笼养乌骨鸡人工授精技术的研究

我们于１９９６年４￣６月对笼养１０￣１２月龄种用乌骨鸡进行人工授精技术研究。其结果：乌骨鸡精液颜色为乳白色，射精量为０．４９±０．２３８ｍｌ；精子密度２０．３±１０．８４×１０＾８／ｍｌ；精子的畸形率（５．７９±１．６４）％。乌鸡骨精子形态与家鸽同，精子总长度为（８０．５９±３．９４）μｍ，头为弯园柱状，直径０．５μｍ，头长约８μｍ，精子头部前端为顶林，长约２μｍ，尾部（中、主、末段）长７１±２．     

使用简易捕鸡钩可提高鸡的防疫工作效率

笔者在湟中实习期间，曾见有防疫员对鸡进行疫苗注射时，用简易捕鸡钩捕鸡。后在基层工作期间，将该法推荐给部分防疫员使用。确实能节省人力和时间，从而提高了防疫员的工作效率。现介绍如下。１　　制做方法１．１　　材料　　用直径约０．２５～０．４ｃｍ左右（规格为７号或８号）铁丝１．５ｍ左右。１．２　　制做方法　　将铁丝取直，然后在铁丝一端用手钳做一长约４ｃｍ，内径宽约１．０～１．３ｃｍ的“ｕ”状钩（总之，内径宽窄以能容纳鸡的小腿而不宜脱落为宜），再在另一端用手钳弯曲做一手柄即可使用。２　　使用方法在较宽敞的…     

双波长光度法测定饲料中钙

本文提出了饲料中钙的测定的新方法，试验表明，在ｐＨ１０．５～１１．５的氨－氯化铵缓冲介质中，钙与三溴偶氮胂形成稳定的紫色配合物，在波长６０５ｎｍ处有最大吸收，表现摩尔吸光系数ε＿（６０５）＝２．３×１０￣４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）·ｃｍ￣（－１），检测的线性范围为５～６５μｇ／５０ｍｌ。进一步利用双波长光度法可使方法灵敏度提高到ε＿（４９０～６０５）＝３．５×１０￣４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）·ｃｍ￣（－１）。本方法用于饲料样品的测定，结果与国家标准法相符，并明显优于ＥＤＴＡ配位滴定法。     

电导率测定对猪肉新鲜度的判定

通过对电导率的测定，得出猪肉新鲜度与其电导率值呈正相关。结果表明·电导率小于０．５×１０￣３μ－１即为新鲜肉；电导率为０．５×１０￣３μ－０．７×１０￣３μ￣（－１）为次鲜肉；电导率大于０．７×１０￣３μ￣（－１）为腐败肉。     

畜舍气溶胶颗粒直径的空气动力学研究

采用６级ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ－微生物空气样品收集器对一个犊牛舍内外环境空气进行了收集、测量、根据生物气溶胶颗粒在收集器不同级层上的分布，得知舍内外５０％￣６０％的需氧菌、厌氧菌气溶胶颗粒的空气动力学直径大于５μｍ如此大小的颗粒可到达气管和有支气管：而有７．２％￣１５．４％的气溶胶颗粒空气动力学直径在０．６５￣２．１μｍ之间，它们能进入人，畜肺泡。     

动物甲状腺必须彻底摘除

甲状腺中毒事件时有发生，在实施动物胴体检疫时，必须彻底摘除甲状腺。 甲状腺是动物的内分泌腺体，位于喉后方，气管的腹侧面。各种家畜甲状腺的形状不同，猪甲状腺的侧叶和腺峡结合为一整体，呈深红色，位于胸前口处气管的腹侧面，长约 ４～４．５ ｃｍ，宽约２～２．５ ｃｍ，厚约 １～１．５ ｃｍ；牛甲状腺颜色较浅，呈不规则三角形，长约６～７ｃｍ，宽约５～６ｃｍ，厚约１．５ｃｍ；马的甲状腺呈卵园形，红褐色，长约３．４～４ｃｍ，宽约２．５ｃｍ，厚约１．５ｃｍ。 资料表明，人吃进最少１，８ｇ甲状腺，即可引起中毒，而１．…     

公羊绳勒去势术

公羊绳勒去势术赵光前（四川省红原县兽医防疫站，６２４４００）取１根直径约０．５ｃｍ，长７０ｃｍ的绳索（以棉麻等绳为好，皮绳为最好），绳的两端各栓１根直径约５ｃｍ，长２５ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ的木棒。被去势公羊取侧卧保定。助手蹲在公羊的背侧，用两手握牢睾丸，将...     

螺旋藻在动物生产中的应用

１螺旋藻的形态学和生物学特性 螺旋藻（ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａ）是一类低等植物，属于蓝藻门，颤藻科。它们与细菌一样，细胞内没有真正的细胞核。目前发现的螺旋藻约有３５种，其中研究较多并已实行工业化生产的主要是钝顶螺旋藻（ｓ．ｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）和极大螺旋藻（ｓ．ｍａｘｉｍａ）。光学显微镜下，未染色体活体一般呈鲜绿色，成卷曲弹簧的丝状体（图１、２），高倍显微镜下可看到螺旋藻是由多个柱状细胞串联而呈丝状（图３），其体型大小因地区不同而有差异：细胞直径可由３．５－１１μｍ，螺宽在２０－１００μｍ之间变化。 螺旋…     

西藏赘犬精子的超微结构观察

应用透射电镜技术，对冷冻复温后西藏赘犬精了的超微结构进行了观察。结果表明，西藏赘犬精子头部呈卵圆形，长约４．６２μｍ，宽约３．１３μｍ，厚约０．６６μｍ颈部和尾部横切近圆形，颈部很短，长约０．８８μｍ，直径为０．６３μｍ，尾部中段长约７．９μｍ，直径约０．８３μｍ轴丝为９＋２型；线粒体螺旋４２－４９转，中段与主段套管式连接，终段轴丝为９×２＋２形式，同时，冷冻对一些精子细胞膜和顶体造成损害，表现为     

巨型艾美耳球虫纯种鉴定和致病性研究

采用单卵囊感染技术，从鸡球虫混合种中分离出一个纯种球虫，经鉴定为巨型艾美耳球虫（ＥｉｍｅｒｉａＭａｘｉｍａＴｙｚｚｅｒ，１９２９）。该种球虫卵囊为卵圆形，测２４０个的大小范围为２１．２５～３６．２５×１７．５～３０．０μｍ，平均为２８．８１±３．０７×２２．９８±２．７７μｍ，形状指数１．２５。卵囊内有一颗折光性极粒，位于窄端，无外残体。测１２０个孢子囊的大小范围为１５．５～１８．５×７．５～１０．０μｍ，平均为１７．３５±０．６６×８．７４±０．５１μｍ。最短孢子化时间为３０小时，潜伏期１４２小时。用此卵囊对鸡作致病性试验，挑选６０羽１３日龄伊莎（ＩＳＡ）公鸡分为１个不感染组和４个感染组，每羽口服感染１万、５万、１０万或２０万个孢子化卵囊。结果所有感染组与不感染组的平均增重差异达到显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）水平，整个试验仅在２０万个的感染组出现１６．７％的死亡率，各感染组的肠道病变记分分别为１．３３、１．８３、２．４２和３．０８。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in