应用有益微生物对温室养鳖池水中异养细菌和浮游生物的影响

向温室养鳖池中投加光合细菌(PSB)、硝化细菌(NB)、玉垒菌(S_(30))和蜡质芽孢杆菌(BC)等有益菌群,以发挥有益微生物的作用来改善水质。通过对池水中的异养细菌、浮游生物的数量调查结果表明:投加有益微生物对浮游生物几乎没有影响,但池水和底砂中的异养细菌的数量却明显增加。     

设施养虾中多种有益微生物的应用试验

为研究光合细菌等不同有益微生物在设施养虾中的应用及使用方法,进行了多组对比、交叉试验,以池塘的pH值水质因子及对虾产量、成活率影响为指标,探索各种有益微生物在设施养虾中的应用效果。结果表明:试验Ⅲ平均产量1127kg/667m2,平均规格为10.45cm,平均成活率82.31%,均高于其他试验池和对照池,饲料系数最低,平均1.15;试验Ⅲ经济效益最高,每667m2利润达到1.69万元,试验Ⅱ平均1.45万元,试验Ⅰ平均1.25万元,试验Ⅳ平均1.17万元,对照组最低0.82万元。     

使用有益微生物制剂养虾是对虾养殖技术的重大突破

利用有益微生物制剂，对改良养虾底质中起着重要作用。微生物制剂是根据生态学原理，利用动物体内正常微生物及其代谢产物经特殊加工工艺而制成的活菌制剂。通过改变有害生物的代谢，抑制有害微生物的生长繁殖。在常态下，虾、微生物和环境三者构成一个动态平衡。在相对平衡的环境条件下，虾不易发病。[第一段]     

有益微生物对海水养虾池浮游生物生态特征的影响研究

研究了有益微生物对海水虾池浮游生物生态特征的影响。通过对虾养殖系统中浮游动物与浮游植物进行为期3个月的监测,结果表明试验组虾池的浮游植物密度表现为前期低,中期迅速增长,后期达顶峰,并维持在70×106～160×106cell·L-1的水平,前期种类以硅藻类为主,后期则以绿藻类为主;同时试验池浮游动物的密度也保持稳定增长态势,并在养殖后期维持在顶峰水平,密度达到25×103～30×103ind·m-3,种类以广盐、适低盐的沿岸种为主,但优势种明显;对照池的浮游植物和浮游动物呈现前期低后期高的态势。其变化差异表现为对照组的浮游植物和浮游动物在后期的密度变动起伏较大,且出现较大比例的有害的兰藻类,而试验池的兰藻类只占较少的比例,说明芽孢杆菌群能抑制兰藻类的繁殖,促进有益藻类生长;浮游生物的多样性指数较低,低于自然海区,但种类均匀度则较高,与自然海区相当。     

改造海水池塘养殖中国对虾初探

<正>丰南区海水池塘养虾始于80年代末90年代初。经历了多年的养殖,现在的海水养殖池塘淤积严重,闸涵、进排水等配套设施年久失修,且单池面积大(2.7~4 hm2)、缺乏电力供应及增氧配     

几种有益微生物及其在水产养殖中的应用

长期使用抗生素和其他化学药物防治养殖病害已引发了一系列问题，近年来．人们开始尝试在养殖水体中施用有益微生物制剂来改善养殖生态环境．提高养殖动物的免疫力．抑制病原微生物．从而减少疾病的发生。微生物制剂是由一些对人类和养殖对象无致病危害并能改良水质、抑制水产病害的有益微生物制成，主要包括硝化细菌、光合细菌、枯草杆菌、放线菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌、链球菌和EM微生物菌群等。它具有改良水质、增加溶氧、降低氨氮、抑制致病菌生长、改善动物体内水环境生态平衡、提高动物抗病与免疫力，促进养殖对象生长等功能。     

有益微生物在高密度养虾的应用研究

通过对几种常见有益微生物芽胞杆菌、光合细菌PSB或EM的特性及使用方法的介绍,来为降低高密度养虾对养殖环境的污染影响提供一种行之有效的方法。     

有益微生物对虾塘淤泥中有害物质的控制作用

本通过对斑节对虾池塘养殖．应用以芽孢杆菌为主导菌的复合微生物制剂，进行改善养殖环境．控制池塘淤泥中有毒物质的试验，含活菌数为10％^9个／g菌剂，用量为7．5—15#kg/hm^2，经二个月的试验，结果表明：试验塘与对照塘相比，NO2-N、NH4-N分别降~E；99．54％—85.99％和16．29％—30．92％；硫化物降低66．44％—14.6％，而淤泥中有机物及有机氮相应也得到分解和缓解．使对虾生长迅速，生长速度达9.15mm／d。说明以芽孢杆菌为主导菌的微生物制剂．能够起到改善养殖环境，促进对虾健康生长的作用。     

3种有益微生物对菲牛蛭养殖水体理化因子及成活率的影响

为减少高密度养殖下菲牛蛭疾病发生和养殖废水排放,研究比较了3种商品化有益微生物制剂（硝化细菌T1、光合细菌T2和EM复合菌T3）对菲牛蛭高密度养殖水体的净化效果。结果表明,3种有益微生物制剂在15天内均能使养殖水体的pH稳定在6.8以上,溶氧量（DO）分别比对照组提高30.12％（T1）,26.95％（T2）和46.12％（T3）,化学耗氧量（COD）分别比对照组低1.02 mg/L（T1）、1.13 mg/L（T2）和1.53 mg/L（T3）;3个处理组对氨氮（NH4+ - N）的平均降解率分别为：48.48％（T1）,45.23％（T2）和63.10％（T3）,亚硝态氮（NO2- - N）平均值分别比对照组低：0.16 mg/L（T1）,0.19 mg/L（T2）和0.27 mg/L（T3）。3个处理组菲牛蛭存活率均高达90％以上,明显高于对照组（53％）。3种有益微生物制剂均有显著增加溶氧量、降低氨氮、亚硝态氮和化学耗氧量的效应。因此,本研究中3种有益微生物对菲牛蛭养殖水体均具有很好的净化作用,其中以EM复合菌效果最佳。     

益生菌的应用对鳗鲡池塘水质变化的影响

在鳗鲡养殖池中应用益生菌,研究其对池塘水质变化的影响。结果表明,在鳗鲡养殖池中添加芽胞杆菌、光合菌及EM菌,能有效降低养殖水体的氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)及化学耗氧量,有利于水质净化和微生态环境的修复。     

对虾池的放养密度对浮游生物群落的影响

于１９９８年７￣９月在山东海阳养虾场运用陆基围隔实验生态学方法,研究了对虾与罗非鱼在五种放养密度下浮游生物群落的变动情况。结果表明;可能浮游动物的摄食对浮游植物产生影响,二者数量的消长在大多数围隔都呈负相关;纤毛虫的数量与浮游植物的总生物量呈负相关;随着养殖密度的增加,浮游植物生物量减少,而浮游动物却有所增加,前者的优势类群由硅藻变为甲藻、蓝藻和隐藻。后者的在组成中镖水蚤数量减少而剑水蚤、无节幼体、轮虫和原生动物等小型种类有所增加;纤毛虫在高密度围隔中大量繁殖,说明水质已逐渐恶化。     

Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia

Use of antibiotics for the control of bacterial diseases in shrimp culture has caused several adverse impacts to the industry. This has resulted in the search for alternative environment friendly approaches to overcome bacterial infections. This study was conducted to investigate the use of beneficial bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Ten pathogenic bacterial species isolated from shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and Artemia cysts were tested for susceptibility to indigenous marine Bacillus subtilis AB65, Bacillus pumilus AB58, Bacillus licheniformis AB69 and compared with oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and bacitracin, which are common antibiotics used in Asian aquaculture. The Bacillus spp. were isolated from the local marine environment for bioremediation use in shrimp hatcheries and were proven to reduce total ammonium nitrogen. The pathogenic bacterial isolates were 90% susceptible to B. subtilis AB65, 70% susceptible to B. pumilus AB58 and B. licheniformis AB69 and 100% susceptible to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and gentamicin but only 40% to bacitracin. Two representative isolates of the vibrio group, Vibrio alginolyticus VaM11 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus VpM1, when tested for competitive exclusion by a common broth method using the marine Bacillus spp., showed decreased viable counts from 10(8) to 10(2) cfu mL(-1). The results suggest that the action of the marine bacteria appears to be significant in protecting the host shrimp against pathogenic bacteria. In addition to the alternative use of antibiotics, the selected marine bacteria had additional bioremediation properties of reducing ammonia.     

栉孔扇贝春季升温育苗与保苗技术研究

栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri在中国海水养殖业中占有十分重要的地位,但目前苗种来源仍多采用半人工采苗的方法,苗种数量和质量均无法保证,已经严重制约了产业的发展.2007年2～6月,笔者在红岛蛤原良种有限公司进行了春季升温育苗试验,采取在自然水温很低的情况下(6.9℃),逐步升温促熟,经过23 d室内亲贝暂养,在52 m3水体中共培养出库稚贝(壳长719.58±65.74 μm) 12.8×106粒,保苗后壳长4.923 mm×5.661 mm稚贝8.3×106粒.此次出库稚贝的中间培育采用改造后的虾池(5.33 hm2),在虾池中打桩拉浮绠,每隔1.5 m悬挂浮球一个,吊养保苗袋,虾池中水温适宜,饵料生物丰富,提高了稚贝成活率,平均保苗率高达65%.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对海水鱼塘生态因子的影响

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在鱼类养殖池塘中的生态作用,采用直接往养殖水体中投放该制剂的方法,研究分析微生物数量及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌,实验池数量为0.35×10~3~1.45×10~3cfu/m L,对照池为0.04×10~3~0.08×10~3cfu/m L;浮游植物生物量,实验池为0.094~1.521 mg/L,对照池为0.103~0.763 mg/L,实验池中枯草芽孢杆菌数量和浮游植物生物量均高于对照组。试验鱼塘中枯草芽孢杆菌与硅藻数量呈显著正相关,相关系数0.844(P0.05);当溶氧≥6 mg/L时,枯草芽孢杆菌与亚硝酸盐氮含量呈显著负相关,相关系数-0.915(P0.05)。溶氧过低(2 mg/L)时,枯草芽孢杆菌对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮没有明显的降解作用;溶氧≥6 mg/L时,对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮的降解作用明显。研究表明,投放适量浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效改善养殖水体状况,对水质起到进一步净化作用。     

对虾池不同水质调控围隔中浮游物的研究

于１９９８年６～９月在山东海阳养虾场运用陆基围隔实验生态学方法,通过搅底、接种光合细菌、接种硅藻和充气４种水质调控措施,研究了虾池中浮游物的变动情况。结果表明,浮游物中无机部分占４９．１％～６４．１％,有机部分占３５．９％～５０．９％。有机颗粒（ＰＯＭ）中,颗粒腐质：浮游细菌：浮游植物：浮游动物为０．６０：０．２４：０．１１：０．０５;随着养殖时间的延长,浮游物及其各组分的干重教有所增加,但各组分     

Selection of probiotic bacteria for use in shrimp larviculture

Three candidate probiotics, Bacillus foraminis, Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi and Bacillus fusiformis , were isolated from hydrogen-producing fermented solution and identified using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Bacillus foraminis and B. cereus biovar toyoi exhibited strong antagonism against Streptococcus iniae and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in in vitro co-culture for competitive exclusion assay and then were conducted in the larviculture system of Penaeus monodon reared from zoea 1 to postlarva 1. The daily addition of B. cereus biovar toyoi resulted in significantly deleterious effects on survival ( P <0.01) whereas the daily addition of B. fusiformis showed highest survival rate (88.7±0.7%) but no statistically significant difference from control (73.3±12.1%). Bacillus fusiformis was continuously applied in the larviculture system of Litopenaeus vannamei . Administration of B. fusiformis significantly increased survival ( P <0.01) in both treatments added daily (87.9±1.7%) and every other day (54.7±1.2%), respectively, at a concentration of 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹ over control (41.2±1.3%).     

虾池沉积物中3类主要细菌的垂直分布特征

采用平板涂布法和MPN法测定了虾池底质下 0到 30cm深度范围内 3类主要细菌类群的垂直分布情况。结果表明 ,底泥中细菌主要集中于 0到 5cm的表层范围内 ,随深度增加 ,数量急剧减少 ,至 30cm深处所测到菌量已很少。底泥中的总菌量随养殖时间推移 ,逐渐增加 ,到养殖中后期 ,表层菌量增加至 10 6CFU/g ,表层以下 10～2 0cm的总异养菌量和硝酸盐还原菌数量也增加至 10 5CFU/ g以上。弧菌仍集中于表层。细菌的垂直分布主要受各层有机物和溶解氧含量的影响     

Effects of fish origin probiotics on growth performance,immune response and intestinal health of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed diets with fish meal partially replaced by soybean meal

This study was conducted to evaluate the application of four fish origin probiotics to relieve the side effects induced by SBM in shrimp. Shrimps were fed with high fish meal diet (C0, positive control containing 500 g/kg FM and 0 g/kg SBM), low fish meal diet (C, control containing 250 g/kg FM and 340 g/kg SBM) or the control diet (C) supplemented, respectively, with 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/g Bacillus pumilus SE5 (T1), Psychrobacter sp. SE6 (T2), Enterococcus faecium MM4 (T3) or Bacillus claussi DE5 (T4). After 6 weeks of feeding, the growth performance, hepatopancreatic digestive enzymes, intestinal histological structure and immune parameters were determined. The results showed that compared with high FM group (C0), significantly lower WGR and SGR as well as higher FCR were observed in the low FM group (C) (p < .05). Compared with the control, significantly lower FCR was observed in treatment T1 (p < .05), but not in treatments T2–T4. Protease, amylase and lipase activities in all the treatments (T1‐T4) were significantly higher than the control (p < .05). GOT and GPT activities in the control were significantly lower than the C0 (p < .05), while higher MDA level was recorded in the control (p < .05). Meanwhile, higher GPT activities were observed in treatments T1‐T4 compared with the control (p < .05). Compared with the C0, lower SOD, ACP and AKP activities were observed in the control. Significantly improved SOD and AKP activities were observed in all probiotic feeding groups compared with the control (p < .05). The control diet led to significant reduction of intestinal wall thickness and villus height compared with the C0 (p < .05), while significantly higher intestinal wall thickness and villus height were exhibited in all the probiotic groups compared with the control (p < .05), except intestinal wall thickness in treatment T3. Thus, these results demonstrated that the four fish origin probiotic strains could relieve the side effects induced by high level of SBM in shrimp, while probiotic B. pumilus SE5 showed the best performance.     

溶藻细菌控藻作用及其在对虾养殖池塘中的应用前景

浮游微藻与养殖池塘的水质及对虾的健康状况密切相关,控制有害微藻的过度繁殖,维持优良的藻相对于养殖水环境的稳定、减少对虾疾病的发生具有重要意义。文章对浮游微藻与对虾养殖的关系及溶藻细菌的研究进展进行了概述,分析了溶藻细菌在对虾养殖中的应用前景,提出了利用溶藻细菌控制对虾养殖池塘有害微藻的研发思路。