Identification of sources of resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in Spanish lentil (Lens culinaris) germplasm

The weedy root parasite Orobanche crenata constitutes a serious threat to lentils and other legumes grown in the Mediterranean and western Asia. Control strategies have centred on agronomic practices and the use of herbicides. Resistance breeding is hampered by scarcity of proper sources of resistance and of a reliable and practical screening procedure. A stepwise procedure was used here. A Spanish germplasm collection of 234 accessions of lentils (Lens culinaris) was screened for resistance to crenate broomrape under field conditions. A wide range of responses was observed, however, complete resistance was not detected. Some accessions exhibited a substantial reduction in broomrape infection. Thirty‐five lentil accessions with reduced broomrape infection were selected for further screening in the field and to determine the components of resistance in pot and in mini‐rhizotron experiments. Low infection seemed to be based on a combination of various escape and resistance mechanisms: (i) a lower root density, (ii) a lower induction of Orobanche seed germination, (iii) the reduced establishment of broomrape radicles and (iv) a limited development of established tubercles. In addition, necrosis of tubercles was observed in some accessions. This study shows how complementary in vitro screening methods may be used to rank and identify lentil accessions with potential broomrape resistance, based on different resistance mechanisms which may in the future be combined into a single cultivar by breeding.     

Rhizobacteria‐mediated resistance against the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of bean common mosaic virus in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the effect of seven Bacillus‐species plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) seed treatments on the induction of disease resistance in cowpea against mosaic disease caused by the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). RESULTS: Initially, although all PGPR strains recorded significant enhancement of seed germination and seedling vigour, GBO3 and T4 strains were very promising. In general, all strains gave reduced BCMV incidence compared with the non‐bacterised control, both under screen‐house and under field conditions. Cowpea seeds treated with Bacillus pumilus (T4) and Bacillus subtilis (GBO3) strains offered protection of 42 and 41% against BCMV under screen‐house conditions. Under field conditions, strain GBO3 offered 34% protection against BCMV. The protection offered by PGPR strains against BCMV was evaluated by indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with lowest immunoreactive values recorded in cowpea seeds treated with strains GBO3 and T4 in comparison with the non‐bacterised control. In addition, it was observed that strain combination worked better in inducing resistance than individual strains. Cowpea seeds treated with a combination of strains GBO3 + T4 registered the highest protection against BCMV. CONCLUSION: PGPR strains were effective in protecting cowpea plants against BCMV under both screen‐house and field conditions by inducing resistance against the virus. Thus, it is proposed that PGPR strains, particularly GBO3, could be potential inducers against BCMV and growth enhancers in cowpea. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

蔬菜作物根际促生菌分离筛选、鉴定及促生特性测定

为从4种蔬菜作物根际分离和筛选植物根际促生菌(plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)并研究其促生特性,采用固氮、无机和有机磷培养基筛选根际促生菌株,对其促生特性进行定性和定量分析,并通过形态特征及16SrDNA序列分析对优良促生菌株进行鉴定。结果表明:从4种蔬菜根际中共获得57株PGPR菌株,其中固氮菌24株,溶磷菌33株。筛选出的19株优良PGPR菌株的固氮酶活性在0.14~3 664.97 nmol C2H4·h~(-1)·mL~(-1)之间,以NCRS1菌株固氮酶活性最高;溶解无机磷菌株的溶磷量在36.99~362.60μg/mL之间,培养液p H为4.57~5.75,以NCRP2菌株溶磷量最大;溶解有机磷菌株的溶磷量在9.24~55.21μg/mL之间,培养液p H为6.24~7.75,以PPRS3菌株溶磷量最大;菌株分泌IAA量均小于3.36μg/mL;NCRP2菌株对小麦长蠕孢病菌Helminthosporium tritici-vulgaris、番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum、马铃薯立枯丝核病菌Rhizoctonia solani、油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinias clerotiorum和玉米小斑病菌Bipolaria maydis均有抑制作用。对19株优良PGPR菌株进行初步鉴定,分属于假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、不动细菌属Acinetobacter、Advenella、叶杆菌属Phyllobacterium、细杆菌属Microbacterium、芽胞杆菌属Bacillus。本研究筛选出的优良PGPR菌株,可为今后生物菌肥推广应用提供菌种资源。     

Root‐associated microbes in sustainable agriculture: models,metabolites and mechanisms

Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 and throughout the ‘age of antibiotics’ from the 1940s until the 1980s, the detection of novel antibiotics was restricted by lack of knowledge about the distribution and ecology of antibiotic producers in nature. The discovery that a phenazine compound produced by Pseudomonas bacteria could suppress soilborne plant pathogens, and its recovery from rhizosphere soil in 1990, provided the first incontrovertible evidence that natural metabolites could control plant pathogens in the environment and opened a new era in biological control by root‐associated rhizobacteria. More recently, the advent of genomics, the availability of highly sensitive bioanalytical instrumentation, and the discovery of protective endophytes have accelerated progress toward overcoming many of the impediments that until now have limited the exploitation of beneficial plant‐associated microbes to enhance agricultural sustainability. Here, we present key developments that have established the importance of these microbes in the control of pathogens, discuss concepts resulting from the exploration of classical model systems, and highlight advances emerging from ongoing investigations. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物根际优良促生菌（PGPR）筛选及其接种剂部分替代化肥对玉米生长影响研究

通过测定植物根际促生菌株固氮酶活性、溶磷量、分泌植物生长素、对病原菌的拮抗作用及菌株生长速度,筛选出了5株具有较好促生特性的优良菌株.利用筛选的优良菌株研制复合接种剂,并于2009年和2010年进行田试,测定其部分替代化肥对玉米生长的影响.结果表明:利用筛选的优良促生菌研制的复合微生物接种剂符合《微生物肥料》NY227-94标准.施用接种剂替代20％ ～ 30％的化肥,玉米株高、地上植物量、穗长、穗粗、单位面积穗数、穗粒数和经济产量等均有提高.研制的微生物接种剂(菌肥+80％化肥),2010年大田推广使用,玉米增产9.86％,减少化肥投入、增产收入及直接经济效益分别为620.1元,hm-2、2 291.4元,hm-2和2 851.5元.hm-2.     

莴笋根部促生菌筛选与促生特性测定

为获得莴笋(Lactuca sativa)根部优良促生菌株,为后续研制微生物接种剂(菌肥)提供优良菌种,以莴笋根系为对象,利用选择性培养基分离、筛选莴笋根系溶解有机溶磷、无机溶磷细菌和固氮细菌,测定其溶磷能力、固氮能力、分泌植物生长激素能力以及对植物病原菌的拮抗能力;对性能优良的菌株进行16S rDNA分子生物学鉴定。研究表明:莴笋根部分离到25株溶磷菌株,其溶解无机磷能力为60.83～290.66μg·mL^-1(菌株PGBA2溶磷量最高,为290.66μg·mL^-1),溶解有机磷的能力普遍较低,为8.12～71.87μg·mL^-1;分离出固氮菌株20株,固氮酶活性为8.37～371.54 nmol·h^-1·mL^-1(GNB6固氮酶活性最强,为371.54 nmol·h^-1·mL^-1);分离筛选分泌植物生长激素(IAA)菌株14株,分泌量为0.78～5.29μg·mL^-1(MGBD1分泌IAA的能力最强,为5.2...     

硒砂瓜根际促生菌筛选鉴定及其促生效应研究

研究旨在筛选获得硒砂瓜根际促生菌,为硒砂瓜微生物肥料的开发利用提供土著菌种资源和理论基础。以宁夏地区特有经济作物硒砂瓜根际土壤为材料,采用稀释平板法分离土著细菌,对筛选到的50株菌进行溶磷、产铁载体、产吲哚乙酸(IAA)以及固氮能力评价,结合16S rDNA序列分析对优良促生菌进行鉴定,并选定9株优良促生菌,研究其对硒砂瓜幼苗的促生作用。结果显示,50株菌中有22株解磷菌株的溶磷量在7.12～64.54 mg·L^-1之间;有30株具有产铁载体能力的菌株,定量结果表明其中11株为高产铁载体菌株(A/A_r<0.5);有18株具有分泌IAA能力的菌株,分泌量在3.70～58.94 mg·L^-1之间;有9株菌在阿须贝平板上经5次传代仍能正常生长,初步确定其具有固氮能力。筛选得到的20株优良促生菌分别隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、变形杆菌属(Proteus),其中6株菌兼具以上4种促生活性,11株菌兼...     

Disease protection and growth promotion of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Paenibacillus dendritiformis

One of the challenges in developing plant‐beneficial bacterial agents for agricultural application is ensuring that an effective selection and screening procedure is in place. The sporadic success of using bacterial agents in the field is usually due to the inability of added bacteria to compete with the local microorganisms. In the present study, the effectiveness of Paenibacillus dendritiformis, a unique pattern‐forming, Gram‐positive, soil bacterium, to reduce disease indices and increase yield in potato crops was examined. This bacterium was chosen as a potential agent based on genome analysis carried out in previous studies. In vitro laboratory experiments, as well as three greenhouse and one field experiment, were conducted. The results show that, in agreement with the hypothesis, P. dendritiformis significantly reduced the maceration area of tuber slices infected by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, significantly reduced disease indices in greenhouse experiments and significantly increased tuber yield of infected plants in the field. This work demonstrates the potential of preliminary screening based on genome analysis to identify effective biocontrol agents.     

Growth,physiological status,and yield of salt-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants affected by biofertilizer and cycocel applications

This factorial study was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a greenhouse during spring 2015 to investigate changes in dry matter mobilization, grain filling period, and some physiological characteristics of wheat. Treatments were four salt levels [0 (S₁), 30 (S₂), 60 (S₃), and 90 (S₄) mM sodium chloride (NaCl) equivalent to 2.76, 5.53, and 8.3 dS m^?1, respectively], four biofertilizers levels [(no biofertilizer (F₀), seed inoculation by Azotobacter chroococcum Beijerinck strain 5 (F₁), Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan) Migula strain 186 (F₂), both inoculation Azotobacter?+?Pseudomonas (F₃)], and three cycocel levels [(without cycocel as control (C₀), application of 600 (C₁), and 1000 (C₂)?mg?L^?1)]. Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity and decreased chlorophyll index, quantum yield, relative water content, and stomata conductance. However, the application of cycocel and biofertilizer reduced the negative impacts at each level of salinity tested. When treated with cycocel, salt stressed plants demonstrated a significant decrease in stomata conductance compared to the salt-treated plants with no cycocel. The results revealed that the maximum shoot and stem dry matter mobilization (0.89 and 0.67?g, respectively) and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield (38.01%) were observed in salinity severe stress (90?mM) and no cycocel application. The application of Azotobacter?+?Pseudomonas had the greatest grain filling rate (0.002?g day^?1) without salinity stress. The greatest grain filling period (43.26 days) was achieved by the highest cycocel level without salinity stress. The application of biofertilizer and cycocel as F₃C₂ had 24.7% more grain yield in comparison to the controls.     

Study of Bacterial Determinants Involved in the Induction of Systemic Resistance in Bean by Pseudomonas putida BTP1

The ability of Pseudomonas putida BTP1 to induce resistance in bean to Botrytis cinerea was demonstrated in soil experiments on plants pre-inoculated at the root level with the bacteria before challenge with the leaf pathogen. As a first step to characterize the molecules from BTP1 responsible for induction of systemic resistance in bean, heat-killed cells and supernatant from culture in an iron-limited medium were tested for their protective effect. Most of the resistance-eliciting activity of the strain was retained in the crude cell-free culture fluid. In vivo assays with samples from successive fractionation steps of the BTP1 supernatant led, (i) to the conclusion that salicylic acid, pyochelin and pyoverdin, previously identified as Pseudomonas determinants for induced systemic resistance (ISR), were not involved in systemic resistance triggered by BTP1, and (ii) to the isolation of fractions containing one main metabolite that retained most of the resistance-inducing activity in bean. Although this molecule remains to be structurally characterized, its isolation is an addition to the range of determinants from plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) known to stimulate plant defences.     

AMF+PGPR组合提高黄瓜抗枯萎病的作用机制

对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)品种香翠16接种尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum,Foc)、丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)Funneliformis mosseae(Fm)+Foc、丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiforme(Gv)+Foc、根围促生细菌(PGPR)PS2-6+Foc、PS3-2+Foc、Fm+PS3-2+Foc以及Gv+PS2-6+Foc,以不接种处理作为对照。结果表明,接种Foc条件下,Fm+PS3-2和Gv+PS2-6组合处理的抗病效果显著优于单接种AMF或PGPR处理;镜检观测到靠近AMF菌丝的Foc菌丝纤细,生长不良。AMF菌丝能缠绕Foc菌丝,并阻挡其侵入根系;AMF侵染率与其防效均呈正相关(P0.05);Fm+PS3-2+Foc和Gv+PS2-6+Foc处理的根系活力是单接种Foc的4.6倍;与不接种对照相比,Fm+PS3-2+Foc和Gv+PS2-6+Foc处理的黄瓜叶片中吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量分别提高了205%和166%,赤霉素(GA3)提高了33%和22%,玉米素核甘(ZR)提高了100%和80%,JA平均提高了65%,ABA降低23%和17%;而与单接种Foc处理相比,IAA提高了667%和568%,GA3提高了223%和196%,ZR提高了254%和219%,茉莉酸(JA)含量平均提高了215%,而脱落酸(ABA)含量只有单接种Foc处理的53%;Fm+PS3-2+Foc和Gv+PS2-6+Foc处理显著提高了黄瓜叶内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)防御酶活性和PAL基因表达量。综上推断AMF+PGPR组合是通过拮抗病原物、促进合成抗病信号物质、上调防御基因表达、提高防御酶活性和降低植株体内有毒物质等机制降低病害和改善植物抗病性。     

两株植物根际促生菌对番茄青枯病的生物防治效果评价

研究了Erwinia persicinus RA2和Bacillus pumilus WP8浸种和拌土处理对番茄青枯病的实际防治效果,及其对番茄根际微生物群落的影响。结果显示,两株菌都具有防治番茄青枯病的作用,并能不同程度地促进番茄幼苗生长。主要体现在显著提高番茄幼苗健株率,病原菌处理的健株率最低,仅为22.4%,而RA2和WP8浸种处理分别达68.9%和62.8%;促进幼苗地上部增高、增粗和根部生长,如WP8浸种处理的茎叶干重和根干重分别达到4.87 mg·株^-1和35.69 mg·株^-1,分别比病原菌对照提高110.82%和205.83%。浸种处理的促进效应明显优于拌土处理;还能在一定程度上提高土壤水稳性团聚体（〉0.25 mm）比例,WP8浸种处理尤为明显,分别比空白对照和病原菌对照提高269.91%和156.88%。DGGE指纹图谱表明根际微生物群落受番茄种植的影响最大,其次是青枯病菌,而受这两种菌施用的影响最小。     

荒漠植物根际促生菌的筛选及其对青贮玉米幼苗的促生效应

选取实验室前期分离所得的植物根际促生菌(PGPR),对其进行形成生物膜能力、产铁载体能力、产IAA能力、产ACC脱氨酶能力以及溶磷和解钾能力测定,选取具有促生特性的菌株进行盆栽试验。共筛选出16株具有促生特性的菌株,其中BW2-6、MC35、BW35、HS1-1和SHM2在活体试验中促生效果较优。菌株BW2-6对青贮玉米幼苗的株高、基茎粗、地上部干质量、根鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积、相对含水量、比根长和全株鲜质量促生效果最佳,相比对照分别增加了81.00%、54.70%、156.79%、163.27%、107.35%、131.18%、175.12%、44.96%、74.48%和190.69%;菌株SHM2对地上部鲜质量和根干质量促生效果最佳,相比对照分别增加了237.85%和72.96%;菌株BW35对平均叶面积促生效果最佳,约为对照的2.33倍;对照组根冠比均高于处理组,处理组中菌株BW35根冠比最高,相比对照降低了10.18%,菌株BW2-6根冠比最低,相比对照降低了51.93%,不同菌株之间促生效果差异显著。主成分分析结果表明,5株对青贮玉米幼苗生长促进作用较好的菌中以菌株B...     

Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

BACKGROUND: The housefly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) are cosmopolitan pests of both farm and home environments. Houseflies have been shown to be resistant to a variety of insecticides, and new chemistries are slow to emerge on the market. Toxicities of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity were determined against adults from an insecticide‐susceptible laboratory strain of houseflies. The three most active semiochemicals were also evaluated against recently colonized housefly and stable fly strains. RESULTS: Nineteen semiochemicals classified as aliphatic alcohols, terpenoids, ketones and carboxylic esters showed toxicity to houseflies and stable flies. Rosalva (LC₅₀ = 25.98 µg cm^?2) followed by geranyl acetone and citronellol (LC₅₀ = 49.97 and 50.02 µg cm^?2) were identified as the most toxic compounds to houseflies. Permethrin was up to 144‐fold more toxic than rosalva on the susceptible strain. However, it was only 35‐fold more toxic to the insecticide‐tolerant field strain. The compounds generated high toxicity to stable flies, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 16.30 to 40.41 µg cm^?2. CONCLUSION: Quantification of LC₅₀ values of rosalva, citronellol and geranyl acetone against susceptible housefly and field‐collected housefly and stable fly strains showed that semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for fly control programs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

球囊霉属真菌与芽孢杆菌M3-4协同作用降低马铃薯青枯病的发生及其机制初探

 丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和根围促生细菌(PGPR)能在一定程度上拮抗土传病原物、提高植物抗病性而降低病害。本研究旨在(1)确定不同AMF与PGPR组合中,菌间相互作用的关系;(2)评价不同AMF与PGPR组合促进马铃薯生长、降低青枯病(Ralstonia solanacearum)危害的效果;(3)初步探索最佳AMF与PGPR组合降低马铃薯青枯病的作用机制。结果表明,与单接种AMF或PGPR相比,一些AMF与PGPR组合能够促进AMF的侵染和PGPR在马铃薯根围的定殖; AMF与PGPR组合能显著促进马铃薯的生长(如株高、茎粗、地上鲜重、地上干重、薯块重),其中以AMF摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae, Gm)与PGPR芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)M3-4菌株组合以及地表球囊霉(G. versiforme, Gv)与 M3-4菌株组合促生效果最好。另外,接种AMF和PGPR的组合不同程度降低了马铃薯青枯病的危害,其中也以Gm与M3-4和Gv与M3-4的组合防治效果最佳,防治效果分别为65.2%和69.5%。并且,后者处理的叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于其他处理,丙二醛含量则显著低于其他处理。实验结果表明,Gm与M3-4以及Gv与M3-4的AMF和PGPR组合能够协同作用大幅促进马铃薯的生长、诱导其防御反应而降低马铃薯青枯病危害。     

嗜酸性PGPR菌株CLB-17的筛选、鉴定及其对烟草青枯病菌的生防活性

为提高生防菌在酸性土壤中对烟草青枯病的生防效果,采用室内酸性平板快速筛选法从烟草根际土壤中筛选嗜酸性拮抗细菌,应用Biolog GENⅢ自动微生物鉴定系统结合16S rDNA序列分析进行种类鉴定,并采用室内琼脂扩散法在pH 5.5和pH 7.0培养条件下比较其对烟草青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum的抑制活性,通过盆栽试验测定其对烟草青枯病的防效及对烟草的促生作用,通过测定胞外酶活性和铁载体含量分析其生防特性。结果表明:从烟草根际土壤中筛选获得1株具有高拮抗活性的嗜酸性细菌,命名为CLB-17,并将其鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis。在pH 5.5条件下,菌株CLB-17的拮抗活性最强,其发酵液对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌带宽度为7.11 mm,而在pH 7.0条件下抑菌带宽度为6.37 mm;在pH 5.5条件下,CLB-17菌株的铁载体相对含量(2.12)及蛋白酶活性(40.12 U/mL)、葡聚糖酶活性(142.52 U/mL)和酸性磷酸酯酶活性(6.42 U/mL)均高于pH 7.0条件下各指标(1.51、36.14 U/mL、110.24 U/mL和6.11 U/mL);该菌株在pH 5.5条件下对烟草青枯病的防效为76.99%,高于在pH 7.0条件下的防效66.18%;且烟草株高、整株干重、根干重和叶绿素含量均显著高于pH 7.0处理和空白对照。表明枯草芽胞杆菌CLB-17在酸性条件下的生防活性高,在酸性土壤中对烟草青枯病的生防效果更好,且对烟草生长具有促进作用。     

水稻纹枯病生防菌株的筛选、鉴定及其防治效果

为获得对水稻纹枯病有生防潜力的菌株,从湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州植物根际土壤中分离获得菌株,筛选对水稻纹枯病菌有拮抗作用的菌株,并测定其发酵液的抑菌活性、抑菌谱及生物学特性;基于形态学特征、生理生化特征及分子生物学特征对其进行分类鉴定,并通过离体叶片、室内盆栽和田间试验进一步评价其生防潜力。结果显示,从根际土壤中共分离获得162株菌株,其中生防菌株E12对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率最高,达94.93%,且该菌株对常见的12种植物病原菌均有抑制作用,抑制率在59.84%~93.14%之间;生防菌株E12能分泌蛋白酶、嗜铁素和淀粉酶,具有固氮及形成生物被膜的能力;结合形态学特征、生理生化特征及分子生物学特征,将菌株E12鉴定为越南伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia vietnamiensis;生防菌株E12处理离体水稻叶片后,其相对病斑长度较对照显著减小,对水稻纹枯病的室内盆栽和田间防治效果分别为62.51%和67.78%。表明越南伯克霍尔德氏菌E12在防控水稻纹枯病方面有较好的潜力。