达最大。【结论】通过转录分析和免疫组化试验分别从转录和蛋白质水平上证实了类猪圆环病毒P1 存在ORF2 和ORF3。     

Propolypeptide of von Willebrand factor circulates in blood and is identical to von Willebrand antigen II

The generally mild bleeding disorder of von Willebrand disease is associated with abnormalities of two distinct plasma proteins, the large multimeric von Willebrand factor (vWF), which mediates platelet adhesion, and von Willebrand antigen II (vW AgII), which is of unknown function. The two proteins were found to have a common biosynthetic origin in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, which explains their simultaneous absence in the severe form of this hereditary disease. Shared amino acid sequences from a 100-kilodalton plasma glycoprotein and from vW AgII are identical to amino acid sequences predicted from a complementary DNA clone encoding the 5' end of vWF. In addition, these proteins have identical molecular weights and immunologic cross reactivities. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against both proteins recognize epitopes on the pro-vWF subunit and on a 100-kilodalton protein that are not present on the mature vWF subunit in endothelial cell lysates. In contrast, polyclonal antibodies against vWF recognize both pro-vWF and vWF subunits. Thus, the 100-kilodalton plasma glycoprotein and vW AgII are identical proteins and represent an extremely large propolypeptide that is first cleaved from pro-vWF during intracellular processing and then released into plasma.