氮肥用量和移栽密度对超级早稻产量及某些生理指标的影响

为了探讨氮肥用量与插秧密度对超级早稻产量的影响,2007年在长沙、常德、郴州进行了大田栽培联合试验。结果表明不同施肥量处理间产量及有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、收获指数等产量构成因素差异显著．中早22产量与施氮量呈单峰曲线,以150kg／hm^2施氮量处理的产量最高（长沙7．5t／hm^2,常德9．4t／hm^2）．在0～150kg／hm^2的施氮范围内增产效应最明显;陆两优996产量随施氮量增加而增加,以195kg／hm^2施氮量处理的产量最高。在30×10^4～36×10^4穴／hm^2的密度范围内,穗数与每穗粒数之间具有良好的互补性,因而密度间产量差异未达显著水平。本试验条件下,氮肥和栽插密度对产量的互作效应不显著。     

氮肥用量和移栽密度对超级早稻干物质积累及叶蘖生长的影响

为了探讨氮肥用量与栽插密度对超级早稻干物质生产的影响,2007年在长沙、常德、郴州进行了大田栽培联合试验。结果表明．干物质生产随施氮量和移栽密度的提高而增加,差异显著,成熟期干物质生产与产量呈高度正相关。氮肥用量对提高水稻分蘖发生率有显著效果。随着施氮水平的增加,单株茎蘖数增加。移栽密度越大,其单位面积茎蘖数总数也越多,且始终维持这个结果。群体叶面积指数随生育期的推进而增大,各施氮处理间最高叶面积指数差异显著。密度水平间的叶面积指数差异都不显著。氮肥与密度间的互作效应明显。叶面积在高氮和高密度水平下最大。降低施氮量和（或）栽插密度均能降低叶面积指数。叶片长度和披垂角都随施氮量的增加和移栽密度的降低而增加。     

移栽密度对北方稻鸭种养模式不同类型粳稻产量及生理特性的影响

采用裂区设计,在稻鸭种养有机栽培模式下研究了移栽密度对穗粒兼顾型品种沈稻47和穗数型品种沈稻505产量及生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着移栽密度增加,2个品种的叶面积指数（LAI）和单位面积有效穗数均增加;沈稻47齐穗前干物质积累所占比例、干物质总积累量和产量明显增加,每穗颖花数、结实率明显减少;沈稻505每穗颖花数明显减少,结实率、群体干物质积累量和产量先增后降;品种和密度在产量等多个性状上互作效应显著;穗粒兼顾型品种沈稻47取得高产的适宜移栽密度为30.0 cm×9.9 cm（33.0万丛/hm²）,穗数型品种沈稻505为30.0 cm×16.7 cm（20.0万丛/hm²）。     

施氮量和栽插密度对超高产水稻中早22产量和品质的影响

以超高产水稻中早22为材料,研究不同氮肥用量（纯N 0、105、150、195 kg/hm2）和栽插密度（24万、30万、36万穴/hm2）对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明：1）栽插密度对结实率、千粒重、有效穗数和每穗粒数影响较小,各栽插密度下,产量差异未达显著水平;2）氮肥用量对每穗粒数影响较小,对有效穗数、结实率和千粒重影响较大,纯N用量为195 kg/hm2时,增穗作用不明显,反而显著降低结实率和千粒重,导致减产;3）不同栽插密度对中早22稻米品质影响不明显,蛋白质含量随栽插密度提高略有增加;4）氮肥用量的增加利于提高稻米的碾磨和外观品质,蛋白质含量也随之增加。     

施氮量与机插密度对超级稻Y两优1号产量和氮肥利用率的影响

在湖南长沙以超级稻Y两优1号为材料,研究了机插秧条件下栽插密度和施氮量对产量表现及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:产量随机插密度增加而增加,随施氮量的增加先增后降,机插密度和施氮量均通过增加有效穗数来增加产量;产量最高的处理组合为N1D1(施氮量170 kg/hm~2,密度36.4万穴/hm~2,产量9.57 t/hm~2),其次为N1D2(施氮量170 kg/hm~2,密度为28.6万穴/hm~2,产量9.45 t/hm~2)和N2D1(施氮量240 kg/hm~2,密度为36.4万穴/hm~2,产量9.38 t/hm~2)。降低施氮量或增加机插密度能提高氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥偏生产力。在施氮量为170 kg/hm~2、机插密度为28.6万~36.4万穴/hm2条件下,既可以获得高产,又可以提高氮肥利用率。     

滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术研究

采用4因素3水平正交试验设计(2005年)和2因素3水平随机区组设计(2006年),以滇杂31、滇杂32、滇杂35为试验材料,以品种、秧龄、施氮量、施氮方法和栽插密度为试验因素(研究内容),对滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术进行试验研究.结果表明,品种、施氮量、秧龄、密度4个因素不同水平之间的产量差异达显著或极显著水平,不同施氮方法之间的产量差异不显著,各因素对滇型杂交粳稻产量影响大小排序是施氮量>秧龄>品种>施氮方法,秧龄与密度交互效应>秧龄>密度.各因素对滇型杂交粳稻产量的影响主要通过改变有效穗数、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数来实现,对结实率影响较小,除品种因素外,施氮量、秧龄对千粒重会产生一定影响.提出滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术:适期播种,培育适龄壮秧,适宜秧龄35～40 d;每公顷施纯氮270 kg,氮肥宜重底早追;每公顷栽30万穴,每穴插1～2个基本苗.     

不同施氮量对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响

为探讨免耕移栽稻的氮肥管理措施和比较不同耕作方式下移栽稻的生长规律,研究了不同施氮量处理对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响.结果表明,无论翻耕或免耕,增施氮肥可以促进分蘖的发生和叶面积的扩展;在水稻各生育时期,随着氮肥用量的增加,干物质的积累量有增加的趋势,每穗粒数和收获指数逐渐减少;水稻总吸氮量和实际产量逐渐增加,而氮肥吸收利用率、生理利用率和农学利用率及偏生产能力逐渐减小.翻耕移栽稻的分蘖能力、有效穗数和吸氮量显著高于免耕移栽稻,但翻耕和免耕对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响差异不显著,免耕移栽稻的氮肥生理利用率显著高于翻耕移栽稻.     

氮磷钾肥对超级杂交水稻Q优6号干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响

以超级杂交稻Q优6号为材料,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥对水稻干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量、有效穗数、每穗粒数逐步提高,而结实率下降,各生育时期叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质积累量均在最高施氮水平下为最大值;随着施磷量的增加,水稻产量、有效穗数和千粒重略微增加,而各生育时期LAI呈先增后减趋势,拔节期干物质积累量逐步提高;随着施钾量的增加,水稻产量、LAI逐步提高,而干物质积累量呈先增后减趋势;随着氮、磷、钾肥施用量的增加,水稻养分总吸收量和每100 kg籽粒养分需求量提高,养分收获指数、养分吸收利用率和养分农学利用率呈下降趋势。     

不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量及群体光合物质生产的影响

以常规粳稻品种云粳41为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,研究不同密度下水稻一次性施用控释肥和分次施用尿素对直播稻产量及其构成因素、群体光合物质生产的影响,并探讨了不同施肥方式对不同密度下直播稻的产量性状和产量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)不同施肥方式下,密度相同时,分次施肥的处理比控释肥一次性基施的处理和不施肥对照增产,产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,分次施肥处理的产量显著高于控释肥一次性基施的处理;在相同氮肥条件下,直播稻产量随着直播密度的增加而降低,以基本苗2万/667 m~2的处理产量最高,6万/667 m~2的处理产量居中,10万/667 m~2的处理产量最低。(2)在施用控释肥的处理中,密度相同时,增加施氮量能够显著提高直播稻的有效穗数和每穗颖花数;施氮量相同时,单位面积有效穗数随密度的增加而提高,每穗颖花数刚好相反。单位面积颖花量和实际产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。在形成适宜穗数的基础上提高每穗颖花量,从而增加单位面积的颖花量是提高直播稻产量的主要途径。(3)当密度相同时,抽穗至成熟期总干物质积累量、群体生长率、群体叶面积和总颖花数都随着施氮量的增加而提高。本试验中,以精确定量栽培技术为核心的分次施肥A1RPQ4处理的群体结构优于其他处理,群体茎蘖消长动态最为平稳,抽穗期至成熟期的总干物质积累量、颖花/叶比和粒质量/叶比最大,产量最高,达到875.14 kg/667 m~2。     

密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响

为明确种植密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响,以冬小麦品种石麦18为材料,于2013-2014年度在河北省藁城市进行了密度(基本苗150万、225万、300万和375万·hm-2)和施氮量(180、240和300kg·hm-2)的二因素裂区试验。结果表明,小麦各生育时期群体总茎(穗)数随密度的增加而增加,但4种密度下都取得了较高的穗数。越冬前至开花期叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均随密度的增加而增加,但基本苗为150万和225万·hm-2时开花后LAI和干物质积累量都高于基本苗300万和375万·hm-2。各生育时期(除起身期外)不同施氮量之间总茎数差异不显著。干物质积累量随着施氮量增加呈增加趋势,高施氮量下开花后LAI衰减较慢。密度对产量及其构成因素的影响均显著,施氮量仅对千粒重和产量的影响显著;密度与施氮量对千粒重和产量有显著的交互效应。基本苗150万·hm-2、施氮量240~300kg·hm-2处理的小麦产量最高,分别为10 308.65和10 221.98kg·hm-2。因此,建议在低密度下适当增施氮肥。而从节本增效考虑,在高密度下应适当减少氮肥投入,以实现小麦的高产高效。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.