针叶树材纵向气体渗透的三维流阻网络

气体在木材中的渗透是通过木材内的孔隙通道进行 ,而木材内的孔隙结构非常复杂 ,在纵向、径向、弦向的连接特性均不相同。以往关于针叶树材气体渗透的模型或理论 ,只考虑针叶树材内气体渗透通道在 1个或 2个方向上的连接。本文根据针叶树材管胞流阻和管胞在纵向、径向、弦向的连接特性 ,建立了一个描述针叶树材纵向气体渗透性的三维流阻网络 ,并运用重正化变换求解出流阻网络的流阻 ,计算了针叶树材气体纵向渗透系数。所得马尾松木材气体纵向渗透系数计算值与其测量结果进行比较 ,两者十分吻合 ,表明本文关于针叶树材气体纵向渗透三维流阻网络理论的科学性     

针叶树材管胞气体渗透流阻及其渗透系数

针对树材气体渗透性与气体在管胞中的流动特性和规律紧密相关，研究管胞的气体渗透流阻，可以获得关于针叶树材气体渗透性更深入的认识。本文从针叶树材管胞解剖结构出发，运用流体力学理论，导出了管胞3个纹理方向渗透气体流阻的数学表达式，并由此计算了针叶树材管胞的气体渗透系数。计算结果表明，管胞流阻可以描述气体渗透阻力的分布情况，反映气体渗透性在3个纹理方向的差异，在木材细胞层次揭示针叶树材气体渗透性的机制。     

马尾松木材横向液体渗透性的研究

分析和讨论了影响马尾松木材横向液体渗透性及其各向异性的机理.对马尾松木材的径向液体渗透性和弦向液体渗透性进行了测量.结果表明,马尾松木材的径向液体渗透性大于弦向液体渗透性,并且,马尾松木材的径向液体渗透性和弦向液体渗透性都是从边材向心材逐渐减小,并随着含水率的下降而升高.其原因是径向液体流动的主要通道是木射线和水平树脂道,弦向主要是管胞壁和交叉场上的纹孔.     

木材流体渗透性研究的发展与趋势

介绍了木材流体渗透性研究领域中的主要理论和常用的木材结构模型;简述了我国木材流体渗透性研究的发展和现状,以及自60年代以来所取得的主要成果。木材渗透性研究的理论主要包括线性粘滞液体流的Hagen-Poiseuile方程,非线性粘滞液态流的Erk或Bar方程,气体滑流效应的线性气体流Adzumi方程;常用于木材渗透性研究的木材结构模型有:均匀并联毛细管模型、Sebatian针叶材模型、Pety串联流导模型、Comstock针叶材模型,以及Bramhal提出由Bolton改进的渗透截面随长度衰减模型;此外还有关于短毛细管的Couete修正和Clausing修正。     

针叶树木材流体纵向渗透性与其构造关系的理论分析

本文首次提出搭接面及侧面胞壁上纹孔在流体纵向渗透时的不同作用,并运用流体力学的原理,对针叶树木材流体纵向渗透性与其构造的关系进行了系统分析。结果表明：针叶树木材流体渗透系数等于早、晚材对其贡献之和,早、晚材对其的贡献,分别等于单位面积上流体流动路径数、管胞平均长度与纹孔膜膜缘厚度比值及纹孔膜微孔的比渗透性三者之积。经验证,研究结果与实测值较好的相符。     

中国重要树种木材流体渗透性的研究

本文研究了40种中国重要木材流体渗透性的特点和规律。结果表明,针叶材纵向空气渗透性为0.00957—1.87173 darcy,阔叶材为0.00195—13.49867darcy;针、阔叶材边材渗透性比心材高;种间或种内渗透性高低与密度无关;研究的全部针叶材、约70％的环孔材和约30％的散孔材与半散孔材渗透性(以心材为准)均在0.1 darcy以下,属较低等级以下。针叶材低渗透树种比阔叶材多,与纵向单位长度上阻碍流动细胞间隔数在前者比后者多有关;环孔材低渗透树种比散孔材和半散孔材多,由于前者含有或多或少侵填体或树胶堵塞导管和管间纹孔所致。同类树种之间渗透性差异,针叶材决定于有效纹孔膜微孔半径和数量,大而多者渗透性高;环孔材除纹孔之外,还与侵填体或树胶有无和多少,甚至侵填体上微孔有无和多少及大小有关;散孔材或半散孔材,来源于管间纹孔膜微孔半径和数量、穿孔板的类型以及管孔的大小和数量的不同。     

龙竹竹材纵向气体渗透性测定

参照木材流体渗透特性相关理论和研究方法,对大型丛生竹种———龙竹竹材的纵向气体渗透性进行了测定和分析,结果表明预处理方法和含水率对竹材纵向渗透性有显著影响。预处理可提高竹材气体渗透性,水煮预处理试件的渗透性优于汽蒸预处理试件的渗透性;随竹材试件含水率降低,竹材纵向气体渗透性增加。这些结论可为竹材防霉处理、染色处理、防火处理等改性处理提供有益的参考。     

木材可压缩流体渗透中滑流的研究

在气体平均压力倒数为1.4-48atm~(-1)范围内测定了长白鱼鳞云杉和红松木材可压缩流休渗透中滑流效应及影响滑流的因素,论述了木材中流体流动形态和机理。研究表明,两种木材可压缩流体渗透中均产生滑流,但长白鱼鳞云杉中滑流高于红松。前者滑流渗透性与真渗透性百分比、比名义渗透性与真渗透性比、滑流因素分别为69.39％、1.69、0.356atm;后者分别为37.64％、1.376、0.197atm。滑流的大小与木材有效毛细管半径、真渗透性和气体平均压力有高度紧密相关。木材有效毛细管半径愈小,真渗透性愈低,或气体平均压力愈低,则滑流效应愈大。     

木材导热系数的研究

本文运用非平衡态热力学线性理论分析了含水率在纤维饱和点以下木材的传热,结果表明木材中的水蒸汽和束缚水参与了传热,木材导热系数由传导导热系数与因水蒸汽和束缚水扩散产生的两个等效导热系数组成。推广Siau关于木材细胞的导热理论,依据水分吸附和扩散的原理,导出了木材弦向和径向导热系数计算公式,与已发表的36种气干材弦向实验值和23种气干材径向实验值符合较好。分析木材径向传热的方法也适用于木材纵向传热。     

针叶树木材细胞力学及纵向弹性模量的计算--试件纵向弹性模量的预测

依据针叶树木材管胞和射线细胞的结构模型。使用计算机抽样模拟解剖结构参数。以及使用针叶树木材纵向弹性模量计算公式和方法,计算人工林杉木,马尾松幼龄材和成熟材试件纵向弹性模量,计算结果与常温条件下气干试件测定结果十分符合。在试件晚材率和管胞解剖结构参数改变的条件下。计算预测了人工林杉木,马尾松幼龄材和成熟材纵向弹性模量的变化。结果表明：试件纵向弹性模量随晚材率,管胞长度,管胞壁厚度的增加而增加,而试件纵向弹性模量随管胞直径增加而减小。本文提出的纵向弹性模量计算的预测方法,对于运用现代生物技术控制和改变针叶树木材的材质,材性有实际意义。     

WOOD PERMEABILITY

In this paper,the permeable measurement equipment was made by authors.Thepermeability of four species of common wood was measured.These species grow in northeasternarea of China.The results indicated that 1)The experiment proved this equipment was reasonble instructure,good measurement precision and convenient use,and the wood permeability measurementwas satisfied.2)Wood permeability was the physical property of anisotropy in different grain direc-tions.The permeability of four kinds of wood in axialis are greater than that in crosswise,thepermeability of Pinus koraiensis and Larix dahurica in radial is greater than in tangential,andthe permeability of Populus davidiana Dude and Betula playphylla Suk in tangential is greater thanthat in radial 3) According to the data of four kinds of wood permeability in different grains direc-tion,the effect mechanism on wood permeability and different properties was discussed and ana-lysed.     

吸湿范围内毛白杨木材径向透气性的研究

文章利用自行研制的木材透气性实验装置,探讨了木材含水率、厚度和压力对毛白杨透气性的影响。实验证明：实验装置结构合理,气密性较高,操作方便,满足测量要求;在吸湿范围内：木材透气性与含水率呈负二次曲线关系,含水率为10％左右透气性最大;透气性随着压力差的增加而增加,并呈直线上升趋势;透气性随着厚度的增加而减少,并呈指数下降趋势;在本实验探讨的影响因素中,含水率和厚度对透气性的影响显著。     

杉木和I-72杨人工林木材干缩性质的研究

通过对杉木和I-72杨人工林木材南北向、不同高度位置、不同径向位置横向干缩(弦、径向)的测量,研究上述3个因素对2种木材横向干缩(弦、径向)的影响规律。结果表明:南北向的不同对杉木和I-72杨人工林木材的干缩均无显著影响;高度位置的不同对杉木和I-72杨木的弦向干缩均有显著影响,而对径向干缩则无显著影响;径向位置的不同对杉木和I-72杨人工林木材的径、弦向干缩均有极显著影响:从树皮到髓心,木材径、弦向干缩逐渐减小,与其基本密度的变化趋势一致。     

Influence of heating history on dynamic viscoelastic properties and dimensions of dry wood

To obtain new information about the mechanical and physical properties of dry wood in unstable states, the influence of heating history on viscoelastic properties and dimensional changes of dry wood in the radial, tangential, and longitudinal directions was studied between 100° and 200°C. Unstable states of dry wood still existed after heating at 105°C for 30 min and were modified by activated molecular motion in the first heating process to temperatures above 105°C. This phenomenon is thought to be caused by the unstable states reappearing after wetting and drying again. Dry wood components did not completely approach the stable state in the temperature range tested, because they did not entirely surpass the glass transition temperatures in most of the temperature range. In constant temperature processes at 135° and 165°C, E′ increased and E″ decreased with time regardless of the direction. This indicated that the unstable states of dry wood components were gradually modified with time at constant temperatures. On the other hand, anisotropy of dimensional change existed and dimension increased in the longitudinal direction, was unchanged in the radial direction, and decreased in the tangential direction with time at constant temperatures. Part of this report was presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Chubu Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, August 2003     

Variation of measured cross-sectional cell dimensions and calculated water vapor permeability across a single growth ring of spruce wood

A statistical study of the cell dimensions in a growth ring of spruce along the radial and tangential directions is performed. The data are used to study the variation of the cell vapor permeability in the growth ring. Studying cell rows within one growth ring, the frequency distributions of the cell wall thickness in the radial direction and of the lumen dimension in the tangential direction are found to be both unimodal. In contrast, the frequency distributions of these dimensions in the other directions are bimodal, where the different modes can be attributed to earlywood and latewood. Analysis of the bimodal distributions results in the determination of threshold values of cell wall thickness and the lumen dimension for earlywood and latewood tracheids. The cell dimensions are used to predict cell porosity and water vapor permeability distribution within a growth ring. The bimodal frequency distributions of the tangential cell wall thickness and the radial lumen dimension provide an explanation for the observed bimodal frequency distribution of the cell water vapor permeability both in radial and in tangential directions. Contrary to measured macroscopic vapor permeability results, the tracheid geometry results in lower cell vapor permeability in radial than in tangential direction. This confirms that rays play an important role in the vapor permeability of wood, as they can be considered as pathways for vapor transport in radial direction. The dataset analyzed in this paper leads to a set of parameters characterizing the earlywood and latewood cell dimensions. Such characterization can be used, for example, for producing synthetic data for computational modeling studies.     

Dielectric properties of softwood species at microwave frequencies

Summary Dielectric measurements at 3 GHz were made for three softwoods, European pine, spruce and hemlock. The longitudinal, radial and tangential grain directions of the wood were considered as well as moisture contents ranging from 6% to 35%. The positive effect of the moisture content on the loss factor illustrates the selectivity of microwave drying techniques, while the observations also show that the longitudinal dielectric properties are substantially higher than the transverse ones. The specific effect of the wood species on the dielectric behaviour has to be ascribed mainly to those intrinsic characteristics of the species which influence the sorptive capacity of the wood.     

用体积置换法测量木材渗透系数的计算与修正

从体积置换法测量木材气体渗透系数的基本原理出发,针对水柱上升和水柱下降两种体积置换法的测量装置,分析了体积置换法测量过程中气体渗透压强的变化,以及非稳态条件对体积置换法测量结果的影响．并详细推导了测量中的有关计算式和对非稳态测量补偿的修正因子．此外,运用动力学分析方法,论证了气体渗透压强在测量中的线性变化．其中关于测量的计算及其修正的关键设定的合理性,进一步从理论上阐明了体积置换法测量木材气体渗透系数的精确性．