Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada. III—1971

Foods, representing an average Canadian diet, were cooked, grouped by type of product and made into composites which were then analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and arsenic. The amounts found were at a consistently low level and would contribute approx. 22 μg total pesticide residues and 25 μg arsenic/person/day.     

Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada

A total diet, representative of a Canadian's daily food intake was formulated, grouped by types of food, and prepared as for eating. Analysis of these composites for residues showed eleven organochlorine but no organophosphorus pesticides. Residues were low and would yield an average total daily intake of 24μg/person/day. The level of arsenic was determined on one-quarter of the samples and was found to be consistently below 0.1 ppm.     

Pesticide residue concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1971--urban soils monitoring program.

Soil samples from five metropolitan areas including Baltimore, Maryland; Gadsden, Alabama; Hartford, Connecticut; Macon, Georgia; and Newport News, Virginia were analyzed for elemental arsenic, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A representative number of samples were analyzed for organophosphorus pesticides, but none was detected. All areas exhibited heavy soil concentrations of organochlorine pesticides including sigma DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, photodieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, endrin ketone, and endosulfan sulfate. PCBs were detected in three of the five metropolitan areas. Within the metropolitan areas, samples from the urban, or core city, locations generally had higher pesticide concentrations than did samples from suburban locations. Finally, pesticide residue concentrations were generally higher in soils of metropolitan areas than in nearby agricultural soils.     

全自动在线顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用检测水样中24种常见农药

为提高环境水体中微量农药检测方法的效率和灵敏度,建立了全自动在线顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)检测水中24种常见农药的方法,考察了萃取针涂层材料、最佳萃取温度、萃取时间和解吸时间对萃取效果的影响,优化了固相微萃取基质中离子浓度等条件。结果显示：24种目标农药的浓度-响应线性关系良好,决定系数(R2)均大于0.995 0,方法检出限(LOD)为0.25～5.0μg/L,定量限(LOQ)为0.5～10μg/L,回收率为86%～117%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于18%。本方法适用于水样中微量有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、有机氯及菊酯等类型常见农药的快速定性定量检测,具有便捷高效、灵敏度高等优点,可用于环境水体中农药投毒案件物证的检验鉴定。     

化学发光酶联免疫分析法同时检测3种有机磷农药残留

利用能同时识别对硫磷、甲基对硫磷和杀螟硫磷的宽谱特异性单克隆抗体,建立了同时测定这3种有机磷农药残留的化学发光酶联免疫分析方法（chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay,CLEIA）,比较了间接竞争（ic-CLEIA）和直接竞争（dc-CLEIA）2种反应模式,优化了相关理化参数,确立了最适反应条件。结果表明:间接竞争CLEIA法检测对硫磷、甲基对硫磷和杀螟硫磷的抑制中浓度（IC₅₀）分别为5.57、2.30和2.62 μg/kg,检测线性范围分别为0.39~100、0.39~25和0.39~25 μg/kg;直接竞争CLEIA法检测对硫磷、甲基对硫磷和杀螟硫磷的抑制中浓度（IC₅₀）分别为5.43、1.34和1.24 μg/kg,检测线性范围分别为0.39~100、0.10~25和0.10~25 μg/kg。所建立的CLEIA方法基本能满足对硫磷、甲基对硫磷和杀螟硫磷在谷物和果蔬中最大残留限量的检测要求,为研制有机磷农药多残留检测试剂盒提供了技术依据。     

白腐真菌降解农药研究进展

白腐真菌是一类腐生的丝状真菌，其分泌的非特异性胞外氧化酶可以降解多种结构不同、毒性较高且难以降解的有机农药。本研究总结了白腐真菌对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯和拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解效果，并对部分农药的降解途径研究进展进行了综述，分析了白腐真菌降解农药的影响因素，同时对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada. IV. 1972 and 1973

Foods, representing an average Canadian diet, were prepared for eating, made into homogenised composites, each containing one type of produce, and analysed for pesticide residues and arsenic. The amounts found were at a consistently low level which could contribute approximately 20 μg total pesticide residues and 35 μg arsenic/person/day.     

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain; organochlorine pesticides,organophosphorus pesticides and fumigant residues in home-produced and imported wheat

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, fumigants and bromide were determined in home-produced and imported wheat during the period October 1978 to April 1979. A total of 281 samples was analysed of which 133 contained low levels of carbon tetrachloride, 112 contained low levels of gamma-HCH and 26 contained low levels of malathion. One sample contained a residue of carbon tetrachloride, and another a residue of 1,2-dichloroethane, both of which were above the Codex Alimentarius guide-line levels. No other residue approached the proposed Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limits.     

"胃袋式"大体积直接进样分析大米中多种有机磷农药残留

初步研究了"胃袋式"大体积直接进样和质谱选择离子监测技术相结合检测大米中多种有机磷农药残留的方法。考察了无前处理进样时大米基质对14种农药信噪比的影响,结合质谱的选择离子监测技术,建立了其中9种有机磷农药的检测方法。其中7种农药的最低定量限(LOQ)为4.0~10.0 μg/kg,样品添加回收率范围在67%~106%之间,RSD大部分小于20%(n=6)。     

Liquid and Gas Chromatographic Multi-residue Pesticide Determination in Animal Tissues

A liquid chromatography multi-residue method with photometric detection has been developed. The method is applicable to the quantitative determination of organochlorine (tetradifon, dicofol, chlorfenson, chlorobenzilate), organophosphorus (fenitrothion, azinphos-ethyl) and carbamate (pirimicarb) pesticides in animal tissues. The extracted residues are cleaned up by gel-permeation chromatography. A further fractionation on silica Sep-Pack cartridges is included in the procedure. A gas chromatographic method with electron-capture detection for the analysis of the same pesticides was carried out and the results in the two cases compared. Lower detection and quantitation limits and similar recoveries of pesticides from spiked pig liver and brain samples were obtained by the LC method. © 1997 SCI.     

我国小麦中农药残留及代谢研究进展

为全面了解小麦中农药残留量水平及代谢状况,合理评价小麦及其产品的质量安全和品质,综述了小麦中常用农药残留、代谢的研究现状及综合治理策略。有机磷类、有机氯类及其他一些常用农药在小麦及其产品中的残留水平较低,均未超过国家相关最大残留限量(MRL)标准;目前针对具有典型代谢产物的农药在小麦体内残留、代谢及转化规律的系统研究很少。提出了应进一步加强立法、建立高效的综合防治体系、继续实施小麦生产过程中农药残留监控、加强小麦流通领域的监督抽查力度等农药残留的综合治理策略,可为农药在小麦上的安全合理使用、提高小麦及其产品的质量安全及品质提供参考。     

Pesticides and Wildlife: Retrospect and Prospect

The effects are described of organochlorine insecticides on two indigenous British species of wildlife: the peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus Tunstall) and the small tortoiseshell butterfly ( Aglais urticae [L.]). Four conclusions are drawn about the effects of pesticides on wildlife, which are then used to consider the possible risks from organophosphorus insecticides.     

A multiresidue analytical method for determining organochlorine,organophosphorus, dinitrophenyl and carbamate pesticides in apples

A multiresidue analytical method for the simultaneous extraction of organochlorine, organophosphorus, dinitrophenyl and carbamate pesticides from apples is presented. Extraction is performed with a mixture of toluene and hexane. After clean-up on a Florisil column, and in some cases conversion to derivatives, quantitative determination is performed by electron-capture gas chromatography. Qualitative verification is performed by thin-layer chromatography or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.     

Surveys of sheep dipping in Britain

Surveys of sheep dipping and spraying during 1965–66 showed that, after the end of 1965, the use of organochlorine formulations decreased greatly, and the use of organophosphorus formulations and formulations containing both organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds increased. The ways in which toxic residues were disposed of, and the hazards, are summarised.     

采用纳米修饰双酶电极生物传感器检测有机膦与氨基甲酸酯类农药

同时固定乙酸胆碱酯酶(AChE)及胆碱氧化酶(ChOx)于组装在丝网印刷电极表面的Fe3O4/Au纳米复合微粒上,构建了一类新颖的快速测定有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的双酶传感器(AChE-ChOx/Fe3O4/Au SPCEs)。该双酶传感器电流响应在乙酸胆碱浓度为0.5 ~12.5 mmol/L之间呈良好线性关系(R2=0.998)。其对克百威(氨基甲酸酯类农药)和敌敌畏(有机磷类农药)的检测范围在0.05 ~1.00 μg/mL之间均呈良好线性关系(R2＝0.977),检测下限均可达0.01 μg/mL。应用于实际样品白菜的添加回收率在95％ ~110％之间,与传统的生化法相比具有良好相关性。此外该传感器成本低、制备容易、可抛弃,有望用于氨基甲酸酯和有机磷类农药的现场大规模筛测。     

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain. Pesticide residues in raspberries and strawberries

Over the period 1968/70 147 samples of raspberries and 124 samples of strawberries were analysed for organochlorine insecticide residues. DDT was found in 30% of the samples but only one sample contained as much as 1.4 parts/million. No residues were detected in the raspberries during the last year of the survey which coincided with the discontinued use of DDT on this crop. 184 of the above samples were also analysed for residues of organophosphorus insecticides and the fungicide dichlofluanid. Malathion was found in one sample of raspberries. Approximately 40% of the strawberries contained detectable amounts of dichlofluanid and its metabolite with combined residues ranging from 0.1 to 7.5 parts/million. Only two samples of raspberries contained residues of either dichlofluanid or its metabolite. It is considered that the residues of these various pesticides should not present a hazard to consumers.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水-沉积物系统中39种农药残留

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)同时测定水体和沉积物中39种农药残留的检测方法。水体样品由乙酸乙酯萃取,无水硫酸钠干燥;沉积物样品经乙腈超声提取,采用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)净化,选择离子监测模式(SIM)进行检测,外标法定量。结果表明：39种农药在10～1 000μg/L范围内线性关系良好,决定系数(R2)均大于0.995 0。空白水样在0.25、0.5、5.0μg/L 3个添加水平下的平均回收率在72%～111%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)在1.1%～10%之间,检出限(LOD)为0.02～0.06μg/L,定量限(LOQ)为0.04～0.18μg/L;空白沉积物在5.0、20.0、100.0μg/kg 3个添加水平下的回收率在65%～119%之间,RSD (n=5)在2.1%～12%之间,LOD为0.7～1.5μg/kg,LOQ为2.1～4.3μg/kg。该方法灵敏、准确,结果可靠,可满足水体和沉积物中39种目标农药的残留分析要求。     

高毒有机磷农药慢性危害评估方法研究

为探索高毒有机磷农药残留对人群慢性危害的评估方法,本文以江苏省甲胺磷、甲拌磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷以及氧乐果在蔬菜中残留的实测数据和文献中相关参数为基础资料,采用饮食暴露模型(DEEM)估算江苏省人群对蔬菜中这5种有机磷农药残留的暴露水平,分别采用参考剂量百分比、暴露边缘以及日允许摄入量百分比3种评估方法从不同角度对其慢性危害进行分析。危害分析结果表明:江苏省人群对蔬菜中这5种有机磷农药的暴露水平目前仍属于安全范围。3种评估方法同时对慢性危害进行评估,可以避免遗漏高风险农药,同时量化农药的慢性危害。     

微波辅助萃取技术在农药残留分析中的应用

本文综述了近年来国内外微波辅助萃取技术在有机磷、有机氯及其他农药残留分析中的应用。     

Evaluation of pesticide effects on humoral response to sheep erythrocytes and mouse hepatitis virus 3 by immunosorbent analysis

Effect of selected organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate pesticides on the humoral immune IgM response was examined upon immunization of inbred C57B1/6 mice with neutral, polyvalent, T-dependent sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and T-independent lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, a pathogenic antigen, mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV3) was used for determination for the interaction of selected pesticides on the primary IgG immune response in a model of viral infection, of the genetically resistant A/J mouse strain. Single, sublethal doses of dieldrin, carbofuran, and matacil induced a marked immunosuppression of the humoral responses to both neutral and pathogenic antigens. The data showed that single, sublethal doses (0.4 ≤ LD₅₀ ≤ 0.6) of dieldrin, carbofuran, and matacil inhibited the number of SRBC-primed cells without any direct cytotoxic effect on the activated plasmocyte, as the titer of specific antibody measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) per activated cell, was constant. In contrast, exposure to malathion at 10–14 days prior to the assay increased the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) and the anti-SRBC IgM and anti-MHV3 IgG antibody titer, suggesting therefore an increase in the humoral response to neutral and pathogenic antigens in C57B1/6 and A/J mice. Immunomodulation of the humoral IgM response by selected pesticides was shown to take place at a stage prior to antibody secretion from the activated cell, as the ELISA/PFC index was similar to the control value. The data obtained for dieldrin-induced inhibition of the humoral response to SRBC and LPS antigens suggest a mechanism of immunosuppression common for both T-dependent and T-independent antigens. Good correlations were obtained for the immunomodulatory effects of selected pesticides, as measured by PFC and ELISA, which encourages support for the latter technique in the immunotoxicological screening of pesticides.