鸡源大肠杆菌ESBLs基因型检测及其耐药性分析

采用K-B法检测30株鸡源大肠杆菌对16种抗菌药物的耐药性,根据耐药表型和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的基因型流行情况,指导临床合理用药.结果表明,24株大肠杆菌为产ESBLs株.扩增出了与预期片段大小相符的TEM型、SHV型、CTX-M型、OXA型基因.有5株同时检测出TEM和CTX-M基因.产酶大肠杆菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、环丙沙星的耐药率100%.其多重耐药性明显比非产酶大肠杆菌严重.     

虎源大肠杆菌ESBLs基因型的检测

为检测虎源大肠杆菌的耐药性,根据超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)基因型的流行情况指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,有效控制产ESBLs菌株的流行和感染。实验采用K-B法检测了30株虎源大肠杆菌对20种药物的耐药性,同时用PCR方法对确证的产ESBLs大肠杆菌进行TEM、CTX-M、OXA和SHV基因型检测。结果显示:21株虎源大肠杆菌为产ESBLs株,阳性率为70%。PCR扩增出了片段大小与预期相符的CTX-M型、OXA型、SHV型和TEM型基因。4个基因型的阳性率分别为50%、20%、6. 67%、80%。可见,东北虎林园中产ESBLs的虎源大肠杆菌的检出率较高,TEM型为主要流行基因型。另外,发现产酶大肠杆菌比非产酶大肠杆菌的耐药性更高。     

鹤源大肠杆菌ESBLs基因型检测及其耐药性分析

采用K-B法检测40株鹤源大肠杆菌对17种抗菌药物的耐药性。根据耐药表型和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的基因型流行情况,指导临床合理用药。结果表明:15株大肠杆菌为产ESBLs株。扩增出了与预期片段大小相符的TEM型、SHV型、CTX-M型、OXA型基因。产酶大肠杆菌耐药性明显比非产酶大肠杆菌严重。     

吉林和黑龙江两省猪鸡源产ESBLs大肠杆菌耐药检测与优势基因型分析

为了解吉林和黑龙江两省猪鸡源产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠杆菌菌株的流行分布及耐药特征,分析其优势基因型和基因亚型,依据美国临床实验室标准化委员会（CLSI）标准,对分离自吉林和黑龙江两省的210株大肠杆菌进行ESBLs表型检测,采用微量肉汤稀释法和PCR方法进行药物敏感性试验和耐药基因检测,采用SPSS软件中的卡方检验方法进行数据处理与统计分析。结果显示：①产ESBLs菌株检出率为34.76%,两省检出率差异不显著（P=0.54）,鸡源产ESBLs菌株检出率极显著高于猪源（P＜0.01）。②210株大肠杆菌对四环素（90.95%）和磺胺异噁唑（80.00%）最为耐药,鸡源大肠杆菌对13种药物的耐药率高于猪源,吉林省分离菌株对10种药物的耐药率高于黑龙江省;产ESBLs菌株对13种药物的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株。③210株大肠杆菌多重耐药率为83.33%,猪源菌株多重耐药率（77.57%）低于鸡源（89.32%）,差异显著（P=0.022）,但两省之间差异不显著（P=0.360）;不同动物来源、不同地区间的产ESBLs菌株多重耐药率差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。④73株产ESBLs菌株主要基因型为CTX-M型（97.26%）,其次为TEM型（50.68%）,OXA型仅在鸡源中检出,两种来源菌株中均未检出SHV型。结果表明：产ESBLs菌株在吉林和黑龙江两省的猪鸡群中均有流行,且耐药严重,鸡源菌株比猪源耐药严重;CTX-M型和TEM型为两省猪鸡源产ESBLs大肠杆菌的主要流行基因型。本研究为指导大肠杆菌病防控的临床合理用药,有效控制产ESBLs菌株流行提供了依据。     

30株鸡大肠杆菌ESBLs基因型检测及耐药性分析

采用2倍稀释法检测30株鸡大肠杆菌对常见药物耐药性,用表型筛选和确证试验检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况,并分别用TEM、SHV和CTX-M等3种通用引物进行PCR扩增以确定其基因型.结果显示23株大肠杆菌为产ESBLs株,占76.7%.PCR扩增表明TEM、CTX-M、SHV阳性率分别为73.9%、43.5%和0%,有7株同时检测出TEM和CTX-M基因(占30.4%),3株未检测出TEM、CTX-M和SHV 3种基因(占13.0%).药敏试验结果显示产ESBLs大肠杆菌对药物的多重耐药性明显比非产酶大肠杆菌严重,产酶菌对氨苄西林和头孢噻呋的耐药率最高,为95.7%,对氨基糖苷类、恩诺沙星和复方新诺明的耐药率均高于78%,氨苄西林和三代头孢与酶抑制剂联用或2种不同种类的药物联用均能明显增强抗菌活性.以上结果表明河南省76.7%的临床分离鸡大肠杆菌为产ESBLs株,其基因型主要是TEM和CTX-M,尚无SHV型,β-内酰胺类与酶抑制剂联用或不同种类药物联用是防治鸡产酶大肠杆菌感染的有效措施之一.     

猪源分离大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的基因型及耐药性分析

为了解上海地区规模化猪场分离的大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的分离率、耐药性和基因型,收集2010年9月-2011年3月从上海地区10个规模化养猪场分离的296株大肠埃希菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验以及PCR技术分别检测TEM、CTX-M、OXA和SHV基因。在296株大肠埃希菌中,52株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs,产酶率为17．6％。在52株ESBLs菌株中,46株为TEM型,占88．5％;15株为CTX—M型,占28．8％;11株为同时携带TEM型和CTX—M型,占21．2％。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株对10种常用抗菌药物的耐药性较为严重,而且存在多重耐药;上海地区猪源大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株流行的主要基因型为TEM型和CTX—M型。     

贵州省猪源沙门氏菌对β-内酰胺类药耐药性及耐药基因分析

为了解贵州省猪源沙门氏菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药性及其耐药基因的流行情况,本试验从贵州省9个地区规模养猪场中分离鉴定130株沙门氏菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定其对常用的8种β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的敏感性,并用PCR法对β-内酰胺酶耐药基因进行检测。结果显示,沙门氏菌对常用的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药性十分严重,其中对头孢他啶的耐药率为100%,其次是氨苄西林和阿莫西林,耐药率分别为80.77%和76.15%,耐药率最低的是头孢噻呋和头孢氨苄,均为46.15%。所有菌株均为多重耐药,其中最少为二重,占总数的2.31%,最多为八重,占总数的4.62%,多重耐药主要集中在四至七重,占总数的88.46%。PCR结果显示,SHV耐药基因未检出,TEM、OXA、CTX-M 3种基因检出率分别是85%、75%和46%,细菌的耐药性与相关耐药基因的检出率基本呈正相关。结果表明,猪源沙门氏菌对β-内酰胺类药物具有普遍耐药性,其中头孢他啶尤为严重。TEM、OXA、CTX-M基因是贵州省猪源沙门氏菌主要耐药基因,临床日益严重的耐药现象与耐药基因的普遍存在有很大的关系。     

贵州省猪源沙门氏菌对β-内酰胺类药耐药性及耐药基因分析

为了解贵州省猪源沙门氏菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药性及其耐药基因的流行情况,本试验从贵州省9个地区规模养猪场中分离鉴定130株沙门氏菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定其对常用的8种β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的敏感性,并用PCR法对β-内酰胺酶耐药基因进行检测。结果显示,沙门氏菌对常用的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药性十分严重,其中对头孢他啶的耐药率为100%,其次是氨苄西林和阿莫西林,耐药率分别为80.77%和76.15%,耐药率最低的是头孢噻呋和头孢氨苄,均为46.15%。所有菌株均为多重耐药,其中最少为二重,占总数的2.31%,最多为八重,占总数的4.62%,多重耐药主要集中在四至七重,占总数的88.46%。PCR结果显示,SHV耐药基因未检出,TEM、OXA、CTX-M 3种基因检出率分别是85%、75%和46%,细菌的耐药性与相关耐药基因的检出率基本呈正相关。结果表明,猪源沙门氏菌对β-内酰胺类药物具有普遍耐药性,其中头孢他啶尤为严重。TEM、OXA、CTX-M基因是贵州省猪源沙门氏菌主要耐药基因,临床日益严重的耐药现象与耐药基因的普遍存在有很大的关系。     

我国5省区部分猪、鸡源产ESBLs沙门菌的耐药差异及MLST流行特征

为了解不同地区猪鸡源沙门菌的流行分布和耐药特征，采用PCR法、药敏纸片法、微量肉汤稀释法及Bionumerics和SPSS软件等，对来自我国安徽、浙江、山东、新疆、江苏5省区的沙门菌进行血清型鉴定、ESBLs表型和基因型检测、药物敏感性试验以及数据处理。结果显示，85株沙门菌共鉴定出15种血清型；分离出25株(29.4%)产ESBLs菌株，猪源产超广谱β内酰胺酶(extended-spectrumβ-lactam, ESBLs)沙门菌检出率(4.7%)远低于鸡源(54.8%)(P<0.01);产ESBLs沙门菌对7种抗菌药的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs的菌株(P<0.01);85株沙门菌中基因型检测结果为：TEM型44.7%(38/85),CTX-M型12.9%(11/85),OXA型10.6%(9/85),SHV型9.4%(8/85),有基因型共存现象；产ESBLs沙门菌中有19株携带4种耐药基因，相关性达到76%;各省分离菌株对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、大观霉素、头孢噻呋、四环素、头孢他啶的耐药率有极显著差异(P<0.01),对恩诺沙星的耐药率有显著差异(P<0....     

鸡源大肠杆菌分离鉴定及ESBLs与AmpC酶基因型检测及耐药性分析

为了解山西省范围内鸡源产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和头孢菌素酶(AmpC)大肠杆菌分离株的基因型及其耐药现状,本试验从呈现典型鸡大肠杆菌病临床症状的病料中分离、鉴定出68株符合鸡源大肠杆菌生物特性的流行菌株,采用K-B法与双纸片确认法对分离的68株大肠杆菌分别进行药敏试验和ESBLs、AmpC酶耐药表型的筛选;采用PCR方法检测了分离株中质粒介导的ESBLs、AmpC酶的基因型。结果显示,分离到的68株菌对22种抗菌药物均产生不同程度的耐药性,其中耐药谱达7耐以上的有66,占总分离菌株数的97.06%;呈ESBLs、AmpC酶阳性和两者均阳性的菌株数分别为57(83.82%)、19(27.94%)和16(23.53%)株;检测出ESBLs阳性菌株携带的耐药基因型包括bla_(TEM)、bla_(OXA)和bla_(CTX-M-1/9),AmpC酶阳性菌株耐药基因型为bla_(FOX)型。研究结果表明,分离的68株鸡源大肠杆菌已对绝大多数种类抗菌药物产生耐药性,且产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株已普遍流行。山西省鸡源大肠杆菌中流行的ESBLs基因型与国内其他地区相关报道大体一致,而检测到的bla_(FOX)型AmpC酶基因在国内报道相对较少。     

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from India

The present study was undertaken to isolate and genotype Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from villages in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu states of central and south India, respectively. Blood, heart, and brain from a total of 741 chickens were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii, as assayed with the modified agglutination test (MAT >or = 1:5) were found in 133 (17.9%) chickens. Hearts and brains of 186 chickens were bioassayed in mice. Additionally, hearts and/or brains of most of the seronegative (MAT < 1:5) chickens were fed to 20 T. gondii-free cats, while 32 seropositive chickens (MAT 1:5) were fed to 3 cats. T. gondii was not isolated from any of the chickens by mouse bioassay. Five of the cats that were fed seronegative chickens shed oocysts, while isolates were not obtained from any of the other cats fed seropositive chickens. These five isolates, along with the two that were previously isolated in India through cat bioassay, were genetically analyzed. Genotyping using the SAG 2 locus indicated that two isolates were type II and five were type III. Microsatellite analysis revealed allelic differences between and within the lineages. This is the first report of genetic characterization of any T. gondii isolate from India.     

Isolation of Giardia from a llama and from sheep.

Giardia cysts were detected in feces of a domestic llama (Lama glama) and in feces of lambs (Ovis aries) from Wisconsin, U.S.A. All of the animals examined were immature, and they had recent histories of poor condition and passing unformed or semiformed, pale stools. Giardia cysts from both host species were excysted in vitro, and the trophozoites were cultivated axenically. Furthermore, Giardia cysts from both sources were shown to produce infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unquiculatus). The finding of Giardia in the llama represents a new host recorded for this parasite. Also, this is the first report of Giardia-infected sheep from the Western Hemisphere.     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies from wild canids from Brazil

The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies was evaluated by the indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test in serum of 57 wild canids from three different species: Lycalopex gymnocercus, Cerdocyon thous and Dusicyon vetulus from the northeast, southeast and southern regions of Brazil. The prevalence was 35.1%, with 20 of the 57 canids demonstrating antibodies anti-T. gondii at dilutions of 1:16 in 2, 1:32 in 4, 1:64 in 2, 1:128 in 2, 1:256 in 6, 1:512 in 2 and 1:2048 in 2 animals. None of the D. vetulus were positive. Among the L. gymnocercus 11 (91.7%) of the 12 samples were positive and among C. thous 9 (60%) of the 15 had antibodies anti-T. gondii.     

Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from Brazil

Until recently, Toxoplasma gondii was considered clonal with very little genetic variability. Recent studies indicate that T. gondii isolates from Brazil are genetically and biologically different from T. gondii isolates from USA and Europe. In the present study, we retyped 151 free range chicken isolates from Brazil including 117 newly isolated samples from 11 geographically areas (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranh?o, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, S?o Paulo, Sergipe, and Rondonia) and 34 previously reported isolates from the very north (Pará) and the very south (Rio Grande do Sul). Ten PCR-RFLP markers including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico were used to genotype all isolates. Overall analysis of 151 T. gondii isolates revealed 58 genotypes. Half (29/58) of these genotypes had single isolate and the other half of the genotypes were characterized with two or more isolates. Only 1 of 151 isolates was clonal Type I strain and 5 were clonal Type III strains. Two isolates had mixed infections. Clonal Type II strain was absent. One strain was Type II at all loci, except BTUB. The results confirm high genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates from Brazil.     

Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. from free-living wild birds from Brazil

In wild and domestic birds, cryptosporidiosis is often associated with infections by Cryptosporidium galli, Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium meleagridis. In addition to these species, a number of avian Cryptosporidium species yet to be fully characterized are commonly found among exotic and wild avian isolates. The present study aimed to detect and identify samples of Cryptosporidium spp. from free-living wild birds, in order to contribute to the knowledge of the variability of this parasite in the free-living population of Brazil. Stool samples were collected from 242 birds, with the following proportions of individuals: 50 Emberizidae (20.7%), 112 Psittacidae (46.3%), 44 Cardinalidae (18.2%), 12 Turdidae (5.0%), eight Ramphastidae (3.3%), seven Icteridae (2.9%), three Estrilididae (1.2%), two Contigidae (0.8%), two Thraupidae (0.8%) and two Fringilidae (0.8%). Among the 242 fecal samples from wild birds, 16 (6.6%) were positive for the presence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Molecular characterization of the 16 samples of Cryptosporidium, were performed with phylogenetic reconstructions employing 292 positions of 18S rDNA. None of the samples of birds was characterized as C. meleagridis. C. galli was identified in one rufous-bellied thrush (Turdus rufiventris), five green-winged saltators (Saltator similis), one slate-coloured seedeater (Sporophila schistacea), one goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) and three saffron finches (Sicalis flaveola). One goldfinch isolate, one buffy-fronted seedeater (Sporophila frontalis), one red-cowled cardinal (Paroaria dominicana) and one other saffron finch (S. flaveola) were identified as C. baileyi. Avian genotype II was found in an isolate from a white-eyed parakeet (Aratinga leucophthalma). Clinical symptoms of cryptosporidiosis in birds have already been described and the number of wild birds which were shedding parasites was high. Therefore, further epidemiological research and disease surveillance of birds in the wild is warranted.     

Identification of protein A from Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from canine skin

Protein A was identified in cell wall-bound and secreted forms from Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from canine skin. A direct binding radioimmunoassay for the detection of bacterial surface Fc receptors identified 48 of 50 S intermedius isolates that contained cell wall-bound protein A. Using a competitive binding radioimmunoassay for the detection of Fc-reactive proteins in bacterial culture supernatants, we identified 9 of 50 clinical isolates of S intermedius that secreted measurable quantities of an Fc receptor into the culture medium. Concentrated culture supernatants from these isolates were analyzed by western blotting techniques and probed with either a radiolabeled human IgG Fc-specific probe or a radiolabeled affinity-purified chicken antibody against protein A. The studies reported here confirmed that Fc receptors are secreted by S intermedius isolates from dogs and are antigenically and functionally similar or are identical to staphylococcal protein A. Analysis of Fc receptor secretion by S intermedius strains, isolated from dogs with a variety of dermatologic conditions, suggested a trend between severity of skin disease and the extent of Fc receptor secretion.     

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from cattle from Portugal

Fecal samples from 291 calves and 176 adult cattle in Northern Portugal were screened for Cryptosporidium and Giardia using a formalin-ethyl acetate concentration method. Acid-fast staining techniques for Cryptosporidium oocyst identification and direct microscopic observation of fecal smears for Giardia cyst identification were performed so as immunofluorescence microscopy examination. Polymerase chain reaction methods were employed to determine the genotype of each isolate. Molecular characterization was performed using amplification and sequencing of the hsp70 and 18SrRNA genes of Cryptosporidium and beta-giardin gene and glutamate dehydrogenase for assemblage determination of Giardia duodenalis. Seventy-four out of 291 calves (25.4%) and 8 out of 176 adult bovines (4.5%) were positive for Cryptosporidium. Forty-one out of 291 calf samples (14.1%) and 1 out of 176 adults samples (0.57%) were positive for Giardia. From the Cryptosporidium positive samples we obtained 63 isolates from calves samples and 7 isolates from adult samples. Additionally, Giardia was isolated in 13 out of 41 positive samples from calves and it was also possible to isolate Giardia from the positive adult sample. Molecular characterization of the Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates showed us that C. parvum and G. duodenalis assemblage E were the prevalent species. C. parvum may infect humans, representing a potential public health risk. On the other hand, the assemblages B and A2 of Giardia, previously described in humans, were here identified in cattle. Further studies will be needed for determine the importance of cattle as carrier of zoonotic assemblages of G. duodenalis.