植物抗病毒的遗传工程

植物抗病毒道传工程中利用病毒衣壳蛋白基因、弱毒株系的完整基因组、病毒反义RNA序列和RNA随体序列等方法获得作物抗病毒转基因植物,本文列举了这些方法的最新应用实例。     

我国49种线状植物病毒分子鉴定及其基因组研究

本研究建立了马铃薯Y病毒属、马铃薯X病毒属、麝香石竹潜隐病毒属和葱X病毒属成员RT-PCR检测和全基因组扩增技术体系,并成功用于60多种供试植物病毒的检测诊断。利用所建立的技术体系,从全国18个省市42种作物上采集的病样中鉴定了49种植物病毒,其中10种为新种,11种为国内新记录,更正了7种病毒的鉴定和命名。测定了这49种病毒217个分离物基因组序列,并全部在国际基因数据库登录,占全球登录的植物病毒基因组序列总数的3.8%,其中27种植物病毒为基因组全序列,20种为国际首次报道,15种病毒全序列被美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)确定为相关病毒的标准序列。     

大麦黄矮病毒侵染小麦miRNA鉴定和特征分析

 大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf viruses,BYDVs)引起的小麦黄矮病严重威胁我国麦类生产,造成严重经济损失。植物中的miRNA调控植物生长发育、信号转导及对外界压力的反应,通过调控植物抗性基因的表达影响植物与病原物的互作。本研究对感染BYDV-GAV 后3 d、7 d及健康对照的‘小偃6号'小麦样品进行miRNA测序,合并去冗余后分别得到99、96、95个已知的miRNA序列和806、809、1 024个新miRNA序列。对这些miRNA进行差异表达分析,BYDV-GAV侵染后3 d和7 d的小麦样品,与对照相比上调表达的miRNA数量分别为3个和7个,下调表达的为14个和12个。将差异表达的miRNA利用psRNATarget进行靶基因预测,共得到1 254个靶标基因。靶基因的KEGG和GO富集分析,进一步明确了其功能及作用通路。对14个病毒病症状相关的靶基因进行定量分析,结果表明随病毒侵染时间的延长,这些靶基因出现差异性表达,显示miRNA参与了寄主与病毒的互作。研究结果有助于揭示BYDV-GAV与寄主小麦的互作机理。     

大麦黄矮病毒侵染小麦miRNA鉴定和特征分析

 大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf viruses,BYDVs)引起的小麦黄矮病严重威胁我国麦类生产,造成严重经济损失。植物中的miRNA调控植物生长发育、信号转导及对外界压力的反应,通过调控植物抗性基因的表达影响植物与病原物的互作。本研究对感染BYDV-GAV 后3 d、7 d及健康对照的‘小偃6号'小麦样品进行miRNA测序,合并去冗余后分别得到99、96、95个已知的miRNA序列和806、809、1 024个新miRNA序列。对这些miRNA进行差异表达分析,BYDV-GAV侵染后3 d和7 d的小麦样品,与对照相比上调表达的miRNA数量分别为3个和7个,下调表达的为14个和12个。将差异表达的miRNA利用psRNATarget进行靶基因预测,共得到1 254个靶标基因。靶基因的KEGG和GO富集分析,进一步明确了其功能及作用通路。对14个病毒病症状相关的靶基因进行定量分析,结果表明随病毒侵染时间的延长,这些靶基因出现差异性表达,显示miRNA参与了寄主与病毒的互作。研究结果有助于揭示BYDV-GAV与寄主小麦的互作机理。     

二化螟响应Bt杀虫蛋白Cry1Ca的小RNA转录组分析

为有效防控二化螟Chilo suppressalis,采用Illumina Solexa二代测序技术对Bt杀虫蛋白Cry1Ca处理后二化螟中肠内的小RNA序列进行测序,并对其差异表达谱进行注释与分析,并用实时荧光定量PCR技术对测序结果进行验证。结果显示,Cry1Ca对二化螟的亚致死量LC₃₀为0.061 μg/g。Cry1Ca处理和对照处理后转录组中小RNA分布峰值均为22 nt,被注释的已知小RNA比例很低,分别为7.2%和7.9%。Cry1Ca处理后,二化螟中肠内miRNA、snoRNA、snRNA、rRNA、piRNA数量均少于对照。与对照相比,Cry1Ca处理后二化螟中肠内共有358个小RNA表达上调,747个小RNA表达下调,其中有25个已知miRNA的表达量较高,其中3个已知miRNA表达量显著上调,22个已知miRNA表达量显著下调;在新预测的novel miRNA中,有23个上调表达,43个下调表达。KEGG分析结果显示,Cry1Ca诱导的miRNA影响了丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）通路,这个通路包含17个靶基因,其中11个靶基因可被多个miRNA调控,每个靶基因可被59~665个miRNA靶向调控,参与靶向调控miRNA的相对表达量变化倍数介于0.01倍~23 289倍之间,表明miRNA在调控二化螟防御Bt杀虫蛋白Cry1Ca方面发挥着重要作用。实时荧光定量PCR的结果与测序结果一致,表明测序结果正确。     

植物病毒基因沉默抑制因子研究进展

RNAi是近年来发现的一种重要的基因沉默现象,可以介入植物的整体防御体系,在植物细胞中产生一种不确定的流动信号,使远距离组织的特异RNA序列得到降解。为利于病毒的侵染,植物、动物和昆虫的病毒同时也编码一种蛋白来对抗RNAi,这类蛋白可以抑制RNA沉默的各个步骤,称为RNAi抑制因子,本文对几个研究较清楚的植物病毒抑制因子,从其发现到主要特点、作用机制等方面进行了阐述,并且依据其特点及前景进行归类与展望。     

高通量测序鉴定柑橘黄化脉明病毒诱导柠檬差异表达microRNA

 柑橘黄化脉明病毒(Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV)是我国新发生的危害柠檬的重要病毒。本研究对接种和未接种CYVCV的柠檬叶片样品进行了高通量小RNA测序,以甜橙基因组作为参考,采用生物信息学软件进行miRNA鉴定和靶基因预测。结果显示CYVCV侵染对13个保守miRNA和12个新鉴定的非保守miRNA的表达具有调控作用,对这些差异表达miRNA的靶基因进行预测和功能分析的结果显示,保守miRNA的靶基因功能在植物逆境反应及光合作用和能量代谢相关通路中具有明显的富集现象,推测与CYVCV侵染柠檬植株及诱导病害症状表现有关,而多数新鉴定的非保守miRNA的靶基因功能未能注释到KEGG通路。采用实时荧光定量PCR对部分miRNA的表达水平进行了分析,结果表明miRNA的表达水平在接种CYVCV后30~90 d呈时间动态变化。研究结果为进一步揭示CYVCV与柠檬互作机制提供了重要信息。     

小麦黄花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因RNAi表达载体的构建及遗传转化

小麦黄花叶病毒(Wheat yellow mosaic virus,WYMV)是马铃薯Y病毒科(Potyviridae)大麦黄花叶病毒属(Bymovirus)的成员,是危害我国小麦生产的一种重要病毒病害.RNA干扰是由dsRNA介导的,通过核酸序列特异性的相互作用来抑制基因表达的一种基因沉默现象,这种调控机制在植物抗病毒基因工程育种中已得到广泛应用.以RNA干扰为原理、以病毒的外壳蛋白基因为靶标,构建了抗WYMV的植物表达载体.采用基因枪方法共转化‘扬麦12’的幼胚愈伤组织,得到了再生植株.对To代进行PCR检测,得到15株阳性植株.     

水稻黑条矮缩病毒(RBSDV)S3和S10基因组非编码区对翻译的调控作用

 水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Rice black-streaked dwarf virus, RBSDV)基因组含有5′帽子,无3′poly(A)尾巴,且不同基因组片段的5′和3′末端序列均十分保守。本研究以RBSDV S3和S10为对象,分析其非编码区对翻译的调控作用。研究发现S3和S10的5′UTR在有无帽子时均可以正向调控报告基因Fluc的翻译,具备核糖体内部进入位点(IRES)活性,且5′末端的基因组保守序列及邻近序列与IRES活性密切相关;而对应的3′UTR则抑制5′UTR对翻译的正调控效应,其分子基础是5′UTR和3′UTR之间的RNA-RNA互作,且该互作也抑制帽子依赖型翻译的效率。这是首次关于有帽子植物RNA病毒中IRES元件的报道,研究结果对了解植物双链RNA病毒基因组非编码区对翻译的调控作用具有重要科学意义。     

烟草蚀纹病毒山东分离物全基因组序列的克隆和保守性分析

为利用RNA介导的病毒抗性策略,培育抗性稳定或抗多烟草蚀纹病毒（Tobacco etch virus,TEV）株系的转基因植株,采用RT-PCR及5＇-RACE方法克隆了烟草蚀纹病毒山东分离物TEV-SD1的全基因组序列。TEV-SD1全基因组核苷酸序列长度为9494 bp,包含1个9165 bp的开放阅读框架（open reading frame,ORF）,编码3054个氨基酸。将TEV-SD1基因组序列与GenBank中已公布的4个TEV全基因组序列和11个外壳蛋白（coat protein,CP）基因序列比对分析发现,各分离物CP基因间的核苷酸和氨基酸序列平均相似性分别为96.65%和98.31%,高于其它功能基因间的相似性;各分离物CP基因3＇端核苷酸序列相似性平均为96.55%,高于5＇端序列。聚类分析发现TEV在自然界中的分子变异与其寄主关系密切。     

Identification and Partial Characterisation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lettuce big-vein associated virus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus</Emphasis> in Common Weeds Found Amongst Spanish Lettuce Crops and their Role in Lettuce Big-vein Disease Transmission

The potential role of 10 frequently occurring weed species found amongst Spanish lettuce crops as host plants for the two viruses associated with the lettuce big-vein disease, Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV), was studied. The results showed that both viruses can infect naturally growing Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) plants, the unique susceptible species detected among the analysed weeds. The sequences of the coat protein (CP) genes of the LBVaV and MLBVV isolates recovered from S. oleraceus plants were determined. Phylogenetic studies revealed a very close relationship between the CP sequences from these weed isolates and those from Spanish lettuce. Moreover, we showed that S. oleraceus can act as a source of lettuce infection by means of Olpidium brassicae, the vector fungus of both viruses.     

Turnip crinkle virus with nonviral gene cancels the effect of silencing suppressors of P19 and 2b in Arabidopsis thaliana

In plants, green fluorescent protein (GFP) has become a preferred molecular marker for gene expression and cellular localization, and plant viral vectors are valuable tools for heterologous gene expression. Some plant viruses have been used for expression of GFP, and the activities of these viruses are barely affected by the extra GFP gene. In contrast, the packaging and the length of Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) genome is strictly limited when foreign genes are inserted into the coding sequences of TCV genome. In this report, we removed the silencing suppressor p38 from TCV, and constructed GFP derivatives of TCV. Then the resulting TCV mutants were used to infect Arabidopsis plants containing mutations in key silencing pathway genes, including triple dcl2/dcl3/dcl4, dcl2, dcl4 and ago mutant plants. Our results demonstrate that the activity of TCV is affected by nonviral GFP insert in Arabidopsis plants, and RNA silencing appears not play an important role. AGOs appear to be more efficient at slicing RNAs of viral origin, especially AGO2 and AGO7. Although the viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) P19 and 2b can enhance the accumulation of viral RNAs, neither P19 nor 2b can significantly increase the expression of TCV mutants with nonviral genes. TCV is an example of an RNA virus that is recalcitrant to add nonviral gene sequences.     

Advances and prospects in potato virology with special reference to virus resistance

Knowledge of the nucleotide sequences in the genomic nucleic acid of several potato viruses has enabled the open reading frames to be identified. These open reading frames are expressed by a variety of strategies, to produce proteins with functions in virus nucleic acid replication, virus particle production, cell-to-cell transport of virus and virus transmission by vectors. The activity of such proteins depends on their interactions with other viral or non-viral materials.Several other biological properties of plant viruses can also be related to individual viral gene products. For example, in plants co-infected with a specific pair of unrelated viruses, one virus can benefit from an ability to use the gene product of the second virus in replication, cell-to-cell transport or transmission by vectors. Similarly, different host resistance genes are targeted against viral replicase, movement protein or coat protein. Thus it is becoming possible to relate gene-for-gene (or more accurately, viral gene domain-host gene) interactions to events at the molecular level. Genetically engineered resistance to plant viruses likewise can be targeted against individual viral genes, and probably also against viral regulatory sequences. Such transgenic resistance seems likely to be as durable as conventional host resistance but durability should be improved by producing plants with combinations of resistances of different kinds, either conventional or genetically engineered, or both.     

The coat proteins and putative movement proteins of isolates of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus from different host species and geographic origins are extensively conserved

A complete sequence for the RNA 3 of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is described (Genbank Accession U57046). Primers from this sequence were used to amplify both the movement protein and coat protein genes of 3 other isolates of PNRSV originating from different host species and geographic locations. Comparisons of these sequences with those of other published sequences for PNRSV and the closely related apple mosaic virus (ApMV) showed that both the movement proteins and coat proteins of isolates of PNRSV are extensively conserved irrespective of either the original host or the geographic origin. The movement protein and coat protein of ApMV and PNRSV are sufficiently conserved to suggest that these two viruses may have evolved from a common ancestor. The amino acid sequence of the two coat proteins shows areas of similarity and difference that would explain the serological continuum reported to occur among isolates of these two viruses. Nevertheless, the movement protein and coat protein of the two viruses are sufficiently different so that ApMV and PNRSV should be considered to be distinct viruses.     

马铃薯4种病毒多重PCR检测体系的建立

我国马铃薯病毒主要有马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯S病毒(PVS)、马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV),常发生复合侵染。根据GenBank中4种马铃薯病毒的外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因全长设计引物,通过RT-PCR扩增得到4种病毒CP基因全长片段,测序结果显示序列同源性96%以上;针对4种病毒CP基因的保守序列分别设计引物,在一个PCR体系中同步对4种病毒进行扩增,得到421、202、516、330bp的特异性条带,优化建立了能同步检测PVY、PVX、PVS和PLRV的多重RT-PCR检测体系。检测结果证明优化后的多重RT-PCR体系能在田间样品中快速、高效地检测出4种病毒。     

植物小RNA在病毒致病过程中的作用研究进展

目前,我国正遭受多种外来有害生物的入侵,给我国的农业生产以及生态环境造成了严重影响。其中检疫性植物病毒危害大、隐蔽性强,是重要的外来生物。掌握病毒致病的相关机制是有效防控入侵病毒病害的基础。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)以及病毒小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)是植物体内重要的非编码小RNA,在病毒致病过程中扮演着重要角色。病毒在侵染过程中,可以利用植物抗病毒免疫反应产生的siRNA进行致病,同时可以直接或间接干扰miRNA的代谢途径,导致相关症状的产生。本文根据植物小RNA的近期研究进展,对miRNA和病毒siRNA的产生途径、生物学特性以及作用分子机制进行了综述,并对其在病毒侵染过程中的作用进行了探讨,初步从小RNA的角度阐述了植物病毒的致病机制,以期为检疫性病毒病害的防控提供理论基础。     

Use of Degenerate Primers in a RT-PCR Assay for the Identification and Analysis of Some Filamentous Viruses, with Special Reference to Clostero- and Vitiviruses of the Grapevine

RT-PCR with degenerate primers was used for the screening of the genome of some members of the Closterovirus, Vitivirus and Trichovirus genera. Two sets of primers, targeted to conserved sequences of the heat shock protein 70 homologue of closteroviruses or to the RNA dependent RNA polymerase genes of tricho- and vitiviruses, amplified the expected fragments from total RNA extracts or double-stranded RNAs of infected plants. Amplified cDNAs were cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Results support the allocation of grapevine viruses A, B, D and heracleum latent virus (HLV) in the genus Vitivirus, whereas, the detection of a HSP70 homologue in grapevine leafroll-associated viruses agrees with their assignment in the genus Closterovirus. The use of degenerate primers for the identification of grapevine viruses belonging to Vitivirus and Closterovirus genera is envisaged.