安来霉素在小猪料中饲用效果试验

安来霉素在小猪料中饲用效果试验许英灼，潘穗华，周玉岩，张盛勋，夏启光安来霉素（Ｅｎｒａｍｙｃｉｎ）是一种多肽类抗生素添加剂，它对革兰氏阳性菌特别是动物肠内的梭菌（Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍ）有强的抑制作用，且在动物体内无残留，不易产生耐药性，在国外被广泛...     

鸵鸟支原体病的诊治

１９９６年１２月某鸵鸟养殖场鸟群中发生以咳嗽、呼吸困难、气管罗音等呼吸道症状和腿部病变运动障碍为主的疾病．易感鸟龄为５～１２周龄，发病率２８．４％（２３／８１），病死率８．７％（２／２３），淘汰率３．７％（３／８１）。经流行病学、临床症状、病理解剖和血清学试验分析，确诊为支原体病（Ａｖｉａｎｍｙｃｏｐｌａｓｍｏｓｉｓ）。通过药物治疗试验证明，壮观霉素（ＵＮＩＳＰＥＣＴ）、百病消（Ｂａｙｔｒｉｌ）、强力米先（ＵＮＩＭＹＣＩＮ）、红霉素（Ｅｒｙｔｒｏｍｙｃｉｎ）和泰乐菌素（Ｔｙｌｏｓｉｎ）等药物治疗有效。     

绿脓杆菌外毒素A recA基因的融合及融合蛋白的表达

将绿脓杆菌ｒｅｃＡ基因克隆到ｐＵＣ１８中，构建了中间载体ｐＵＣＲ１８；然后以正确的向位及阅读框架将ｒｅｃＡ基因亚克隆到毒性基因缺失的绿脓杆菌外毒素Ａ（ＰＥＡ）基因中，构建了ＰＥＡ－ｒｅｃＡ融合基因质粒ｐＥＲＡ；融合基因经ＢａｍＨＩ及ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切，以正确阅读框架插入带有Ｔ７表达启动子的质粒ｐＥＴ－１７ｂ，构建了可表达ＰＥＡ－ｒｅｃＡ融合基因的质粒ｐＥＲＡ－１７ｂ。经酶切分析及ＰＣＲ扩增检测证明，绿脓杆菌ｒｅｃＡ已插入ＰＥＡ毒性基因中。ｐＥＲＡ－１７ｂ转化到ＤＥ３溶原态大肠杆菌ＨＭＳ１７４中，经ＩＰＴＧ诱导，表达了ＰＥＡ－ＲｅｃＡ蛋白。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和凝胶薄层扫描ＰＥＡ－ＲｅｃＡ蛋白，表明ＰＥＡ－ＲｅｃＡ的分子量约为９００００，与理论推算相符，表达率占菌体总蛋白量３．４２９％，用ＰＥＡ抗血清和抗ＲｅｃＡ单克隆抗体作免疫印迹分析，ＰＥＡ－ＲｅｃＡ与它们都有免疫学反应     

2001年APEC会议的主题 新世纪、新挑战:参与、合作、促进共同繁荣

１．什么是ＡＰＥＣ？ＡＰＥＣ是亚太经济合作组织的英文简称，其英文全称是ＡｓｉａＰａｃｉｆｉｃＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＣｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ。２．何时成立？１９８９年１１月，首届亚太地区部长级会议在澳大利亚首都堪培拉举行，亚太地区１２个国家的外交、经贸部长参加了会议，ＡＰＥＣ由此诞生。３．都有哪些成员？中国何时加入？ＡＰＥＣ创始国有１２个，即澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、新西兰、日本、韩国、菲律宾、马来西亚、新加坡、文莱、泰国和印度尼西亚。１９９１年１１月，经与ＡＰＥＣ反复磋商，在＂一个中国＂原则和区别主权和国…     

利用ACGM和EST-SSR标记对云贵高原野生山蚂蝗属种质的遗传多样性分析

山蚂蝗属野生种质是一个具有巨大经济价值的资源。本研究利用基于基因表达序列数据库开发的２种分子标记ＡＣＧＭ 和ＥＳＴ ＳＳＲ 共８５对引物对山蚂蝗属９个种４６个野生种质资源进行多样性分析。结果显示,ＡＣＧＭ引物中有扩增产物的引物比例为８６．４９％,远高于ＥＳＴ ＳＳＲ 引物的５４．１７％。同时,ＡＣＧＭ 的多态性比率也大于ＥＳＴ-ＳＳＲ,可见ＡＣＧＭ 在山蚂蝗属野生种质中的转移性优于ＥＳＴ-ＳＳＲ。通过ＡＣＧＭ 和ＥＳＴ ＳＳＲ 分析得到的遗传相似性系数为０．５２３～０．９６７,平均相似系数为０．７０３,这表明山蚂蝗属野生种质资源间存在较高的遗传多样性。此外,ＡＣＧＭ 分析能有效区分４６ 个山蚂蝗属种质基因型,而ＥＳＴ-ＳＳＲ 只能区分绝大多数山蚂蝗属基因型。在ＵＰＧＭＡ 聚类图上４６个供试材料被分成９组,与传统分类结果不完全一致。说明基于禾本科和豆科基因表达序列开发的分子标记能用于山蚂蝗属植物的遗传分析,同时这也为其他野生种质资源的遗传多样性研究提供了有益的借鉴。     

首乌蜜精营养素分析研究

定量分析首乌蜜精所含的氨基酸、粗蛋白、还原糖、蔗糖，Ｖｃ、ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２、ＶＥ、ＶＤ、ＶＡ、灰份和矿物质。结果表明，首乌蜜精含有１６种氨基酸，其总含量为２９８．１９ｍｇ／１００ｍ１；粗蛋白含量为３６６．００ｍｇ／１００ｍ１；还原糖、蔗糖、灰份含量为５５．９７％、８．５９％、０．２２％；Ｖｃ、ＶＢ１ＶＢ２、ＶＥ、ＶＤ、ＶＡ含量（每１００ｍｌ）分别为０．０６ｍｇ、１７．４６ｍｇ、０．２１ｍｇ、２．３５ｍｇ、４１．０６μｇ、１８，６２μｇ；含有民民Ｚｎ、Ｃｏ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｎａ、Ａｌ、Ｃａ、Ｃｕ、Ｓｒ’Ｔｉ、Ｋ１４种矿物质，其总含量为１１４７．７５ｍｇ／Ｌ，不含对人体有害的矿物质。首乌蜜精所含的各种营养素是其多种食疗保健作用的物质基础。     

塞北兔被毛颜色遗传规律的研究

通过纯繁和测交的方法，分析了塞北兔３种不同被毛颜色的遗传规律，并推断出其基因型：野兔色为ＡＡＢＢＣＣＥＥ和ＡＡＢｂＣＣＥＥ；红色为ＡＡＢＢＣＣｅ；白色为ＡＡＢＢｃｃＥＥ。     

间接法Dot—ELISA检测鸡减蛋综合症抗体的建立及应用研究

应用ＳｅｐｈａｄｃｘＧ－２００层析法纯化鸡减蛋综合症病毒，利用ＮＣ膜作为载体，成功建立了检测ＥＤＳ－７６血请抗体的斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）。抗原包被浓度为２μｇ／ｍｌ，被检血清浓度为１：２０，酶标兔抗鸡１ｇＧ浓度为１：２００．底物溶液最适ｐＨ值为７．２。对Ａ－Ｆ６个养禽场随机抽检血清１６０份，分别用Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ、ＨＩ和ＡＧＰ检测，Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检出阳性率为５１．９％，ＨＩ检出阳性率为４６．９％，ＡＧＰ检出阳性率为３１．９％。对１４０日龄鸡人工感染试验，测定抗体消长规律。本方法不需特殊仪器。适用于基层兽医部门和养鸡场对ＥＤＳ－７６的血清学诊断和流行病学调查。     

新城疫病毒融合蛋白裂解位点基因的分离克隆及在原核细胞中的表达

用ＳＰＦ鸡胚繁殖新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）Ｆ４６Ｅ９株（强毒）、ＬａＳｏｔａＥ４株（弱毒），对病毒进行纯化，抽提ＲＮＡ。用１对均为２７个碱基的引物进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ，扩增出了２个毒株的融合蛋白裂解位点（Ｆｃ）基因。将Ｆｃ基因定向克隆入ｐＵＣ１８的ＥｃｏＲＩ和ＳａｌⅠ位点之间，获得２个毒株Ｆｃ基因克隆ｐＵＣＦ４６Ｆｃ和ｐＵＣＬａＦｃ，用ＥｃｏＲＩ／ＳａｌⅠ双酶切法、ＰｓｔⅠ单酶切法、ＰＣＲ法和核酸探针法对其进行了鉴定。将鉴定好的ＬａＳｏｔａＥ４Ｆｃ基因定向导入表达载体质粒ｐＢＶ２２１，获得重组子ｐＢＶＬａＦｃ。ＰＣＲ和内切酶酶切法鉴定表明，Ｆｃ插入的位置和方向都正确无误。用Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＤＨ５α通过热诱导法进行了表达。用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ法检测了表达产物。结果表明，有１条能够与ＮＤＶ多抗反应的特异条带，分子量约１５７００，与预期大小一致，说明是Ｆｃ基因的表达产物     

球安等药物抗Eimeria tenella的效力

将１日龄罗曼公雏于无球虫条件下饲养至１３日龄时随机分组,按组分别投予球安９Ａｖａｔｅｃ,含２５％Ｌａｓａｌｏｃｉｄ）１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。球佳（含２％Ｄｉｌａｚｕｒｉｌ）１ｍｇ／ｋｇ,加福（Ｃｙｇｒｏ,含１％Ｍａｄｕｒａｍｙｃｉｎ）５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和球净（Ｎｅｃｏｘｉｎ,含２５％ Ｎ ｉｃａｂａｚｉｎｅ和１．６５ Ｅｔｈｏｐａｂａｔａ）１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ,并设立不给药不感染,不给药感染对照组。     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residue profiles of erythromycin in broiler chickens after different routes of administration

This study investigated the disposition kinetics and plasma availability of erythromycin in broiler chickens after single intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.) and oral administrations (p.o.) of 30 mg kg(-1) b. wt. Tissue residue profiles were also studied after multiple intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral administration of 30 mg kg(-1) b. wt., twice daily for three consecutive days. Plasma and tissue concentrations of erythromycin were determined using microbiological assay methods with Micrococcus luteus as the test organism. Following intravenous injection, plasma concentration-vs-time curves were best described by a two compartment open model. The decline in plasma drug concentration was bi-exponential with half-lives of (t(1/2alpha)) 0.19 h and (t(1/2beta)) 5.3 h for distribution and elimination phases, respectively. After intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administration erythromycin at the same dose was detected in plasma at 10 min and reached its minimum level 8 h post-administration. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) were 5.0, 5.3, and 6.9 microg x ml(-1) and were attained at 1.7, 1.4, and 1.3 h (Tmax), respectively. The elimination half-lives (T(1/2el)) were 3.9, 2.6, and 4.1 h and the mean residence times (MRT) were 3.5, 3.2, and 3.6 h, respectively. The systemic bioavailabilities were 92.5, 68.8, and 109.3%, respectively. In vitro protein binding percent of erythromycin in broiler plasma was ranged from 21 to 31%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the assay was 0.03 microg x ml(-1) in plasma and tissues. The tissue level concentrations were highest in the liver, and decreased in the following order: plasma > kidney > lung > muscle and heart. No erythromycin residues were detected in tissues and plasma after 24 h except in liver and kidney where it persisted during 48 h following intramuscular and oral administrations.     

Pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin and its N-desethyl- and oxo-metabolites in broiler chickens.

Norfloxacin was given to 2 groups of chickens (8 chickens/group) at a dosage of 8 mg/kg of body weight, IV and orally. For 24 hours, plasma concentration was monitored serially after each administration. Another group of chickens (n = 30) was given 8 mg of norfloxacin/kg orally every 24 hours for 4 days, and plasma and tissue concentrations of norfloxacin and its major metabolites desethylenenorfloxacin and oxonorfloxacin were determined serially after the last administration of the drug. Plasma and tissue concentrations of norfloxacin, desethylenenorfloxacin, and oxonorfloxacin were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated, using a 2-compartment open model. For norfloxacin, the elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) and the mean +/- SEM residence time for plasma were 12.8 +/- 0.59 and 15.05 +/- 0.81 hours, respectively, after oral administration and 8.0 +/- 0.3 and 8.71 +/- 0.23 hours, respectively, after IV administration. After single oral administration, norfloxacin was absorbed rapidly, with Tmax of 0.22 +/- 0.02 hour. Maximal plasma concentration was 2.89 +/- 0.20 microgram/ml. Oral bioavailability of norfloxacin was found to be 57.0 +/- 2.4%. In chickens, norfloxacin was mainly converted to desethylenenorfloxacin and oxonorfloxacin. Norfloxacin parent drug and its 2 major metabolites were widely distributed in tissues. Considerable tissue concentrations of norfloxacin, desethylenenorfloxacin, and oxonorfloxacin were found when norfloxacin was administered orally (8 mg/kg on 4 successive days). The concentration of the parent fluoroquinolone in fat, kidneys, and liver was 0.05 micrograms/g on day 12 after the end of dosing.     

乙氧酰胺苯甲酯在鸡组织中残留的检测及消除规律的研究

本研究建立了抗球虫药乙氧酰胺苯甲酯在鸡组织中残留的紫外ＨＰＬＣ检测方法。经过对鸡各种组织肌肉、肝、肾、脂肪添加高、中、低三个浓度,每个浓度５个样品,共测定２批,证明笔者建立的提取条件的回收纺在８０％以上,变异系数在１０％以内。最低标准物检测限为１ｎｇ,最低组织检测为２．５ｎｇ／ｇ。     

磺胺—6—甲氧嘧啶在肉鸡的组织动力学与残留量研究

本文详细研究了肉鸡单剂量口服磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶混悬液后药物的组织动力学特征,并对血药和组织药物浓度进行了回归分析。 组织动力学研究发现:药物按一级速率过程从组织消除,肌、肝、心、肾中达峰时间分别为6.84、4.63、5.32和5.78小时,组织半衰期分别为4.74、9.01、8.02、和9.18小时,给药后约经110.5小时,肾中药残可降至0.1ppm以下,而肌肉仅需70小时。 回归分析表明:当血药降至MIC(50ppm)时,肌、肝、心、肾中药物含量分别为19.95、14.65,24.98和68.56ppm,回归方程的建立为药物组织残留的间接估测提供了简捷的方法。     

达氟沙星脂质体在蛋雏鸡体内的组织动力学及靶向性研究

将260只28日龄试验鸡(体质量215~230 g)随机分成5组:健康对照组20只,甲磺酸达氟沙星溶液静注给药组和内服给药组、甲磺酸达氟沙星脂质体静注给药组和内服给药组,每组60只。以5 mg/kg体质量剂量分别采用静脉注射和内服2种给药途径给予健康蛋雏鸡甲磺酸达氟沙星溶液和脂质体混悬液,于给药后0.167、0.333、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、9、12、24 h各剖杀5只鸡,取血液、肝脏、肾脏、肺脏和肌肉样品。采用反相HPLC色谱内标法测定各组织中达氟沙星浓度。应用MCPKP分析软件处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据,比较2种剂型的组织药动学参数。结果显示,与溶液组相比,甲磺酸达氟沙星脂质体组肝脏、肺脏中的药物分布明显提高,肾脏中的分布降低;通过相对摄取率、靶向效率和峰浓度比3个靶向指标的对比,脂质体组明显提高了肺部靶向性,且在肺部有一定的缓释作用。     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion of florfenicol in Leghorn and Taiwan Native chickens

Chang, S. K., Davis, J. L., Cheng, C. N., Shien, R. H., Hsieh, M. K., Koh, B. W., Chou, C. C. Pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion of florfenicol in Leghorn and Taiwan Native chickens. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 471–479. Florfenicol (Ff) is a synthetic antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum and high therapeutic effectiveness that was specifically developed for veterinary use. In the present study, tissue residual levels and the pharmacokinetics of Ff after oral administration of 30 mg/kg to Leghorn and Taiwan Native chicken were studied. Furthermore, differential pharmacokinetics between leg and breast muscles were compared using samples collected from an optimized microdialysis model designed for avian species. Significant differences in C_max were detected between the plasma and muscle microdialysates, and between the breast and leg microdialysates of the Leghorn chickens by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. After a single oral dose of Ff at 30 mg/kg, the drug was quickly absorbed and widely distributed with tissue penetration factors significantly different between leg and breast muscles. The serum protein binding of Ff was estimated to be 16.8 ± 1.2%. Significant breed differences in tissue depletion were noted and characterized by higher Ff concentration in the brain, lung, kidney and at least 12 h longer resident times in kidney, heart and spleen for Taiwan Native chicken. Results from this investigation demonstrate the practicality of using in vivo microdialysis in chickens for pharmacokinetic studies and reveal significant time‐dependent differences in the free concentrations of Ff in leg and breast muscles. The tissue depletion study signified breed differences in tissue residue concentration and detection times between Leghorn and Taiwan Native chickens. Therefore, currently used withdrawal times for Ff in chickens can not be assumed safe for Taiwan Native chickens.     

Determination of residues of pyrethroid and organophosphorous ectoparasiticides in foods of animal origin

Analytical methods were introduced for the determination of residues of ectoparasiticides containing pyrethroid and organophosphate active ingredients in foods. Milk and edible tissues of cows treated with three experimental ectoparasiticides (containing cypermethrin + diazinon, deltamethrin + diazinon and alphamethrin + diazinon, respectively) were assayed for the presence of active ingredient residues. Synthetic pyrethroid residues were not detected in any of the samples processed. Diazinon residues could only be detected in milk samples taken on the first day after treatment (0.005-0.025 mg/kg) and in liver and fat tissue samples taken on the day of slaughtering (0.12 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively). Permethrin and propetamphos residues were determined in the skin, meat and liver of chickens kept on 'Blotic-B' treated litter and in eggs collected at different times after the treatment of layer houses. Permethrin residues could not be detected in any of the samples (< 0.01 mg/kg). Meat and fat tissues of chickens slaughtered on the day after treatment contained small amounts of propetamphos (0.003 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively). In the case of chickens kept on the treated litter and slaughtered after one week, active ingredient was not detected in meat, but 0.006 mg/kg propetamphos was present in the fat. The residue content of other samples (liver, egg) was below the detection limit of the applied method at all sampling times. From the food toxicological point of view these pesticide combinations can be used safely if the recommended withdrawal period is observed between ectoparasiticide administration and slaughter.     

Bioavailability, distribution and depletion of monensin in chickens

The pharmacokinetics of monensin including apparent volume of distribution, total body clearance, systemic bioavailability, partition coefficients and tissue residues were determined in chickens. The drug was given by intravenous injection in the left wing vein at the dose of 0.46 mg/kg and by intracrop administration at the dose of 4 mg/kg according to a destructive sampling. The pharmacokinetic variables were compared after noncompartmental, naïve averaged, naïve pooled and nonlinear mixed-effects modelling analyses. Partition coefficients and tissue residues were determined after a treatment with feed additives (125 mg/kg of feed) of 33 days. The clearance, volume of distribution and bioavailabilty were approximately 2.2 L/h/kg, approximately 9 L/kg and approximately 30% respectively except with nonlinear mixed effects models that presented values of 1.77 L/h/kg, 14.05 L/kg and 11.36% respectively. Tissue/plasma partition coefficients were estimated to 0.83, 3.39 and 0.51 for liver, fat and thigh muscle respectively. Monensin residues after treatment were not detected 6 h after withdrawal except for fat where monensin was still quantifiable 12 h after. Pharmacokinetic variables seem to be inaccurate when assessed with non linear mixed-effects modelling associated to destructive sampling in chickens. Values varied slightly with noncompartmental, naïve averaged and naïve pooled analyses. The absorption, elimination and partition parameters will be incorporated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and the depletion study will be used to test the ability of this model to describe monensin residues in edible tissues under different dosage regimens.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡组织中泰乐菌素的残留量

建立了鸡组织中泰乐菌素残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测方法,样品用甲醇(含2%氨水)提取,经C18固相萃取柱净化,洗脱液氮气吹干,残渣用甲醇:乙腈(20∶80,V/V)复溶,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测,基质添加标准溶液外标法定量。结果表明泰乐菌素在5~1000μg/kg的浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系。在鸡组织中中泰乐菌素的检测限为4μg/kg,定量限为10μg/kg。在10~200μg/kg添加浓度范围内,泰乐菌素在鸡组织中的回收率均在85.9%~110.4%之间,批内批间变异系数在1.2%~4.0%之间。该方法各项技术指标均能满足残留检测要求,且方法的重现性良好,满足国内外兽药残留相关法规规定。     

Influence of aflatoxin B1 on the kinetic disposition,systemic bioavailability and tissue residues of doxycycline in chickens

1. Disposition kinetics of doxycycline (doxy) was studied in healthy chickens and chickens experimentally intoxicated with aflatoxin B1 by intravenous, oral or intramuscular (i.m.) injection, in a single dose of 15 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the tissue distribution and residual pattern of the drug were determined in healthy and intoxicated chickens. 2. The maximum serum concentrations of doxy were reached 1.97 and 2.37 h after oral, and 1.57 and 2.92 h after i.m. dosage in healthy and aflatoxic birds, respectively. 3. The volumes of distribution and total body clearances were higher in aflatoxic birds (1.75 l/kg and 14.61 ml/kg/min) than in healthy chickens (0.93 l/kg and 4.6 ml/kg/min). Data relating to intravenous injection were analysed using a two-compartment open model curve fit. 4. Lower values of systemic bioavailability were observed in intoxicated birds (30.9 and 33.9%) than healthy ones (43.7 and 57.3%) after oral and i.m. administration, respectively. 5. The highest concentration of doxy residues were present in liver, kidney and serum followed by heart and muscles. Doxy residue concentrations in edible tissues was below the EEC limit 6 d after cessation of oral or i.m. medication with 15 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 5 successive days.