奶牛场选址与牛舍设计原则

奶牛对环境有较强的适应能力。奶牛一般怕热不怕冷。奶牛对夏季的高温、高湿和冬季的寒风比较敏感。奶牛适宜的环境温度为5～21℃（犊牛为10～24℃）,最适宜的环境温度为10～15℃（犊牛为17℃）,耐受范围为-15～26℃。     

标准化奶牛场的设计

牛奶是强身健体最天然、最丰富、最廉价，同时又是最易吸收的食品。近年来，随着人们的消费观念的转变和生活水平的提高，喝奶的重要性被越来越多的人所认识，牛奶及乳制品消费需求不断增加。据联合国有关组织统计，目前世界发达国家人均牛奶消费量为300kg，世界人均水平为105kg，而我国人均牛奶的消费水平不足8kg。我国是拥有13亿人口的泱泱大     

暖棚牛舍建造技术的几点改进

在参考有关资料的基础上,对暖棚牛舍建造过程及其适用性,进行了点改进,探索出了一套适用于农村经济条件下的规模养殖户和小型规模养殖场不同用途牛的暖棚建造技术.     

千头奶牛场设计要考虑的几个方面

1饲养 牛群按泌乳牛、干奶牛、犊牛、后备母牛、青年母牛分群舍饲,并配置相应牛舍,以满足牛群正常周转需要.舍外设运动场,运动场内设遮阳棚、干草架.成年母牛泌乳期305天,干奶期60天,产前15天进产房,产后15天出产房.犊牛出生后立即母子隔离,5天内喂初乳,15天内喂母乳,15天后喂混合常乳,犊牛2月龄断奶,哺乳初期每栏1头,单栏饲养.哺乳后期和断奶犊牛小群栏养,后备母牛群养,青年牛、干奶牛、泌乳牛在舍内用颈枷固定牛位.     

牛舍、犊牛栏及饲槽的设计

1牛舍双坡式牛舍,可利用面积大,适用性强,造价低,加大门窗面积也可起到增强通风换气的作用。牛舍方位一般是坐北朝南,偏东斜15~16度,以保证舍内冬暖夏凉。牛舍面积:成母牛每头9平方米,100头牛的牛舍长80米,宽12米(建筑面积);青年牛每头8平方米,100头牛的牛舍长75米,宽11米;育成牛每头7平方米,100头牛的牛舍长70米,宽10米;犊牛     

北方地区暖棚牛舍的设计、温热环境控制及评价

本文采用冬季太阳高度角最大,太阳高度角随纬度变化而变化这一原理,确定牛舍棚面角的计算公式为C=B-h(B:为50°临界值,h为太阳高度角),在冬季舍外温度达-20～-30℃时夜间舍内温度达7～8℃以上。空气湿度、气流速度、光照、有害气体NH_3和CO_2等诸参数均在卫生学要求的范围内,用于冬季养牛是完全可行的,有推广前景。     

冬季奶牛场生产管理和疾病预防的几点建议

目前,为了控制好奶源,获得优质生鲜奶,各大乳品企业纷纷建设自己的奶源基地,规模化牧场越来越多。决定牧场利益高低的因素很多,如奶牛的产奶水平,不仅取决于奶牛的品系、饲草饲料,还取决于管理因素。因此牛场要把管理提到一定的重要地位上,只有管理好了,才有健康的牛群,才有好的生产水平,才能够真正做到疾病的     

对当前大规模发展大型奶牛场的几点疑虑

当前,尤其三聚氰胺以后不少奶企为了保证奶源数量和质量的稳定都大规模发展起自己的奶牛养殖业。不可否定,这是好事,但“雷厉风,大刀阔斧”大规模发展奶牛养殖场,甚至是发展大型奶牛养殖场却也存在不少隐患,以下几点疑虑予以同行参考。     

搞好个体农机维修的几点建议

我们在农机维修网点管理中发现，个体农机维修队伍很不稳定，不少个体维修户象“昙花”一样，开业不久，便维持不下去，不得不关门停业，从而造成较大的经济损失。下面讨论搞好个体农机维修站的主要做法。     

对当前大规模发展大型奶牛场的几点疑虑

<正>当前尤其三聚氰胺事件以后,不少奶企为了保证奶源数量和质量的稳定都大规模发展起自己的奶牛养殖业。不可否定,这是好事,但"雷厉风,大刀阔斧"大规模发展奶牛养殖场,甚至是发展大型奶牛养殖场却也存在不少隐患,以下几点疑虑给予同行参考。     

利用DHI对两个奶牛场奶牛生产性能的综合分析

应用DHI(dairy herd improvement奶牛牛群改良)测定体系,对杨凌某奶牛场和西安某奶牛场2007年的5、6、7月份生产情况进行分析,结果表明:这两个牛场的奶牛患有严重的乳房炎或隐性乳房炎;泌乳高峰期到达时间晚;存在着潜在的奶量损失;产犊间隔过长。针对以上问题,提出了相应的改进措施。     

规模化奶牛场粪便的无害化处理措施

随着养牛业规模化、集中化发展,牛粪资源化利用日益凸显。从奶牛养殖污染防治角度出发,阐述规模化牛场粪便污染现状,介绍了堆肥技术、发酵技术、沼气生态模式在牛场粪便污染处理中的应用,旨在为提高牛场粪便处理效率,为促进奶牛养殖业的健康、快速发展提供参考。     

规模化奶牛养殖场动物重大疫病的防控

我国的奶业正处于由传统奶业向现代奶业过渡的转型期,奶牛的养殖方式也正由"小、散、低"的局面向规模化园区化转变,特别是经历了"三聚氰胺"事件之后,国务院先后出台了《乳品质量安全监督管理条例》《奶业整顿和振兴规划纲要》等一系列的政策措施,奶牛养殖园区建设进     

内蒙古地区部分奶牛场副结核病的血清学调查

采用ELISA检测方法对内蒙古地区17个奶牛场的2 391头奶牛进行牛副结核血清学检测。结果表明,大型奶牛场副结核的血清阳性率较低,在0~5%之间;小型奶牛场的副结核血清阳性率较高,平均阳性率为14.1%。调查结果提示,内蒙古地区奶牛场存在牛副结核病的流行,对该病的防控工作应给予高度重视。     

对奶牛场"布鲁氏菌和结核杆菌病"防制工作的思考

布鲁氏菌病、结核杆菌病（以下称“两病”）均属人畜共患性传染病．在国家动物疫病名录表中被列为二类动物疫病。国家规定该类疫病发生后必须及时向当地畜牧兽医行政管理部门报告，并尽快、尽早采取防控措施。近年来．随着人们生活水平的提高和饮食结构的调整．奶牛业的发展出现了良好的势头。奶牛和人类的关系更为密切，牛布鲁氏菌、结核分枝杆菌感染人类的机会随之增多．因此．奶牛“两病”的防治越来越受到人们的关注。     

Feeding of Dairy Cattle in the Forest-Garden Farms of Kandy,Sri Lanka

A survey on feeding practices was conducted with 60 farmers belonging to four categories (15 farmers in each): male farmers without off-farm income (M^–), male farmers with off-farm income (M⁺), female farmers without off-farm income (W^–), and female farmers with off-farm income (W⁺). Data on herd size, feeds offered, milk production, chest girth, reproduction and management were collected monthly over a period of 1 year. In addition, samples of fodder and concentrates were collected monthly and analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). Of the 550 rations analysed, grass was included in 99.8% of all rations, followed by gliricidia (65%), creepers (50%) and jak leaves (32%). Consequently, the rations were high in OMD (47–59%) and CP (7.8–23.5%). High-protein forage or coconut cake or both were also included as a supplement in 92% of the rations. Both M^– and W^– farmers had larger (p<0.001) herds (mean 1.8 animal units (AU) per household) than their counterparts with off-farm income (mean 1.44 AU/household), but only the male farmers without off-farm income achieved higher feeding levels (84.4 vs 65.6–72.1 g digestible organic matter (DOM)/kg^0.75 per day) and milk production (6.4 vs 5.3–5.7 L/lactating cow). The lower production of animals kept by female and M⁺ farmers was related to lower feeding levels. M^– farmers realized higher feeding levels than their M⁺ counterparts. W^– farmers did not collect extra feed in response to higher levels of production. It was concluded that dairy farming in the mid-country of Sri Lanka is particularly important for poorer households without income from off-farm employment.     

一例奶牛违章运输处理的思考与建议

鉴于周边国家A型口蹄疫疫情的严峻形势,自2009年2月10日开始,农业部明令禁止奶牛、种牛的出县境调运,这是当前防疫形势的需要,也是一项极为必要的行政措施。由于各地情况不同,对政策、法律的理解不尽一致,所以导致在执行时出现了一些问题和偏差,甚至严重背离了防疫工作     

建设生态奶源基地,促进奶业持续发展

生态奶业是指为适应社会进步和满足人们对牛奶营养卫生及环保需求，应用生态工艺实现奶业高产、优质，在奶业经济增长过程中达到环境保护，实现可持续发展的一种现代化生产模式。具体说来，就是加强对秸秆、粪尿等有机废弃物的利用，采用生物技术提高生物质能的转化率，利用生物防治和营养调控技术提高奶牛健康水平，减少有害物质的排放，生产出绿色牛奶和无污染能源。它代表了我国奶业的发展方向．也是中国奶业具备国际竞争力的重要体现。     

Post-partum Reproductive Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cattle on Smallholder Farms in Sub-humid Coastal Tanzania

The objective of this study was to monitor the reproductive performance of dairy cows in smallholder farms under the Tanga Dairy Development Project (TDDP). The findings can be used to improve reproductive efficiency. Dates of oestrus, artificial insemination (AI) or service by bull and calving were recorded, and pregnancy was diagnosed by rectal palpation. Daily milk yields, monthly body condition score (BCS) measured on the scale of 1-9, feed availability, calf rearing, and diseases were also recorded. Milk progesterone (P4) concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 1327 sequential samples collected between day 15 and 120 in 46 post-partum Zebu x Friesian crossbred dairy cows. The mean interval from calving to first P4 rise above 2 nmol/L (cyclicity) was 66.1 +/- 6.8 days. Resumption of ovarian activity postpartum was early (< 60 days) in 45%, and late (> 60 days) in 55% of the cows. In about 45% of the cows the first post-partum ovarian cycles were short (< 14 days) and had low P4 concentrations. Oestrus was missed once or several times in 34.7% of the cows, most likely indicating poor oestrus detection, silent oestrus, or farmers deliberately not taking or reporting their cows for insemination. The mean interval to conception was within 130 days postpartum. Average daily milk production was 5.7 +/- 2.2 L and the mean BCS Was 3.1 +/- 1.3. Both milk production and BCS had no clear influence on the measured reproduction parameters. Clinical uterine involution was complete within 29 +/- 2.6 days of calving in the majority of cows. Progesterone profiles and rectal palpation revealed various causes of infertility, which included anoestrus, silent oestrus, irregular oestrous cycles, and infection of the uterus. The major causes of animal culling, death, slaughter or sales include tick-borne diseases and trypanosomiasis, which have high prevalences in the area, infertility, low productivity and old age. Greater attention should be focused on reproduction and its interaction with nutrition and disease control.     

农民在选择饲养奶牛前应注意的几个问题

随着奶牛饲养业的不断升温,养牛户不断增加,如何科学饲养奶牛提高经济效益,已成为广大养牛户广为关注的问题。为满足广大养牛户的需要,本刊特约王运亨研究员共同开办了“奶牛实用养殖技术系列讲座”。全部讲座共分10个专题,本刊将连续刊载。