Strategies for the prevention of development of pesticide resistance in the UK—lessons for and from the use of herbicides,fungicides and insecticides

Since the 1950s, pesticide resistance has been identified in many species. This paper considers the role of resistance action groups and notes that they were all formed in response to resistance problems occurring. Data now exist on the strategies which are most effective and the paper aims to bring together information from the fields of weeds, pests and diseases. Pesticide mixtures, sequences or rotations have been demonstrated as having a clear role in resistance management strategies. Resistance management would be improved if there was agreement on uniform test methodology and interpretation of results. The industry must work together to agree what constitutes an anti-resistance strategy, whether this is for prevention or cure, and to ensure that this is then included within regulatory frameworks. Future developments such as patch treatment, biotechnology and biocontrol are discussed. It is concluded that, to date, there has been little discussion between specialists in the field of resistance to herbicides, fungicides or insecticides and it is clear there are significant advantages to be had from more interaction. ©1997 SCI     

蔬菜蚜虫抗药性现状及抗性治理策略

蚜虫是为害蔬菜作物的一类重要害虫,如不防治会给蔬菜生产造成重大经济损失。长期以来主要依靠使用农药防治蔬菜蚜虫,但由于化学农药的不合理使用,蔬菜蚜虫对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯、新烟碱等多种类型的杀虫药剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。本文对常见的蔬菜蚜虫的抗药性现状、抗药性机理以及治理策略进行了论述,以期为该类害虫的可持续控制提供参考。     

诱导水稻抗瘟性及诱抗机理研究进展

稻瘟病是危害水稻三大病害之首,水稻稻瘟病诱导抗病性具有持久性、广谱性、安全性、系统性等而对未来水稻稻瘟病的防治发挥巨大的作用。综述近年来国内外水稻诱导抗瘟性的研究进展,对生物及非生物诱导因子和诱导机理的三个方面进行了介绍,并提出对现在一些研究不足以及未来的发展方向。     

嘧菌酯在我国登记情况以及抗性研究现状

嘧菌酯是先正达公司于1997年上市的甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂,它具有广谱、高效、安全的特点,自上市以来占有较大的市场份额。随着国外产品专利保护到期,我国掀起一阵注册热潮。但由于其作用为点单一,在使用过程中抗性问题日益严重。本文对嘧菌酯近年来登记情况、抗性发展研究状况、抗性产生机制以及治理措施进行了简要论述。希望为以后嘧菌酯的登记注册以及合理使用提供全面客观的依据。     

植物抗病研究进展与展望

植物在其整个生活史中随时经受多种病原的侵袭,在进化过程中植物发展出多种对抗病原的机制。植物抗病性研究是当前植物病理学研究的热点问题之一。培育具有广谱而持久抗性的植物品种是育种学家追求的目标。目前,关于植物非寄主抗性、抗病基因介导的抗性、microRNA相关的抗性、感病基因的研究以及基因编辑在植物抗病性中的应用等方面已取得了大量新的研究成果。本文就以上几个方面综述了近年来植物抗病研究中的最新进展,并提出今后研究和育种中的应用展望。     

Seedbank persistence,germination and early growth of glyphosate‐resistant Kochia scoparia

This study describes the seedbank persistence of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) Kochia scoparia at two sites in western Canada and examines if GRK. scoparia from western Canada and mid‐western United States (USA) differ from their susceptible counterparts in seed germination and early growth characteristics at low‐temperature regimes. Site or depth of seed burial (surface, 2.5 cm, 10 cm) did not affect seed viability over time and time to 50% and 90% loss of viability averaged 210 and 232 days respectively. Glyphosate‐resistant K. scoparia generally germinated later and had lower cumulative germination than glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) K. scoparia from Saskatchewan, Canada; and Kansas, USA; but not Colorado, USA. Similarly, time to 10% first leaf of GSK. scoparia from Saskatchewan and Kansas tended to be sooner than that of GRK. scoparia, with a greater percentage of GS vs. GR seedlings of populations from all regions having attained first leaf by the end of the experiment. The short seedbank longevity and delayed and reduced germination and time to first leaf of GRK. scoparia may potentially be exploited to maximise management efficacy through delayed preseeding weed control or alternatively by early seeding date to enhance crop competitiveness.     

Amaranthus palmeri resistance and differential tolerance of Amaranthus palmeri and Amaranthus hybridus to ALS-inhibitor herbicides

Suspected imazaquin-resistant accessions of Amaranthus palmeri were studied to determine the magnitude of resistance and cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and compare differential tolerance of A palmeri and Amaranthus hybridus to ALS inhibitors. Five of seven A palmeri accessions were resistant to imazaquin. The most imazaquin-resistant accession, accession 7, also showed 74, 39 and 117 times higher resistance than the susceptible biotype to chlorimuron, diclosulam and pyrithiobac, respectively. Resistance to imazaquin and cross-resistance to other ALS inhibitors in A palmeri was due to a less-sensitive ALS enzyme. A palmeri was 70 times more tolerant to imazaquin than A hybridus. A palmeri was also seven times more tolerant to pyrithiobac than A hybridus. Differences in ALS enzyme sensitivity could not fully account for the high tolerance of A palmeri to imazaquin compared to A hybridus. Both species were equally affected by chlorimuron and diclosulam.     

主要农业害虫对茚虫威的抗性现状及其治理策略

茚虫威属于噁二嗪类杀虫剂,与大多数杀虫剂不同的是其进入害虫体内需要经活化代谢转变成N-去甲氧羰基代谢物(decarbomethoxylated metabolite,DCJW)后不可逆地阻断钠通道,进而发挥杀虫活性。茚虫威由于其作用机制不同于常见的使钠离子通道延迟关闭的菊酯类药剂而被广泛用于鳞翅目和一些同翅目、鞘翅目害虫的防治。抗药性是任何杀虫药剂使用后面临的问题,茚虫威也不例外,许多害虫对其产生了不同程度的抗性。昆虫对茚虫威产生抗性的机制包括酯酶活性、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)和P450活性的增加以及分子靶标F1845Y、V1848I、L1014P的突变,这些对茚虫威抗性机制的研究基本都是基于抗性种群和敏感种群开展的,需要进一步验证其对抗性研究的贡献度。针对我国田间害虫种群对茚虫威的抗性现状,及时实施对茚虫威有效的抗性治理是迫切的。对于茚虫威的抗性治理除了传统的杀虫药剂轮用、混用外,需要利用其作用机制特点开展抗性治理策略研究。一是充分利用其活化代谢的特点,开展组合药剂的研究应用;二是菊酯类药剂和茚虫威的作用机制均与钠离子通道有关,...     

89份河北、山西小麦品种抗条锈性评价及抗条锈病基因检测

为明确北部麦区河北、山西育成品种对中国小麦条锈病的抗性水平及部分已定位抗条锈病基因的分布状况, 利用小麦条锈菌当前优势小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对89份来自河北、山西的小麦品种在温室进行苗期分小种抗性鉴定, 在小麦条锈病不同流行区甘肃清水、四川郫县、湖北荆州设置鉴定圃进行成株期抗性鉴定; 采用与部分已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行抗病基因检测。结果显示, 苗期仅‘长4640’‘晋麦91号’‘科农2009’3份品种对CYR32、CYR33和CYR34均表现抗性; 在甘肃清水、四川郫县、湖北荆州鉴定圃中抗病材料的比例分别为39.33%、24.72%和58.43%, ‘长4640’和‘晋麦91号’为全生育期抗性。通过6个已知抗条锈基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18 和Yr26 对89份小麦品种进行分子标记检测, 结果表明, 13份品种检测到Yr9标记, 2份检测到Yr18标记, 未检测到Yr5、Yr10、Yr15和Yr26。以上结果表明, 河北、山西小麦品种对越冬菌源基地的条锈菌的抗性水平很低, 同时成株期抗性基因的利用率低, 今后应加强对新抗病基因的利用, 育种过程中尽可能在不同流行区进行异地鉴定。     

Insecticide resistance,control failure likelihood and the First Law of Geography

Insecticide resistance is a broadly recognized ecological backlash resulting from insecticide use and is widely reported among arthropod pest species with well‐recognized underlying mechanisms and consequences. Nonetheless, insecticide resistance is the subject of evolving conceptual views that introduces a different concept useful if recognized in its own right – the risk or likelihood of control failure. Here we suggest an experimental approach to assess the likelihood of control failure of an insecticide allowing for consistent decision‐making regarding management of insecticide resistance. We also challenge the current emphasis on limited spatial sampling of arthropod populations for resistance diagnosis in favor of comprehensive spatial sampling. This necessarily requires larger population sampling – aiming to use spatial analysis in area‐wide surveys – to recognize focal points of insecticide resistance and/or control failure that will better direct management efforts. The continuous geographical scale of such surveys will depend on the arthropod pest species, the pattern of insecticide use and many other potential factors. Regardless, distance dependence among sampling sites should still hold, following the maxim that the closer two things are, the more they resemble each other, which is the basis of Tobler's First Law of Geography. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, and possible mechanisms for resistance

Two mosquito strains of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), MAmCq(G0) and HAmCq(G0), were collected from Mobile and Huntsville, Alabama, respectively. MAmCq(G0) and HAmCq(G0) were further selected in the laboratory with permethrin for one and three generations, respectively. The levels of resistance to permethrin in MAmCq(G1) (after one-generation selection) and HAmCq(G3) (after three-generation selection) increased rapidly. Resistance to permethrin in MAmCq(G1) and HAmCq(G3) was partially suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM), inhibitors of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, hydrolases and glutathione S-transferases (GST), respectively, suggesting these three enzyme families are important in conferring permethrin resistance in both strains. A substitution of leucine to phenylalanine (L to F) resulting from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), termed the kdr mutation, in the para-homologous sodium channel gene has been reported as a very common mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance of insects. A 341-bp sodium channel gene fragment, where the kdr mutation resides, was generated by PCR from genomic DNAs of Cx. quinquefasciatus strains. We found that the kdr mutation was present in both permethrin-selected and unselected HAmCq and MAmCq mosquito populations, suggesting that the kdr mutation plays the role in permethrin resistance. There was no significant change in the frequency and heterozygosity of the A to T SNP for the kdr allele between permethrin-selected and unselected MAmCq and HAmCq mosquitoes, indicating that other mechanisms are involved in the evolution of resistance in mosquitoes selected by permethrin in the laboratory.     

TuMV management for brassica crops through host resistance: retrospect and prospects

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), the only potyvirus known to infect brassicas, is a devastating virus threatening many economically important brassica crops, including cabbage, Chinese cabbage, oilseed rape and mustard. TuMV disease, which was first discovered in the United States, is now found worldwide, especially in Europe, Asia and North America. TuMV results in a yield loss of up to 70% and has a wide host range, infecting most cruciferous plants, as well as many non-cruciferous species. This virus is also characterized by high pathotype diversity because of its highly variable genome structure and has been divided into 12 pathotypes. These characteristics, as well as its nonpersistent transmission mode by as many as 89 aphid species, mean the disease is difficult to prevent through traditional methods such as the application of chemicals, prompting researchers to seek host resistance for effective control. During the last decade, extensive studies have been conducted to investigate inheritance, mapping and cloning of the TuMV resistance genes, and several NB-LRR- or eIF-encoding loci with divergent molecular mechanisms have been uncovered. These studies have greatly facilitated resistance breeding for brassica crops and have advanced our understanding of virus−host interactions.     

植物抗线虫基因与抗性机理研究进展

植物寄生线虫是严重危害农业生产的一类重要病原生物,对全球作物产量造成重大损失.抗线虫基因在植物抗线虫反应中发挥重要作用,发掘抗线虫基因并培育抗线虫品种是防治线虫病害的一条有效途径.抗线虫基因的定位与克隆对解析植物抗线虫性的分子机理做出了巨大贡献,明确线虫与寄主植物之间的互作关系及抗线虫机制,可以为制定和采取更加有效的防控策略提供借鉴.     

灰霉菌的抗药性与适合度测定

室内监测了北京、沈阳、保定等地区番茄灰霉菌 (Botrytis cinerea)对不同杀菌剂的抗药性 ,发现抗多菌灵菌株占监测总数的 74 .6 7% ,抗乙霉威菌株占 2 5.82 % ,还监测到 3株抗多菌灵、乙霉威菌株——即双抗菌株 ;利用菌落直径法和番茄叶片法测定了 3种抗药类型的番茄灰霉菌在离体和活体条件下的适合度 ,结果表明 ,不同抗药类型菌株在生长速率、致病力、繁殖力等方面差异不明显。     

棉蚜抗药性现状及治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是农业生产上最重要的害虫之一。化学杀虫剂一直以来都是棉蚜综合防治体系中的重要组成部分, 但化学杀虫剂的不合理使用导致棉蚜对多种杀虫剂均产生了高水平抗性。现有研究表明, 靶标位点突变、解毒酶基因的过表达以及某些肠道共生菌丰度的变化是导致棉蚜对杀虫剂产生抗性的主要机制。针对棉蚜抗性发展现状及其抗药性机制, 制定科学合理的抗性治理策略, 是充分发挥化学防治的优势、实现棉蚜可持续治理的关键。本文主要从棉蚜的抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理策略3个方面对近10多年的主要进展进行了综述, 旨在为棉蚜抗药性长效治理和科学施策提供理论依据。     

Evolving understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance

A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同胁迫预处理对梭梭幼苗抗旱性和抗冷性的影响

梭梭幼苗低温预处理（５－７℃）４８小时后，转至干旱环境中，其抗旱性比未处理的高。１。３２Ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ溶液预处理２４小时后，亦提高了梭梭幼苗的抗旱性，干旱预处理１２小时后再转入低温环境，抗冷性也有所提高，这说明梭梭幼苗具有交叉适应能力。