喉管与喷嘴截面积比对射流式鱼泵输送性能及鱼损的影响

为探究喉管与喷嘴截面积比对射流式鱼泵输送性能及鱼损的影响规律,该文设计了喉管与喷嘴截面积比分别为1.75和3的射流式鱼泵,以鲫鱼为试验对象进行鱼类输送试验,获得了不同喉管与喷嘴截面积比射流式鱼泵的输送能力及单位质量能耗,并采用表观损伤统计、解剖和血清指标检测等方法分析了射流式鱼泵喉管与喷嘴截面积比对鲫鱼损伤的影响。研究结果表明:在相同被吸流体流量工况下,喉管与喷嘴截面积比较小的射流式鱼泵输送鱼类能力较强,且单位质量能耗较低。试验中喉管与喷嘴截面积比为1.75的射流式鱼泵输送鱼类能力达到1913kg/h,而单位质量能耗仅为1.51 kW?h/t。鱼类损伤的主要类型是局部鳞片少量脱落(轻度损伤),约占所有过泵鱼类的10%。在相同被吸流体流量下,喉管与喷嘴截面积比较小的射流式鱼泵中鱼类轻度损伤率较高,而喉管与喷嘴截面积比对重度损伤率影响较小;喉管与喷嘴截面积比较大的射流式鱼泵在输送过程中对少数鲫鱼肝脏造成的损伤较严重;而不同喉管与喷嘴截面积比射流式鱼泵输送过程均会对鲫鱼肾脏造成影响,但是这种影响在24 h内可以恢复到未过泵时的水平。综合考虑输送能力及鱼损情况,喉管与喷嘴截面积比为1.75的射流式鱼泵更适合鱼类输送。研究结果可为射流式鱼泵推广应用提供支持并可作为其优化设计的参考。     

改进型环形射流泵输送不同果蔬试验

为了研究果蔬的形状、大小和密度对环形射流泵输送性能的影响,该文采用喉管直径为60 mm的环形射流泵进行了马铃薯、胡萝卜、圣女果和金桔的输送试验,对入口结构、流量比、输送高度和果蔬种类4个因素对输送性能的影响进行了研究,并分析了不同工况对果蔬损伤的影响。结果表明:吸入口结构对输送性能有很大的影响;该环形射流泵输送马铃薯、胡萝卜、圣女果和金桔的最高输送能力分别为3 038.13、2 158.83、2 302.92和1 949.50 kg/h;在相同的面积比和输送高度下,输送能力随工作流体流量的增加而增大;在相同的面积比和工作流体流量下,输送能力随输送高度的升高而降低;在相同的工况下,输送椭球形的果蔬的能力要优于输送长条形果蔬的能力,输送密度较大的果蔬的能力要优于输送密度较小的果蔬的能力。输送单位质量果蔬的能耗在低流量比时变化不明显,在高流量比时有较大提升。马铃薯和胡萝卜在输送过程中损伤很小,损伤原因是与管道或泵内壁或者管道接口处碰撞,马铃薯和胡萝卜的最大质量损失率分别为0.13%和0.21%,最大表面损失率为0.68%和1.20%,圣女果和金桔在所有工况没有损伤。该研究可为今后环形射流泵输送果蔬的深入研究提供参考。     

射流喷嘴几何参数对喷灌泵自吸性能的影响

为探索射流喷嘴几何参数对射流式自吸喷灌泵自吸性能的影响规律,该文选择射流喷嘴的喷管总长L1、喷管角度θ、出口长度L2及出口直径D2为变化因素,按L9(34)正交试验的方法设计了9种不同参数的射流喷嘴,通过数值模拟得到使用9种不同射流喷嘴的泵自吸过程气液两相体积流率、叶轮进口速度、叶轮进口气相体积分布及叶轮气相体积分布规律。分析结果表明:射流喷嘴几何参数对射流式自吸喷灌泵气相及液相流率影响的主次顺序为D2>L2>L1>θ;对叶轮进口速度影响的主次顺序为L2>θ>D2>L1;对叶轮进口气相体积分布影响的主次顺序为θ>L1>D2>L2;对叶轮气相体积分布影响的主次顺序为D2>θ>L1>L2;对该射流式自吸喷灌泵射流喷嘴各几何参数最佳组合为射流喷嘴的喷管总长L1=55mm、喷管角度θ=42°、出口长度L2=2mm及出口直径D2=13mm。研究结果可为射流式自吸离心泵射流喷嘴的设计提供参考。     

基于CFD的射流自吸泵性能优化与试验

为提高射流自吸泵效率,该文选择关键结构参数射流器喉管直径、射流器出口直径、叶轮出口宽度和叶片数作为目标因素,设计四因素三水平正交试验,共9组试验。运用数值分析软件提供的湍流模型对各方案进行数值计算。通过极差分析确定性能最优参数组合,其中对效率影响最主要因素为喉管直径。以喉管直径为优化目标设计单一变量试验,分别在小流量点、额定流量点及大流量点进行数值计算,通过数据拟合得到正交试验最优参数组合在不同流量下以喉管直径为自变量的扬程、效率方程式,运用极值运算及加权平均得到最优喉管直径。试验结果表明:相比原型泵,优化模型在额定流量点效率提高约5%。该研究为同类泵的优化提供了一种较可靠的试验设计及数据处理方法。     

射流撞击式低压喷头设计与水力性能试验

为分散喷头主射流,提高喷头的喷洒均匀度,使喷头适用于农业低压喷灌,该研究结合射流与撞击流提出了一种射流撞击式旋转喷头。首先对比了射流撞击喷头与射流不撞击喷头的水力性能,通过正交试验分析了各结构参数值对射程和组合均匀系数的影响,得到副喷嘴结构优化参数,最后将优化后的射流撞击喷头与改进前的传统15PY2喷头进行水力性能及水滴粒径分布对比。研究结果表明,射流撞击使射程末端水量高点降低,同时射程得到提升,射程平均提升4.39%,在相同压力及组合间距下覆盖范围更大。影响喷头工作性能的结构参数依次为副喷管长度、副喷嘴进口锥角、副喷管内径、副喷嘴仰角,而副喷嘴仰角对射程与组合均匀系数影响最大,15型射流撞击喷头最佳结构参数组合为：副喷管长度20 mm、副喷嘴进口锥角55°、副喷管内径6 mm、副喷嘴仰角33°。射流撞击喷头在压力150～300 kPa下组合均匀系数和综合评分均高过传统15PY2喷头,组合均匀系数平均提升4.84%,综合性能平均提升4%,证明了射流撞击应用于旋转式喷头具有优势。在射程前中段,150和250 kPa下射流撞击喷头水滴直径更大;在射程后段,150 kPa下射流撞击喷头水滴直径更大,但在250 kPa下水滴直径更小。研究所得到的喷头结构及结论可为后续研究射流撞击对水力性能的影响提供参考。     

射流式马铃薯输送泵性能试验

为了研究射流式马铃薯输送泵的性能,该文根据马铃薯输送的特点设计了一台射流式马铃薯输送泵,通过试验的方法对流量比、面积比和输送高度3个因素对输送性能的影响进行了研究,并分析了不同工况对马铃薯损伤的影响。研究结果表明:马铃薯的最高输送能力达1 667.46 kg/h;在相同的输送高度和面积比下,输送能力和泵水功率随着流量比的增加而增加;在相同的被吸流体流量和扬程下,输送能力随着面积比升高而降低;在相同的面积比和工作流体流量下,输送能力随着输送高度的升高而降低,而输送单位质量马铃薯的能耗随之升高;在大部分工况中,马铃薯在输送过程中没有损伤;但是在少数流量比较低的工况中,由于回流的作用,马铃薯可能与喷嘴或者泵内壁面碰撞而导致损伤;综合考虑输送能力和马铃薯损伤,在试验所涉及的工况中,射流式马铃薯输送泵面积比1.75,流量比0.49,输送高度1.40 m为输送马铃薯的最优工况。     

播种期液态肥精量深施系统喷肥装置研制

针对播种期液态肥精量深施的技术需求,该文提出一种液态肥对耙点施系统,并针对喷出的液态肥需满足较佳集束性和施肥量等要求,设计一种液态喷肥装置。在Fluent软件中建立锥直型、圆锥型和圆柱型三种不同形状喷嘴的流体仿真模型,对喷嘴的非淹没射流过程进行仿真,分析了不同喷嘴喷出的液态肥速度和总压的变化,得出不同喷嘴的集束性能,确定了圆锥型为最佳喷嘴形状。选用圆锥型喷嘴,以施肥量为评价指标,以液泵压力和喷嘴直径为试验因素,设计了二因素五水平全因子试验,建立施肥量与液泵压力、喷嘴直径之间的回归方程。仿真结果表明,液泵压力和喷嘴直径对喷肥装置的施肥量影响显著(P0.01),其中,喷嘴直径对施肥量的影响程度更大;台架试验结果表明,实际试验施肥量与仿真结果变化趋势一致,施肥量试验值与修正后的回归方程预测值整体平均误差为1.62%,基本满足施肥量要求。该研究为种期液态肥精量深施的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

双侧吸气射流增氧机内吸气作用的分析

为提高射流增氧机的吸气效率,在其射流器喷嘴内增设吸气管以增加一次吸气。利用流体分析软件,结合试验现象,对内吸气部位的流场进行了CFD三维仿真及分析,从压力分布、流体流速与流动方向两方面,计算分析喷嘴及内吸气管内部的液、气两相流体运动规律,以判断喷嘴内能够形成吸气的条件及吸气状况。结果证明当位置系数在一定范围内变化时,内吸气管确实发挥了吸气作用,当内吸气管轴向位置系数R=0,射流器喷嘴内吸气作用达到最佳效果,而当R=1时,射流器喷嘴内吸气作用最差。此外,对不能形成吸气的情况进行了对比研究。     

SSQ系列射流施肥器水力性能试验研究

基于农业生产中水肥一体化技术的施肥要求,该研究对国内常用的SSQ系列射流施肥器进行了性能测试。以吸肥量、进出口压差等指标为研究目标进行了施肥器水力性能的分析和预测,推导了SSQ系列射流施肥器开始吸肥和吸肥效率最高时进出口压差与进口压力的关系公式。结果表明：在正常工作阶段,SSQ系列射流施肥器的吸肥量随进出口压差的增加而增大,在空化条件下达到极限工况;8种不同规格施肥器在进口压力超过0.20 MPa时才能充分发挥吸肥性能;正常工作阶段临界压差与进口压力关系公式的斜率与试验值的误差小于15%,斜率的大小主要受喉管截面和喷嘴出口截面的面积比影响;效率最高时压差与进口压力关系公式的斜率与试验值的平均相对误差为17%,验证了该关系公式的合理性。本文提出的SSQ系列射流施肥器水力性能预测公式可为同类产品的设计和应用提供参考。     

喷管仰角和长度对负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的影响

负压反馈射流喷头(简称射流喷头)是中国自主研发的新型中程灌溉喷头。喷管是喷头的重要组成部分,对喷头水力性能影响重大。为针对性研究喷管参数(仰角、长度组合)对射流喷头水力性能的影响,寻找最优喷管参数,开展了不同喷管参数下射流喷头与PY_210摇臂式喷头水力性能对比试验。结果表明,在相同主喷嘴尺寸时,不同工作压力和不同喷管参数下,射流喷头均同比摇臂式喷头射程远1～2.5 m;射流喷头水量分布中近程呈现较好的"三角形"分布,远处出现水量"凸峰"。最后对试验数据采用综合评分法和熵权法进行分析,同时综合考虑实际喷头野外抗风性能和单一造价,确定最优综合评分下的主副喷管参数为:主副喷管长度组合4.2 cm×4.2 cm,工作压力为0.20～0.30 MPa时,主副喷管仰角40°×40°;工作压力为0.35 MPa时,主副喷管仰角30°×30°。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.