模拟动物胆囊研制与利用技术研究

对２０头黄牛通过手术方法将模拟动物胆囊植入牛腹腔内，术后３个月在模拟动物胆囊内形成培植牛黄９．５５±２．８１ｇ，经模拟动物胆囊引流胆汁３８．７２±１９．４０Ｌ。对２０个培植牛黄样品成分含量测定，胆红素为２８．７２±８．８４％，胆酸为１０．０３±２．７６％。培植牛黄电镜扫描呈蜂窝状结构；培植牛黄石腊切片后进行ＰＡＳ、Ａｌｃｉａｎ蓝－ＰＡＳ、ＡｌｉｚａｒｉｎｒｅｄＳ钙染色，证明培植牛黄的基质为中性粘多糖和少重酸性粘多糖构成。对模拟动物胆囊内胆汁成分含量测定表明，胆酸含量始终较术前明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），粘蛋白含量较术前升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。培植牛黄的药理作用和急性毒性和天然牛黄相似。模拟胆囊内含菌量增加，达１．７亿个／ｍ１，主要为大肠杆菌。     

黄牛植黄期间胆道压力与胆汁粘度的关系

28头黄牛施以双胆囊植黄术，即在胆囊内的牛黄床和腹腔内的模拟胆囊内同时培植牛黄。植黄期间，测定了胆囊和模拟胆囊内的压力及胆汁粘度，胆囊和模拟胆囊内的压力差△P与胆汁粘度η的回归方程为：△P＝－0．127＋0．498η。     

人工培植羊黄的研究

对70头山羊、50头绵羊和5头奶山羊进行了人工培植羊黄研究。在植黄后一年,对42头山羊,10头绵羊和1头奶山羊取黄,在羊的胆囊内形成了羊黄。对11个羊黄样品进行了胆色素、总胆固醇和总胆酸等项目测定,结果表明与天然牛黄主要成分相同,但含量有所不同。对5个羊黄样品进行了超微结构观察,结果与天然牛黄一致。 对人工培植羊黄羊的胆囊胆汁进行了测定,β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶活性(以下简称β-G酶活性)和粘蛋白含量明显升高。因接种的大肠杆菌血清型不同,β-G酶活性也呈现不同程度的变化。对培植羊黄羊的胆囊进行了组织学检查,胆囊壁粘膜上皮柱细胞间的杯状细胞及固有膜中的粘液腺大量增生,是胆汁中多糖粘蛋白增高的组织学基础。 对培植羊黄进行了药理学试验,其结果与天然牛黄完全一样。     

人工培黄期间绵羊胆汁部分活性成分的动态变化

本试验选用健康绵羊１１只，采用人工置核、注射不同菌型Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ等模拟措施，并通过对施术动物不同时间引流胆汁的理化指标及胆囊病理组织学变化进行的检测和观察，探讨人工培黄技术中有关模拟措施对胆囊内环境的影响及该环境的改变与牛黄形成的相关关系。实验发现，在培黄期间胆汁ｐＨ、粘度升高，胆固醇含量升高，而胆汁酸含量下降；同时施术动物胆囊表现为程度不等的粘膜上皮变性、脱落，粘膜下腺体增生或腺上皮变性、毁坏。结果表明，植入适宜的载体是形成牛黄的基础，注入Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ造成胆囊适度感染在人工培黄中必不可少，而培黄动物胆囊壁固有层内腺体的增生及炎症反应是胆汁内粘蛋白增多、胆汁粘度升高的组织学基础。     

牛体外牛黄发生器内培植牛黄技术研究

利用48头健康黄牛同时施行胆总管结扎术、胆囊插管术、十二指肠插管术和体外安装牛黄发生器，将原胆汁流通径路改建为肝脏→胆管→胆囊→引胆汁管→牛黄发生器→十二指肠，在体外牛黄发生器内和胆囊内同时培植牛黄。结果表明，植黄牛胆汁pH值降低，胆酸含量下降，牛黄发生器内胆汁粘度低于胆囊内胆汁粘度。胆囊内注入新洁尔灭，可减少胆汁中细菌数量，减轻胆囊炎症反应。全棉材料牛黄床的牛黄产量高于锦纶66和涤纶材料牛黄床，以网眼状全腔充盈型牛黄床的牛黄产量高、质量好。在5～7个月的培植期内，每头牛能生产牛黄14.1～19．6g，牛黄胆红素含量为29.05％±7．51％。     

不同大肠杆菌菌株的β──葡萄糖醛酸酶活性及对培植牛黄产量与胆红素含量的影响（摘要）

将ＥＣＯ１、ＥＣＯ２、ＥＣＯ３、ＥＣＯ４不同血清型大肠杆菌菌株接种于牛体胆囊培植牛黄，测定接种前后胆汁中β──葡萄糖醛酸酶（β—Ｇ酶）活性及培植一年后牛黄产量及胆红素含量。结果表明：ＥＣＯ１菌株、ＥＣＯ２菌株的β─Ｇ酶活性、牛黄胆红素含量比ＥＣＯ３菌株、ＥＣＯ４菌株明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），但牛黄产量明显偏低（Ｐ＜０．０１）：ＥＣＯ４菌株的β─Ｇ酶活性、牛黄胆红素含量比ＥＣＯ３菌株明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），但牛黄产量相近（Ｐ＞０．０５）。综合判断：ＥＣＯ４菌株是培植牛黄的优良菌株。     

两种不同手术方法对培植牛黄产量的影响

两种不同手术方法对培植牛黄产量的影响罗炳泰，潘淑英（新疆塔里木农垦大学动物科学系，阿拉尔８４３３００）牛黄是名贵中药，７０年代末期我国首次在牛胆囊内培植牛黄试验获得成功，８０年代中后期我国广泛开展牛体胆囊内培植牛黄实验与推广。１９９２年福建植黄手术队...     

植黄菌种与胆汁及其沉淀物中胆红素关系的研究

本实验通过体外插管抽取牛双胆囊培植牛黄期间的模拟胆囊内胆汁，测定六种植黄菌种与胆红素含量的关系。结果表明：无菌种胆汁中游离胆红素为0．12±0．05mg／dl，实验组明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）；对照组胆汁沉淀物中胆红素含量为3．07±0．14％，实验组明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。     

人工培植牛黄手术的具体过程

1牛活体胆囊内培植牛黄手术凡1.5岁以上的健康牛,不论性别、品种、用途均可用于植黄。术前24～36小时禁饲,8～12小时禁止饮水。牛黄床是由低密度聚乙烯塑料热压注塑而成,外包1层低密度织纱的棉布,底部系有牛黄床固定线。用福尔马林熏蒸消毒,生理盐水冲洗后使用,或用钴辐射消毒后直接使用。牛黄菌种是在肉汤培养基中用梯度胆汁培养法培养的非致病性耐牛胆汁大肠杆菌,含菌量为每毫升50亿个以上,每头牛胆囊内接种10～15毫升。     

奶牛产后气血两虚证的生化和血液流变特性研究

通过对产后气血两虚证奶牛的生化和血液流变主要指标的测定，证实气血两虚证病畜ＳＯＤ酶，淀粉酶活性，血浆总蛋白，白蛋白，球蛋白含量显著低于健康产后奶牛（Ｐ〈０．０１或Ｐ〈０．０５），全血比粘度，红细胞压积及血红蛋白亦显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１或Ｐ〈０．０５），反映气血两虚证存在着体质降低，消化功能下降，血液粘度降低及红细胞总数减少的特点，可可作为临床气两虚证的实验依据，也是中药防治母畜产后气血两虚证的理论     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -