绿豆叶斑病病菌生长特性研究

对采集的绿豆叶斑病病叶,进行了病原菌分离、鉴定及其菌丝生长特性研究.结果表明,绿豆叶斑病病菌为变灰尾孢菌(Cercospora canescens Ell.et Martin);菌丝生长最适培养基是PSA培养基.不同培养基上的菌落颜色不同.病菌生长适宜温度为25～30℃;病菌对pH的适应范围较广;光照有利于菌丝的生长;病菌生长最适碳源为麦芽糖,最适氮源为酵母膏.     

番茄棒孢叶斑病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

本研究采用PSA培养基对上海地区的番茄棒孢叶斑病的病原菌进行分离、培养及致病性测定,通过形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定病原菌,并对该病菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:番茄棒孢叶斑病病原菌菌落呈灰褐色,菌丝质地致密、绒毛状;分生孢子单生或串生,圆柱形或倒棍棒形、顶端钝圆,基部平截,呈半透明至浅褐色,假隔膜4～10个,直或稍弯曲,基脐加厚,深褐色。结合病原菌rDNA ITS序列测定、比对后,确定该病原为多主棒孢Corynespora cassiicola。该病菌的菌丝生长最适温度为25～30℃,最适pH范围为4～8,产孢的最适温度约为25℃,最适pH范围为5～9,麦芽糖和乳糖为碳源的培养基适宜菌丝生长,可溶性淀粉和乳糖溶液中孢子萌发率最高,光暗交替条件适宜菌丝生长,孢子在水滴中极易萌发。这是该病在上海地区的首次报道。     

杨树角斑病病原菌分离及其培养特性研究

对杨树角斑病菌进行分离和鉴定,并研究不同培养条件对其培养特性的影响,以获得病原菌的纯培养并筛选出最佳培养条件,为杨树角斑病防治提供理论参考。分别采用组织和单孢分离法分离病原菌,根据子实体形态和病菌rDNA ITS序列对其进行鉴定。观察不同培养基、温度、光照、pH对病原菌生长的影响。结果表明,自然条件下,用杨树角斑病菌的分生孢子分离较病组织分离易成功。根据病菌的形态特征和rDNA ITS序列分析,将病菌鉴定为柳假尾孢[Pseudocercospora salicina(Ell.&Ev.)Deighton]。培养基、温度、光照、pH等因素影响病菌在培养基上的生长。燕麦培养基、pH6～7、25℃、黑暗条件是适合的培养条件。     

黄脉爵床棒孢霉叶斑病病原菌及其生物学特性鉴定

 明确黄脉爵床棒孢霉叶斑病病原菌及其生物学特性,为防控提供理论依据。通过病原菌分离、形态特征观察、致病性测定、rDNA-ITS序列分析、生物学特性及寄主范围测定等研究,证明该病病原菌为山扁豆生棒孢Corynespora cassiicola;菌丝生长及产孢适宜温度20℃~28℃,孢子萌发适宜温度24℃~32℃,菌丝致死温度49℃处理10 min;菌丝生长适宜pH 6~10,产孢适宜pH 4~8,孢子萌发最适pH 8;光暗交替适合菌丝生长与产孢,连续光照可抑制菌丝生长;菌丝生长量由少到多培养基顺序为CA、PCA、PDA、CMA、OA,而PDA上产孢最多;刺伤接种,病菌可侵染喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)等植物。黄脉爵床棒孢霉叶斑病病原为山扁豆生棒孢C. cassiicola,病菌易产孢,寄主广,潜育期短。该病菌侵染黄脉爵床为首次报道。     

辽宁省西瓜炭疽病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

针对西瓜炭疽病病原菌进行了鉴定及其生物学特性研究。通过病原菌形态学鉴定,柯赫氏法则证病,rDNA ITS测序,鉴定该病致病菌为瓜类炭疽菌（Colletotrichumorbiculare）。生物学特性测定结果表明：病菌菌丝生长最适培养基为PSA; 最适碳、氮源分别为蔗糖和NH4Cl; 最适温度为25℃; 最适pH为6; 黑暗条件利于病菌生长。病菌产孢最适培养基为西瓜茎叶煎汁培养基; 最适碳、氮源分别为蔗糖和NH42SO4; 最适温度为25℃; 最适pH为6; 黑暗条件利于孢子产生。菌丝致死温度为55℃,10min; 分生孢子致死温度为52℃,10min。     

玉米灰斑病菌生物学特性研究

 玉米灰斑病菌(Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon and Doniels)适合分离的培养基有花生叶斑病尾孢菌培养基、PDA、V8汁、V8汁+蔗糖20 g和Richard培养基。适宜菌丝生长的pH 4~12,最适宜的pH 6~8,适宜温度为20~25℃。病菌对葡萄糖、麦芽糖、乳糖和对酵母膏、硝酸钾、牛肉膏的利用好于其它碳源或氮源。分生孢子萌发的温度为20~30℃,pH范围广,RH ≥ 81%以上分生孢子萌发,随湿度增加萌发率增高。营养对孢子萌发无影响。     

苹果黑星病菌中国菌株生物学特性研究

 苹果黑星病菌(Venturia inaequalis(Cooke) Wint.)适合生长的培养基有苹果叶汁、苹果果汁、麦芽浸渍物、PSA、PDA、V8和马铃薯麦芽糖;适合产孢的培养基有苹果叶汁、V8和PSA。菌落生长和产孢适宜的pH值为5.0~6.5,温度为15~20℃。在碳源和氮源中,蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、酵母提取物、硝酸钠和牛肉膏有利于病菌生长和产孢,硫酸铵抑制产孢,草酸铵抑制菌落的生长和产孢。20℃时,光周期为12 h,光照强度为600 lx条件下有利于病菌在PSA培养基上生长和产孢,其产孢量约为黑暗条件下的13倍。病菌分生孢子在水滴中萌发的适宜温度为20~25℃,最适pH值为5.0~6.5     

陕西苹果树腐烂病菌(Cytospora spp.)不同分离株的生物学特性与致病性研究

 本研究从陕西分离得到61株苹果树腐烂病菌(Cytospora spp.),选取在PDA培养基上菌落特征差异明显的7个分离株,对其生物学特性及致病性进行研究。结果表明:各分离株在PDA、PSA、PMA和PEMA培养基上菌落生长较好,但在PDA上的菌落颜色和产孢情况差异很大。各分离株均能在5~32℃生长,但对35℃以上高温的适应性差异较大;所有分离株均能在pH4~9的条件下生长,最适pH为5~6;光照对各分离株的菌落生长有明显的促进作用。各分离株均可在Cza-pek培养基及供试的其它碳、氮源培养基上生长,其中以葡萄糖、麦芽糖和酵母膏为最佳碳、氮源。采用烫伤接种的方法,分别以菌饼和分生孢子悬浮液接种苹果离体枝条,两者均可侵染发病,但各分离株致病力差异显著,其中菌落颜色为黄褐色的菌株致病性强。因此,根据菌落颜色、致病性和生物学特性可将这7个分离株划分为3个类群:Ⅰ型为黄褐色强致病类群,但各分离株的产孢量有差异;Ⅱ型为乳白色不产孢的弱致病类群;Ⅲ型为灰褐色易产孢弱致病类群。其余54株分离物均属于Ⅰ型,这些结果说明陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌具有多样性和致病性分化现象。     

芝麻棒孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定与致病力比较

为明确芝麻叶斑病病原菌及其致病力,本研究以河南不同地区芝麻上分离所得叶斑病分离物为研究对象,通过形态观察和分子鉴定探讨这些分离物的分类属性,并且进行离体叶片和活体茎杆接菌,进一步探究了不同菌株的致病力差异。结果显示分离所得的6株芝麻叶斑病分离物的菌落形态、生长速率和产孢量存在差异,分生孢子多数呈倒棍棒状,具隔膜,6个菌株的ITS序列与GenBank中Corynespora cassiicola的一致性达99%以上,结合形态特征与ITS序列将其鉴定为山扁豆生棒孢。室内人工接菌芝麻发现,这6个菌株的致病力存在显著的差异;在芝麻叶片上,20180909-03属强致病力菌株,20180821-01、20180909-05和20180824-01属中等致病力菌株,20180904-02-02和SF1-1属弱致病力菌株;在芝麻茎杆上,20180824-01致病力最强,其次是20180821-01、20180909-03和20180909-05,SF1-1和20180904-02-02致病力最弱。研究结果证明山扁豆生棒孢不同菌株在芝麻上的致病力存在明显的分化。     

芝麻棒孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定与致病力比较

 为明确芝麻叶斑病病原菌及其致病力,本研究以河南不同地区芝麻上分离所得叶斑病分离物为研究对象,通过形态观察和分子鉴定探讨这些分离物的分类属性,并且进行离体叶片和活体茎杆接菌,进一步探究了不同菌株的致病力差异。结果显示分离所得的6株芝麻叶斑病分离物的菌落形态、生长速率和产孢量存在差异,分生孢子多数呈倒棍棒状,具隔膜,6个菌株的ITS序列与GenBank中Corynespora cassiicola的一致性达99%以上,结合形态特征与ITS序列将其鉴定为山扁豆生棒孢。室内人工接菌芝麻发现,这6个菌株的致病力存在显著的差异;在芝麻叶片上,20180909-03属强致病力菌株,20180821-01、20180909-05和20180824-01属中等致病力菌株,20180904-02-02和SF1-1属弱致病力菌株;在芝麻茎杆上,20180824-01致病力最强,其次是20180821-01、20180909-03和20180909-05,SF1-1和20180904-02-02致病力最弱。研究结果证明山扁豆生棒孢不同菌株在芝麻上的致病力存在明显的分化。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.