Insecticide-induced enhancement of flight capacity of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a long-distance migratory insect pest in temperate eastern Asia and a typical recurrent pest induced by pesticides. We investigated the effect of sublethal concentrations of insecticides on the flight capacity on this species. An automated flight-mill system was used to assess the flight capacity of adults reared on untreated and insecticide-treated plants. In most instances, the flight duration of adult females exposed to high concentrations of imidacloprid, triazophos or deltamethrin was significantly greater than that of untreated controls. Compared to the controls, the flight duration of females increased by 140% (from 103 to 245.9 min), 119% (from 103 to 226 min) and 78% (from 103 to 183.3 min) with 10 ppm imidacloprid, 40 ppm triazophos and 3 ppm deltamethrin, respectively, yet no significant difference in the flight duration of males was found between the insecticide treatments and the controls. The high concentrations of the three insecticides significantly enhanced the flight speed and the flight distance of both males and females, with the exception of the flight speed of adult males treated with deltamethrin. For example, the flight speed of adult females and males treated with 10 ppm imidacloprid, 40 ppm triazophos and 6 ppm deltamethrin increased by 75% (from 0.39 to 0.68 km/h), 154% (from 0.39 to 0.98 km/h) and 124% (from 0.39 to 0.87 km/h) for females and by 141% (from 0.32 to 0.77 km/h), 73% (from 0.32 to 0.55 km/h) and 48% (from 0.32 to 0.47 km/h) for males, respectively, compared to the controls. In addition, the percentages of individuals treated with imidacloprid and triazophos flying for over 60 min doubled compared to the control. These findings are relevant for understanding the migration and outbreak patterns of N. lugens.     

Development of Temporal Model for Forecasting of Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidopetra) Using Arima and Artificial Neural Networks

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae: Lepidopetra) is a polyphagous pest of major crops grown in India. To prevent the damage caused by H. armigera farmers rely heavily on insecticides of diverse groups on a regular basis which is not a benign practice, environmentally and economically. To provide more efficient and accurate information on timely application of insecticides, this research was aimed to develop a forecast model to predict population dynamics of pod borer using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The data used in this study were collected from the randomly installed sex pheromone traps at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad. Several ARIMA (p, d, q) (P, D, Q) and ANN models were developed using the historical trap catch data. ARIMA model (1,0,1), (1,0,2) with minimal BIC, RMSE, MAPE, MAE, and MASE values and higher R² value (0.53) was selected as the best ARIMA fit model, and neural network (7-30-1) was found to be the best fit to predict the catches of male moths of pod borer from September 2021 to August 2023. A comparative analysis performed between the ARIMA and ANN, shows that the ANN based on feed forward neural networks is best suited for effective pest prediction. With the developed ARIMA model, it would be easier to predict H. armigera adult population dynamics round the year and timely intervention of control measures can be followed by appropriate decision-making schedule for insecticide application.     

不同季节与气象因素对橘小实蝇日飞翔活动节律的影响

笔者于2008年夏、秋、冬3个季节,每个季节在福州乌山果园对橘小实蝇进行10d的全天观测,然后各季节分别选择3d晴朗或多云的气候条件下所得数据,结合气象资料,分析比较该虫的日飞翔活动变化情况.结果表明,橘小实蝇在不同季节的飞翔活动节律不同,在晴到多云天气里,该虫夏季的活动高峰期为上午7:00,秋季为上午9:00,冬季则为下午15:00.橘小实蝇成虫仅在白天有光照情况下进行飞翔活动,气温、相对湿度对该虫活动有显著的影响.气温在20～30℃时,橘小实蝇飞翔活动最活跃,相对湿度大于60％时其飞翔活动最活跃.降水带来的气温与相对湿度的变化对橘小实蝇飞翔活动有显著的影响.     

Assessment of Age,Gender, Mating Status,and Size on Single and Repeat Flight Capabilities of Heilipus lauri Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Heilipus lauri Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a specialist pest of avocado fruit and is considered an incursion risk for U.S. avocado producers. At the time work reported here was undertaken the flight capabilities of H. lauri were unknown. Consequently, proactive studies were undertaken to quantify aspects of this pest’s flight capabilities to inform potential future control efforts. Flight mill studies were conducted in a quarantine laboratory to measure the dispersal capacity of H. lauri with respect to gender, mating status, and size on the single and repeat flight capabilities of weevils. Gender, mating status, and size did not significantly affect measured flight parameters. Average total distances flown and flight velocity, and mean maximum flight bout distances and durations significantly declined as weevil age increased and when weevils engaged in repeat flights. Survivorship rates were significantly reduced as the number of successive flights undertaken increased. The distribution of total average flight distances flown and total cumulative flight distances flown was platykurtic. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of developing incursion management plans.     

Effects of the insecticide triazophos on the ultrastructure of the flight muscle of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a long-distance migratory insect pest in temperate eastern Asia and is a classical resurgent rice pest that is induced by insecticides. Knowledge of the effect of insecticides on the flight capacity of insects is needed to understand their migration, which may help to improve the management of insect pests. Our previous study demonstrated that some insecticides enhance the flight capacity of BPH. However, the effect of insecticides on the flight muscle of BPH is not well understood. Thus, the present study examined the effect of triazophos, a classical insecticide that induces the resurgence of BPH, on the ultrastructure of macropterous females using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the diameter of myofibrils one and two days after adult female emergence (DAE) following treatment with 40 ppm triazophos was significantly greater than that of the control, increasing by 31.4 and 21.5%, respectively. In addition, the length of the sarcomeres at two and three DAE was significantly greater than that of the control, increasing by 73.8 and 50.8%, respectively. The percentage of mitochondrial volume in the muscle fibres at one and two DAE was 146.2 and 67.7% greater than that of the control, respectively. These findings show that the mechanisms of triazophos-induced enhancement of the flight capacity of BPH involve changes in the ultrastructure of the flight muscle.     

遮光对玉米干物质积累及产量性能的影响

选用玉米品种郑单958与先玉335,在大田条件分别于7叶全展期（T1）、13叶全展期（T2）、吐丝期（T3）、吐丝后15 d（T4）进行50%遮光处理,研究不同时期遮光对玉米干物质积累与产量性能的影响。结果表明,不同时期遮光均导致玉米终极生长量（a）、干物质积累速率最大时的生长量（W_max）、最大干物质积累速率（G_max）、平均叶面积指数（MLAI）、平均净同化率（MNAR）和收获指数（HI）降低,致使干物质积累与产量不同程度降低,吐丝后15 d遮光对干物质与产量影响最大。在产量构成因素中,遮光处理对穗粒数与千粒重影响较大,穗粒数减少占主导,其次是千粒重的降低。     

Adult Behavior of Tirumala limniace (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)

Tirumala limniace Cramer as an ornamental butterfly is utilized in butterfly garden, in this article we study their adult activities include flight, foraging, courtship, mating, and oviposition. We found that males spent 22.1% of its time flying, 14.1% foraging, 63.8% in courtship and mating. And females spent 30.8% of its time flying, 10.1% foraging, 57.1% in courtship and mating, and 2% ovipositing. Adults emerged from pupae when temperatures were above 23.5°C and eclosion took only ∼1 min, typically followed by a small amount of flight on the first day. Flight activity peaked from the ninth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak flight times: 10:00–13:00 and 15:00–18:00. The peak of flower-visiting activity was from the eighth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak foraging times: 11:00–12:00 and 16:00–17:00. Flight and foraging frequency and time were positively correlated and both were closely related to temperature, with very little flight or foraging below 18°C and an increase at temperatures above 22°C. Courtship and mating took place on the sixth day after eclosion, while oviposition occurred the following day. Oviposition occurred over 8 d, and the shortest time of a single oviposition was 2 s. The average life expectancy of males was 16.5 d, while that of females was 15 d.     

追施氨基酸水溶性肥料对烟株生长发育及烟草花叶病发生的影响

以K326为材料,采用随机区组试验,研究了追施不同水平氨基酸水溶性肥料对烟株生长发育及旺长期烟草花叶病害的影响.结果表明:追施氨基酸水溶性肥的3个试验组烤烟生育期较对照组平均延长7d,旺长期较对照组延长4～8d;处理组在株高、节距、茎围及有效叶数等方面均优于对照组,且以T1(在当地追肥用量的100％基础上,追施3次氨基酸水溶肥)处理效果最为明显;T1、T2(在当地追肥用量50％基础上,追施3次氨基酸水溶肥)处理组在烤烟旺长期可有效降低烟草花叶病的发生率.     

A heat-sum model to determine yield and onset of internal heat necrosis for atlantic potato

The influence of temperature on tuber yield and development of internal heat necrosis (IHN) in Atlantic (Solanum tuberosum L.) was examined in field trials in two locations over three years (seven plantings). Under simulated commercial production, yield and development of IHN varied significantly between Virginia (VA) and New Jersey (NJ) in 1986, 1987, and 1988. Marketable yield ranged from 49.8 mt.ha^?1 for the early planting in 1986 in New Jersey (NJ86E) to 17.9 for VA87. Tubers developing IHN to a level which potato chip processors would rate unacceptable (off-grade) varied with year and location. Significant correlations were found between the number of days to off-grade and the mean maximum temperature for 0–30 (r = ?.83), 30–60 (r = ?.86) and 60–90 DAP (r = ?.81) as well as the mean minimum temperature for the same periods (r = ?.91,, ?.80 and ?.91, respectively). The relationship between yield or IHN and temperature was examined using heat-sum models with a penalty for maximum daily temperature > 25C but with or without a penalty for minimum temperature > 21C. The multiple coefficients of determination for yield were similar using either variables generated from the heat-sum model with maximum and minimum temperature penalties or from the model with maximum temperature penalty only (R² = 0.83 and R² = 0.82). The prediction of the time from first symptom of necrosis to off-grade (interval) was improved by including variables generated by the heat-sum model that included both the minimum and maximum temperature penalty (R² = 0.50 vs. R² = 0.27), respectively. High minimum temperatures as reflected in the days to maximum heat-sum were found to significantly affect tuber yield and the expression and development of IHN.     

Cabbage development and associated lepidopterous pest complex in the southern USA

The cabbage variety ‘Greenback’ was grown using similar cultural practices at three locations across the southern USA during a 2-year period. Leaf production, plant development and lepidopterous pest populations were monitored and correlated to heat units as degree-days. Results indicate that significant quadratic and linear relations exist between leaf production and degree-days and that a robust linear model can be used to describe leaf production across the southern region of the USA. Pest populations differed in abundance and species composition among locations and between years. Findings indicate that the greatest variability in population abundance may be due to pest immigration from alternate hosts; therefore, pest management strategies may be most reliably based on weekly or twice-weekly scouting of fields, rather than expending efforts on trying to predict populations from models based on heat units and previous population abundance in individual fields.     

Pink bollworm of cotton (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)): male moth catches in gossyplure-baited traps and relationships to oviposition, boll infestation and moth emergence

Pheromone-baited traps are an important sampling tool in integrated pest management programmes. Studies were conducted to determine the relationship between catches of male insects in these traps, and crop infestation. Numbers of male moths of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), caught daily in cotton fields at the University of Arizona Cotton Research Center, Phoenix, Arizona, in gossyplure-baited traps were variable. However, average catches of male moths for 3–7 days between boll-sampling periods were strongly correlated with oviposition on cotton bolls, percentages of infested bolls and numbers of larvae per boll. Average weekly numbers of moths emerging from infested cotton were also strongly correlated with the number of males caught: the number of females emerging was strongly correlated with oviposition on cotton bolls. Insecticide applications of carbaryl and fenvalerate reduced catches of male moths of pink bollworm in gossyplure-baited traps compared with catches in traps in untreated fields (average 56%). However, 13–48 male moths/trap per night were caught in the treated fields after applications. Thus, scheduling treatments on the basis of male moth trap catches, except for the initial treatment, was not feasible. Small field sizes, moth immigration and/or continuing emergence from the infested cotton in the fields may have obscured the impact of the insecticide treatments on adult moth populations.     

基于PSO-SVR模型的小麦赤霉病病穗率预测方法

为探寻小麦赤霉病病穗率预测方法，基于滁州市2005-2020年小麦赤霉病病穗率资料和对应气象资料，运用相关性及灰色关联分析法(GRA)确定小麦赤霉病主要气象影响因子并作为支持向量回归(SVR)模型的输入向量，再利用粒子群算法(PSO)优化SVR模型的惩罚因子C和核函数参数g,建立基于粒子群算法优化的小麦赤霉病预测支持向量回归模型。同时针对本地不同小麦品种，构建PSO-SVR-SOUTH和PSO-SVR-NORTH的PSO-SVR分模型，应用3种模型对滁州地区小麦赤霉病病穗率进行预测。结果表明，拔节期至灌浆期是影响滁州小麦赤霉病的重要时段，各生育时期内降水量、雨日数、湿度、日照等气象因子与赤霉病有高关联；PSO-SVR赤霉病病穗率预测模型的起报时间越接近灌浆期，其预测精度越高，测试样本的预测值与实测值相关系数最高达0.68,均方根误差最小为9.55%;按照不同小麦品种构建的PSO-SVR-SOUTH和PSO-SVR-NORTH模型的预测效果要优于原PSO-SVR模型，其中最迟起报时间的PSO-SVR-SOUTH和PSO-SVR-NORTH模型的平均绝对误差分别较原PSO-SVR模型减少了...     

假眼小绿叶蝉的日飞行活动性及成虫飞行能力的研究

茶树假眼小绿叶蝉（Empoasca vitis Göthe）在早晨和傍晚各有一个飞行活动高峰,早晨的活动高峰时间为6:00~7:00,傍晚的活动高峰时间为16:00~17:00。假眼小绿叶蝉成虫的平均飞行距离、平均飞行时间和平均飞行速度在一天之中不同的时间段下无显著性差异,但雌雄成虫的平均停飞时间在晚上（22:00~23:00）显著增加,在中午（12:00~13:00）雄虫的平均停飞时间显著要长于雌虫。研究结果为假眼小绿叶蝉的生物特征分析和田间防治提供了参考。     

Simulating rice stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk., damage for developing decision support tools

InfoCrop, a generic crop–pest simulation model, was used to validate yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk., damage mechanism on two rice cultivars, Pusa Basmati 1 and Ratna. Data sets consisted of three experiments, one under natural infestation of the pest and two involving artificial detillering. The simulated yields showed less than 10% variation from the observed yields, except in one treatment, where the difference was 10.5%. The simulated yield losses were also proximal to respective observed yield losses (R²=0.922, RMSE=3.825), indicating proper validation of damage mechanism of the stem borer. As the model simulated the pest damage appropriately under natural injury, as well under artificial detillering; artificial detillering seemed comparable to natural injury of the stem borer in its effect on rice growth and yield. Validated InfoCrop was used to simulate economic injury levels (EILs) of the stem borer at different rice growth stages for varied control expenditure, incurred on two and three sprays of monocrotophos and one granular application of carbofuran, and for three market prices of produce. The EIL consistently decreased with advancing crop age and it exhibited a positive relationship with control expenditure and a negative relationship with market value of the produce. The simulated EILs were observed to be comparable to empirical injury levels that were previously established. The validated model was also used to devise iso-loss curves that depicted same yield loss for different combinations of the stem borer injury and crop age. Crop simulation model-based EILs and iso-loss curves are useful in monitoring the stem borer injury and in need assessment for pesticide application, thereby avoiding unnecessary expenditure and environmental contamination. Due to their mechanistic nature, crop models can be used to formulate location-specific decision support tools and therefore, help improve decision making in pest management.     

Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and management of vegetable pests and diseases in Botswana

Vegetable farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of pests, diseases and pest management practices were investigated by interviewing 112 growers in Botswana between April and June 2004. Most of the farmers grew brassicae crops, Swiss chard and tomato, and considered arthropod pest problems as the major constraint to vegetable production. Bagrada hilaris Burm., Plutella xylostella L. and Brevicoryne barassicae L. were the most serious pests on brassicas, with red spidermites (Tetranychus spp.) being the most serious pests on tomato. Ninety-eight percent of farmers relied heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides to control these pests. Their decision to apply pesticides was mostly on noticing the presence of a pest or disease. An integrated pest management programme is needed to reduce over reliance on pesticides.     

玉米灌浆期3种鳞翅目害虫的空间分布

采用网格式取样200株玉米,整株剖秆调查亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和棉铃虫在玉米上的数量,用地统计学的方法分析和模拟它们在田间的水平分布;采用生态位理论分析3种害虫在玉米植株上的生态位和种间竞争。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和3种鳞翅目害虫整体在玉米田中的水平分布分别适合球形、高斯、球形模型拟合,均属于聚集分布。Kriging插值模拟图显示,亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟为核心分布型;在垂直分布上,雌穗上3种害虫数量最多,占总虫量的69.82%。亚洲玉米螟的基础生态位宽度最大,在整株玉米上都可危害;桃蛀螟则主要在玉米中、上部;棉铃虫基础生态位最窄,只在雌穗附近危害。3种害虫在玉米茎秆上种间竞争激烈,异种害虫无法共存;雌穗上种间竞争程度小于茎秆,异种害虫可以共存。     

Projecting the Global Potential Distribution of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Under Historical and RCP4.5 Climate Scenarios

The codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a destructive pest of apple (Malus domestica (Rosales: Rosaceae)), pear (Pyrus spp. (Rosales: Rosaceae)), and other pome tree fruits; outbreaks cause significant ecological and economic losses. In this study, we used CLIMEX model to predict and evaluate the global risk of C. pomonella based on historical climate data (1989–2018) and simulated future climate data (2071–2100) under the RCP4.5 scenarios. Cydia pomonella exhibited a wide distribution under both historical and future climate conditions. Climate change is predicted to expand the northern boundary of the potential distribution from approximately 60°N to 75°N. Temperature was the most dominant factor in climatic suitability for the pest. Combinations of multiple meteorological factors (relative humidity and precipitation) associated with a failure to break diapause in certain regions also affect suitability, particularly in northern South America and central Africa. Irrigation only had a slight impact on species favorability in some areas. The projections established in our study present insight into the global potential suitability of C. pomonella under climate change scenarios by the end of the 21st century. Farmers should be aware of the risk associated with the pest based on the results, which would provide guidance for quarantine agencies and trade negotiators worldwide.     

A temperature-based phenology model for predicting development,survival and population growth potential of the mealybug,Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

The temperature-dependent population growth potential of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, a highly polyphagous and invasive mealybug species, was studied on sprouted potatoes under laboratory conditions at six constant temperatures (15–40 °C). Several non-linear equations were fitted to the obtained data to model temperature-dependent population growth and species life history. The established equations for each life age/stage of the species were compiled to obtain an overall temperature-dependent phenology model. The life table parameters of P. solenopsis were estimated using stochastic simulation centred on a rate summation and cohort up-dating approach. The theoretical lower development threshold temperatures estimated using linear regressions applied to mean development rates were 11.2, 8.9, 9.8 and 12.7 °C, and the thermal constants for development were 93.7, 129.8, 97.1 and 100.0 degree days (DD) for nymph 1, nymph 2, nymph 3 and male pupa stages, respectively. The developed phenology model predicted temperatures between 25 and 35 °C as the favourable range for P. solenopsis development, survival and reproduction. P. solenopsis population attained a maximum net reproductive rate (107–108 females/female/generation) and total fecundity (216.6–226.5 individuals/female/generation) at temperatures between 25 and 30 °C. Mean length of generations decreased from 75.6 days at 15 °C to 21 days at 40 °C. The maximum finite rate of increase (1.12–1.16 females/female/day) and shortest doubling time (4.3–6.1 days) were also observed at temperatures between 25 and 35 °C. The simulation of phenology model at fluctuating temperatures indicated that P. solenopsis populations might potentially increase with a finite rate of 1.06 females/female/day with an average generation time of 58.7 days and a doubling time of 12.1 days. The obtained life table parameters were reasonably similar when compared with literature data. The present model can be simulated spatially for estimating the pest risk and undertaking agro-ecoregion specific pest management strategies.     

Simulation of allocation of accumulated biomass to leaf and stem in a grass growth model

To model variations in leaf/stem ratio in connection with studies of field-drying of grass, account was taken of the effects that the stage of morphological development of grass has on the allocation of biomass to plant components, as well as on duration of growth and peak yield. A comparison of experimental data and corresponding daily weather data suggested that it is more satisfactory to express the stages of grass development in terms of degree-days than time alone. On the basis of one set of weekly measured data, the ratio of green leaf weight to aboveground biomass was found to be a close fit to a positive linear relationship early in the growth period (durïng expansion of the first leaf on each tiller), followed by negative exponential relationship (during expansion of subsequent leaves), in relation to relative development expressed as growing degree-days. Similar trends, but with some quite large variations in absolute values because of unknown factors, were found in two other datasets consisting of a few measurements only.