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1.
Soil respiration, nitrogen mineralization and uptake in barley following cultivation of grazed grasslands 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Soil tillage was studied as a strategy to synchronize N mineralization with plant demand following ploughing of two types
of grazed pastures [ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne/Trifolium repens) and pure ryegrass]. The swards were either rotovated and ploughed or ploughed only. Soil respiration, as determined by a
dynamic chamber method, was related to net N mineralization and to plant N uptake in a subsequent spring barley crop (Hordeum vulgare). Diurnal variations in temperature were important for the CO2 flux and care must be taken that temperatures during measuring periods are representative of the daily mean. Soil tillage
increased the CO2 flux considerably compared with untilled soil with total emissions of 2.6 and 1.4 t C ha–1, respectively, from start of April to end of June. Sward type or rotovation did not markedly influence accumulated emissions.
Rotovation significantly increased the content of nitrate in the soil until 43 days after rotovation, showing that net N mineralization
occurred rapidly during this period, in spite of low soil temperatures (5–10 °C). Rotovation increased barley grain yield
by 10–12% and N-uptake by 14%. For both sward types, rotovation caused an extra N-uptake in harvested plant material of about
12 kg ha–1. The availability of soil inorganic N at the early stages of barley was important for the final yield and N-uptake. The results
indicated that soil biological activity was not enhanced by rotovation and that the yield effect of rotovation was mainly
caused by quicker availability and better synchrony between N mineralization and plant uptake due to earlier start of decomposition.
Received: 3 May 2000 相似文献
2.
Role of organic fractions on C decomposition and N mineralization of animal wastes in soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The relative contributions of water-soluble, water-non-soluble, Van Soest-soluble, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fractions
of pig slurry (PS), cattle slurry (CS), cattle farmyard manure (FYM), and composted cattle farmyard manure (CFYM) to the overall
C and N mineralization of the raw wastes were studied by incubating treated soil for 107 days at 15°C under non-limiting N
conditions. The C or N mineralization of soluble fractions was calculated from the difference between C or N mineralization
of the raw and non-soluble fractions. The organic N content of raw wastes ranged from 15 to 32 mg N g−1 dry matter and organic C to organic N ratio from 13 to 29. The water-soluble fraction (SOLW) was close to 100 mg C g−1 raw waste C for CS, FYM, and CFYM but reached 200 mg C g−1 for PS. The Van Soest-soluble fraction (SOLVS) was the main fraction for PS, CS, and CFYM (>500 mg C g−1 raw waste C) but only 303 mg C g−1 raw waste C for FYM. Both soluble and non-soluble fractions contributed to C decomposition of slurries, with half to more
than half of the decomposed C derived from the degradation of soluble compounds. Most of the C decomposed from FYM was derived
from the large NDF fraction, but the contribution from the water-soluble C to the decomposition was also significant. Carbon
mineralization of CFYM was due to the degradation of the NDF fraction, whereas soluble C did not contribute. Amounts of N
mineralized or immobilized by raw wastes and non-soluble fractions at the end of incubation were significantly correlated
(P < 0.01) with their organic C to organic N ratio. The contribution of the Van Soest-soluble fraction to N mineralization varied
greatly between the four wastes. Finally, large differences in the C degradability and N availability of the water and Van
Soest-soluble fractions were demonstrated. 相似文献
3.
Nitrogen and carbon mineralization of cattle manure (N=6 g kg–1; C:N=35), pressmud (N=17.4 g kg–1; C:N=22), green manure (N=26.8 g kg–1; C:N=14) and poultry manure (N=19.5 g kg–1; C:N=12) and their influence on gaseous N losses via denitrification (using the acetylene inhibition technique) in a semiarid subtropical soil (Typic Ustochrepts) were investigated in a growth chamber simulating upland, nearly saturated, and flooded conditions. Mineralization of N started quickly in all manures, except pressmud where immobilization of soil mineral N was observed for an initial 4 days. Accumulation of mineral N in upland soil plus denitrified N revealed that mineralization of cattle manure-, pressmud-, poultry manure- and green manure-N over 16 days was 12, 20, 29 and 44%, respectively, and was inversely related to C:N ratio (R 2=0.703, P=0.05) and directly to N content of organic manure (R 2=0.964, P=0.01). Manure-C mineralized over 16 days ranged from 6% to 50% in different manures added to soil under different moisture regimes and was, in general, inversely related to initial C:N ratio of manure (R 2=0.690, P=0.05). Cumulative denitrification losses over 16 days in control soils (without manure) under upland, nearly saturated, and flooded conditions were 5, 23, and 24 mg N kg–1, respectively. Incorporation of manures enhanced denitrification losses by 60-82% in upland, 52–163% in nearly saturated, and 26–107% in flooded soil conditions over a 16-day period, demonstrating that mineralized N and C from added manures could result in 2- to 3-fold higher rate of denitrification. Cumulative denitrification losses were maximal with green manure, followed by poultry manure, pressmud and cattle manure showing an increase in denitrification with increasing N content and decreasing C:N ratio of manure. Manure-amended nearly saturated soils supported 14–35% greater denitrification than flooded soils due to greater mineralization and supply of C. 相似文献
4.
The long-term treatment effect (since 1957–1966) of farmyard manure (FYM) application compared with crop residue incorporation
was investigated in five soils (sandy loam to silty clay) with regards to the net sulfur (S) mineralization potential. An
open incubation technique was used to determine accumulated net S mineralization (SAccMin) and a number of soil physical and chemical properties were determined. Treatments and soil differences in SAccMin, as well as correlations with soil variables, were tested with single and multivariate analyses. Long-term FYM application
resulted in a significantly (p = 0.012) higher net S mineralization potential, although total amounts of C, N, and S were not significantly (p < 0.05) increased. The accumulated S mineralization differed significantly (p < 0.05) between soils within this treatment. The measured soil variables were not significantly correlated to SAccMin. Conclusively, different treatment histories influenced the quality (e.g., chemical composition) and cycling rate of the
organic S pool, rather than its size. 相似文献
5.
Comparison of biological and chemical methods to predict nitrogen mineralization in animal wastes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Biological and chemical methods to predict the level of plant-available N in animal manure were investigated under laboratory and growth-chamber conditions. Two biological methods (maize cultivation in pots and incubation of soil-waste mixtures) and four chemical methods (N extraction by autoclaving, 0.5 N KMnO4, pepsin, and 6 N HCl) were compared for their accuracy in determining the availability of N in 10 samples of animal manure applied to soil. The autoclaving, permanganate, and pepsin methods were able to predict N availability in this group of wastes. Total N mineralized in a soil amended with different samples of animal manure ranged from 0 to 311 mg N kg-1 soil. Expressed as a percentage of organic N added to the soil, mineralized N range from 0 to 39%. The poultry manure samples gave higher mineralization rates than the other types of manure tested. In general, mineralized N became immobilized during the incubation process, except for the second poultry manure sample, which showed an initially rapid then a a slow release of mineral N, and pig manure sample 2, which showed a slow initial rate, followed by a rapid increase, and then a slow rate of N release. The first-order exponential model used was able to describe the pattern of N mineralization in pig manure sample 2, poultry manure sample 2 but not the other samples. 相似文献
6.
Microbial and soil parameters in relation to N mineralization in soils of diverse genesis under differing management systems 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Oregon soils from various management and genetic histories were used in a greenhouse study to determine the relationships
between soil chemical and biological parameters and the uptake of soil mineralized nitrogen (N) by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The soils were tested for asparaginase, amidase, urease, β-glucosidase, and dipeptidase activities and fluorescein diacetate
hydrolysis. Microbial biomass carbon (C) and N as well as metabolic diversity using Biolog GN plates were measured, as were
total soil N and C, pH, and absorbance of soil extracts at 270 nm and 210 nm. Potentially mineralizable N (N0) and the mineralization rate constant (k) were calculated using a first order nonlinear regression model and these coefficients were used to calculate the initial
potential rate of N mineralization (N0
k). Except for Biolog GN plates, the other parameters were highly correlated to mineralized N uptake and each other. A model
using total soil N and β-glucosidase as parameters provided the best predictor of mineralized N uptake by ryegrass (R
2
=0.83). Chemical and biological parameters of soils with the same history of formation but under different management systems
differed significantly from each other in most cases. The calculated values of the initial potential rate of mineralization
in some cases revealed management differences within the same soil types. The results showed that management of soils is readily
reflected in certain soil chemical and biological indicators and that some biological tests may be useful in predicting N
mineralization in soils.
Received: 31 January 1997 相似文献
7.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(1-2):357-367
The decomposition and the associated nitrogen (N) dynamics of organic N sources are affected by their contact with soil. While several authors have examined the effect of surface application or incorporation of crop residues on their decomposition rate, less information is available about the relationship between the placement of animal manure and their N mineralization rate. This study investigated the influence of chicken manure and cattle manure placement on soil N mineralization. The manures were incorporated or surface applied at 175 mg N kg?1, and N release was periodically determined over 56 days by measuring inorganic N [nitrate (NO3 ?) N and ammonium (NH4 +) N] in a 2 M potassium chloride (KCl) extract at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v). Results indicated that the control soil released a maximum of 64 mg N kg?1 soil at day 21, a sixfold increase over the initial concentration, which indicates its substantial mineralization potential. Manure treatments showed an initial increase in net NO3 ?-N content at the start of the experiments (until day 7) before an extended period of immobilization, which ended at day 21 of the incubation. A small but positive net N mineralization of all manures was observed from 28 days of incubation. At each sampling time, the mean mineral N released from the control was significantly less (P < 0.01) than surface-applied chicken manure, incorporated chicken manure, and surface-applied cattle manure. Treatments exceptions were at days 21 and 28 where N immobilization was at its peak. In contrast, incorporation of cattle manure showed a different N-release pattern, whereby the mineral N amount was only significantly greater than the control soil at days 42 and 56 with 84 and 108 mg N kg?1 soil respectively. Incorporation of chicken manure and cattle manure did not favor nitrification as much as surface application and cattle manure caused a much greater immobilization when incorporated than when surface applied. 相似文献
8.
Effect of cropping systems on nitrogen mineralization in soils 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Understanding the effect of cropping systems on N mineralization in soils is crucial for a better assessment of N fertilizer
requirements of crops in order to minimize nitrate contamination of surface and groundwater resources. The effects of crop
rotations and N fertilization on N mineralization were studied in soils from two long-term field experiments at the Northeast
Research Center and the Clarion-Webster Research Center in Iowa that were initiated in 1979 and 1954, respectively. Surface
soil samples were taken in 1996 from plots of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), oats (Avena sativa L.), or meadow (alfalfa) (Medicago sativa L.) that had received 0 or 180 kg N ha–1 before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha–1. N mineralization was studied in leaching columns under aerobic conditions at 30 °C for 24 weeks. The results showed that
N mineralization was affected by cover crop at the time of sampling. Continuous soybean decreased, whereas inclusion of meadow
increased, the amount of cumulative N mineralized. The mineralizable N pool (N
o) varied considerably among the soil samples studied, ranging from 137 mg N kg–1 soil under continuous soybean to >500 mg N kg–1 soil under meadow-based rotations, sampled in meadow. The results suggest that the N
o and/or organic N in soils under meadow-based cropping systems contained a higher proportion of active N fractions.
Received: 10 February 1999 相似文献
9.
Influence of soil compaction on carbon and nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter and crop residues 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
We studied the influence of soil compaction in a loamy sand soil on C and N mineralization and nitrification of soil organic
matter and added crop residues. Samples of unamended soil, and soil amended with leek residues, at six bulk densities ranging
from 1.2 to 1.6 Mg m–3 and 75% field capacity, were incubated. In the unamended soil, bulk density within the range studied did not influence any
measure of microbial activity significantly. A small (but insignificant) decrease in nitrification rate at the highest bulk
density was the only evidence for possible effects of compaction on microbial activity. In the amended soil the amounts of
mineralized N at the end of the incubation were equal at all bulk densities, but first-order N mineralization rates tended
to increase with increasing compaction, although the increase was not significant. Nitrification in the amended soils was
more affected by compaction, and NO3
–-N contents after 3 weeks of incubation at bulk densities of 1.5 and 1.6 Mg m–3 were significantly lower (by about 8% and 16% of total added N, respectively), than those of the less compacted treatments.
The C mineralization rate was strongly depressed at a bulk density of 1.6 Mg m–3, compared with the other treatments. The depression of C mineralization in compacted soils can lead to higher organic matter
accumulation. Since N mineralization was not affected by compaction (within the range used here) the accumulated organic matter
would have had higher C : N ratios than in the uncompacted soils, and hence would have been of a lower quality. In general,
increasing soil compaction in this soil, starting at a bulk density of 1.5 Mg m–3, will affect some microbially driven processes.
Received: 10 June 1999 相似文献
10.
We manipulated Collembola Folsomia candida Willem density and observed the density effect on carbon and nitrogen mineralization and on nematodes in microcosms filled
with mineral soil. Collembolan densities were 0 (control), 25 (low), 100 (medium), and 400 (high) individuals per microcosm.
The Collembola enhanced soil respiration and nitrogen mineralization rate in a density-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The correlation between collembolan density and the metabolic quotient of microbes, qCO2, was weakly positive (r = 0.44, P < 0.05). Collembola did not affect microbial biomass. These results suggested that enhanced carbon and nitrogen mineralization
was an indirect effect of Collembola mediated by increased microbial activity. Collembola changed the Cnema/Cmic ratio, but only when present at the low density. Thus, Collembola had both positive and negative effects on the nematode
population. The positive impact probably depends on the enhancement of microbial activity due to Collembola grazing behavior,
while the negative effect appears to result from predation of nematodes. 相似文献
11.
Simple methods for the measurement of nitrogen (N) availability are needed to assess the effect of low-input, organically
based land management systems on the N supply of tropical soils. Our objectives were to determine the effect of contrasting
land-use systems (LUS) on soil N availability and to identify measures of N availability that correlated with maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. The LUS at the two sites in Kenya involved growth of a maize crop following 17 months of either: (1) Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. tree growth (sesbania fallow), (2) natural regrowth of vegetation without cultivation (natural fallow), (3) three
crops of unfertilized maize (maize monoculture), or (4) bare uncultivated soil (bare fallow). Soil was collected before the
post-fallow maize crop was sown. The LUS had no effect on total soil N or amount of N in the heavy fraction soil organic matter
(SOM) (>150 μm, >1.37 Mg m–3). Sesbania and natural fallows, as compared to maize monoculture, increased the N in light fraction SOM (>150 μm, <1.13Mgm–3), N in intermediate fraction SOM (>150 μm, 1.13 to 1.37 Mg m–3), ammonium-N and aerobic N mineralization at a depth of 0–15 cm. Maize yields were highest following the sesbania fallow.
Nitrate-N, inorganic-N (ammonium plus nitrate) and anaerobic N mineralization correlated with maize grain yield at both sites.
The relationship between maize yield and pre-season nitrate-N improved when the depth of soil sampling was increased to 1 m
at one site (an Alfisol), but did not improve at the site with anion adsorption in the subsoil (an Oxisol). The sesbania fallow
was more effective than the natural fallow in increasing available soil N. Maize yield was better related to pre-season nitrate
than N in size-density fractions of SOM.
Received: 5 May 1997 相似文献
12.
Long-term experiments on different crop management systems provide essential information about turnover of soil organic matter
and changes in microbial properties over a period of time. A long-term field site trial, which was established in 1967 near
Vienna, Austria, to document the fate of 14C-labelled manure (straw and farmyard) under different crop management systems (crop rotation, spring wheat and bare fallow),
was investigated. Soil samples were taken in 1997 and separated into size fractions (>250 μm, 250–63 μm, 63–2 μm, 2–0.1 μm
and <0.1 μm) after aggregate dispersion using low-energy sonication. Organic C, total N and 14C content were measured in the bulk soil and the size fractions and microbial properties were analysed in the bulk soil. Additionally,
C mineralization in bulk soil samples was monitored at 20 °C over a period of 28 days, and subsequently 14C-CO2 content was analysed. The distribution of organic C and N within the size fractions was similar between crop rotation and
spring wheat; the highest amounts of organic C and N were found in the clay-sized fraction. The amounts of C and N were significantly
smaller in the bare fallow, which was depleted of organic matter in the coarse-sized fractions. 14C distribution differed significantly from unlabelled C distribution, labelled C was accumulated in the silt-sized fraction,
indicating weak humification of the applied manure C. The highest rate of C mineralization was measured in the crop rotation
and spring wheat, whereas the emission rate of the bare fallow was about 40% lower. The higher 14C:C ratio of the bulk soil in comparison to the emitted CO2 indicated that labelled C compounds still remained mineralizable after a period of 30 years. Microbial properties showed
a great difference between crop management systems and bare fallow, particularly regarding urease and xylanase activity.
Received: 31 May 1999 相似文献
13.
In a cropping systems experiment in southeastern Norway, ecological (ECO), integrated (INT) and conventional (CON) forage
(FORAGE) and arable (ARABLE) model farms were compared. After 5 experimental years, topsoil was sampled in spring from spring
grain plots and incubated for 449 days at controlled temperature (15 °C) and moisture content (50% water-holding capacity).
There were no detectable differences between model farms in terms of total soil C or N. For INT and CON, however, values of
microbial biomass C and N, microbial quotient (Cmic/Corg), and C and N mineralization were, or tended to be, higher for FORAGE than for ARABLE. For the ECO treatment, values were
similar for FORAGE and ARABLE and did not differ significantly from that of CON-FORAGE. For INT and CON, the metabolic quotient
(qCO2) was lower for FORAGE than for ARABLE. Again, for the ECO treatment, values were similar for FORAGE and ARABLE and did not
differ significantly from that of CON-FORAGE. We estimated the sizes of conceptual soil organic matter pools by fitting a
decomposition model to biomass and mineralization data. This resulted in a 48% larger estimate for CON-FORAGE than for CON-ARABLE
of physically protected biomass C. For physically protected organic C the difference was 42%. Moreover, the stability of soil
aggregates against artificial rainfall was substantially greater for CON-FORAGE than for CON-ARABLE. On this basis, we hypothesized
that the lower qCO2 values in the FORAGE soils were mainly caused by a smaller proportion of active biomass due to enclosure of microorganisms
within aggregates. Altogether, our results indicated a poorer inherent soil fertility in ARABLE than in FORAGE rotations,
but the difference was small or absent in the ECO system, probably owing to the use of animal and green manures and reduced
tillage intensity in the ECO-ARABLE rotation.
Received: 28 October 1998 相似文献
14.
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of cow manure and sewage sludge application on the activity and kinetics
of soil l-glutaminase. Soil samples were collected from a farm experiment in which 0, 25, and 100 Mg ha−1 of either cow manure or sewage sludge had been applied annually for 4 consecutive years to a clay loam soil (Typic Haplargid).
A chemical fertilizer treatment had also been applied. Results indicated that the effects of chemical fertilizer and the solid
waste application on pH in the 18 surface soil (0–15 cm) samples were not significant. The organic C content, however, was
affected significantly by the different treatments, being the greatest in soils treated with 100 Mg ha−1 cow manure, and the least in the control treatment. l-Glutaminase activity was generally greater in solid-waste applied soils and was significantly correlated (r = 0.939, P < 0.001) with organic C content of soils. The values of l-glutaminase maximum velocity (Vmax) ranged from 331 to 1,389 mg NH4
+–N kg−1 2 h−1. Values of the Michaelis constant (K
m) ranged from 35.1 to 71.7 mM. Organic C content of the soils were significantly correlated with V
max (r = 0.919, P < 0.001) and K
m (r = 0.763, P < 0.001) values. These results demonstrate the considerable influence that solid waste application has on this enzymatic
reaction involved in N mineralization in soil. 相似文献
15.
The mineralization and availability of cover crop N to the succeeding crop are critical components in the management of soil N to reduce N leaching. The effects of several leguminous and non-leguminous cover crops on soil N availability, N mineralization potential, and corn (Zea mays L.) yield were examined. The cover crops had variable effects on soil N availability and corn yield and N uptake. Because of the rapid mineralization of the cover crops following incorporation, the inorganic N levels in the soil sampled in mid-May 1992 (4 weeks after incorporation of cover crops), rather than the potentially mineralizable N, rate constants, initial potential mineralization rate, or cumulative N mineralized over 14 weeks, correlated well with N concentrations, C:N ratios, or the N added in the cover crops. However, the inclusion of potentially mineralizable N with inorganic N in a multiple regression improved the variability in the corn yield and the N uptake accounted for. Since extensive mineralization had occurred before the 21 May sampling, the potentially mineralizable N was affected more by the soil organic N and C than by the N concentrations of the cover crops. The presidedress NO3
--N test levels were well predicted by the inorganic and potentially mineralizable N (R
2=0.89, P<0.01), although the test levels were better in predicting corn yield and N uptake. If the available soil N test needs to be made earlier than recommended by the presidedress NO3
--N test, both inorganic and potentially mineralizable N are needed to better predict the corn yield and N uptake in the soils. 相似文献
16.
This study examines the effects of atrazine on both microbial biomass C and C mineralization dynamics in two contrasting agricultural
soils (organic C, texture, and atrazine application history) located at Galicia (NW Spain). Atrazine was added to soils, a
Humic Cambisol (H) and a Gleyic Cambisol (G), at a recommended agronomic dose and C mineralization (CO2 evolved), and microbial biomass measurements were made in non-treated and atrazine-treated samples at different time intervals
during a 12-week aerobic incubation. The cumulative curves of CO2–C evolved over time fit the simple first-order kinetic model [Ct = Co (1 − e
−kt
)], whose kinetic parameters were quantified. Differences in these parameters were observed between the two soils studied;
the G soil, with a higher content in organic matter and microbial biomass C and lower atrazine application history, exhibited
higher values of the total C mineralization and the potentially mineralizable labile C pool than those for the H soil. The
addition of atrazine modified the kinetic parameters and increased notably the C mineralized; by the end of the incubation
the cumulative CO2–C values were 33–41% higher than those in the corresponding non-added soils. In contrast, a variable effect or even no effect
was observed on the soil microbial biomass following atrazine addition. The data clearly showed that atrazine application
at normal agricultural rates may have important implications in the C cycling of these two contrasting acid soils. 相似文献
17.
Farmers in developing countries cannot afford inorganic fertilizers. Multipurpose tree leaves or livestock manure are major
sources of nutrients for soil fertility replenishment. Nutrient release from these organic inputs depends on their chemical
composition and on soil properties. This study determined the chemical composition of leaves of four African browse species
and manure from goats fed leaves as protein supplements, and their mineralization of C, N and P. Cumulative evolved CO2 was significantly correlated with the initial N content of the organic inputs (r 0.83, P<0.05) and the C : N ratio (r 0.80, P<0.05), and was negatively correlated with the lignin : N ratio (r–0.71, P<0.05). Cumulative P released was negatively correlated with the C : P ratio (r 0.76, P<0.05) and positively correlated with initial P content of the organic amendments (r 0.76, P<0.05). Cumulative N mineralized was not significantly correlated with initial N, lignin or P concentrations of the organic
inputs. Leaves from Acacia karro and Acacia nilotica had high concentrations of polyphenols, which may have caused immobilization of N in both leaves and manure. Gliricidia sepium leaves had low amounts of soluble polyphenols, a high N content and a high rate of N mineralization, but the manure from goats
fed Gliricidia leaves immobilized N. The leaves of all browse species immobilized P, but the manure released P. The results suggested that
some browse leaves cannot meet the N and P requirements of crops due to their low P content and prolonged N and P immobilization.
However, the manures had higher P contents and rates of P mineralization, which suggested that manure is a good source of
P for crops. The implications of these results for nutrient cycling in mixed farming systems is discussed.
Received: 28 October 1998 相似文献
18.
Potential contribution of Lumbricus terrestris L. to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a forest soil 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Potential effects of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) inoculated into soil on fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O were investigated for an untreated and a limed soil under beech in open topsoil columns under field conditions for 120 days.
Gas fluxes from L. terrestris, beech litter and mineral soil from soil columns were measured separately in jars at 17 °C. The inoculation with L. terrestris and the application of lime had no effect on cumulative CO2 emissions from soil. During the first 3–4 weeks earthworms significantly (P<0.05) increased CO2 emissions by 16% to 28%. In contrast, significantly lower (P<0.05) CO2 emission rates were measured after 11 weeks. The data suggest that earthworm activity was high during the first weeks due
to the creation of burrows and incorporation of beech litter into the mineral soil. Low cumulative CH4 oxidation rates were found in all soil columns as a result of CH4 production and oxidation processes. L. terrestris with fresh feces and the beech litter produced CH4 during the laboratory incubation, whereas the mineral soil oxidised atmospheric CH4. Inoculation with L. terrestris led to a significant reduction (P<0.02) in the CH4 oxidation rate of soil, i.e. 53% reduction. Liming had no effect on cumulative CH4 oxidation rates of soil columns and on CH4 fluxes during the laboratory incubation. L. terrestris significantly increased (P<0.001) cumulative N2O emissions of unlimed soil columns by 57%. The separate incubation of L. terrestris with fresh feces resulted in rather high N2O emissions, but the rate strongly decreased from 54 to 2 μg N kg–1 (dry weight) h–1 during the 100 h of incubation. Liming had a marked effect on N2O formation and significantly (P<0.001) reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 34%. Although the interaction of liming and L. terrestris was not significant, N2O emissions of limed soil columns with L. terrestris were 8% lower than those of the control.
Received: 2 September 1999 相似文献
19.
通过间隙淋洗培养试验 ,研究水旱轮作下有机肥与化肥长期配合施用后土壤及不同粒级中氮的矿化特性。结果表明 ,经 14年 2 9茬连续施肥后土壤氮素矿化势明显增加 ,不同处理间的顺序为 :猪粪 化肥 (3 10mgkg- 1) >秸秆 化肥 (2 98mgkg- 1) >化肥 (2 76mgkg- 1) >对照 (2 0 4mgkg- 1)。长期施肥对土壤氮素矿化速率常数影响较小 ,反映了在相同土壤条件下有机氮矿化的共性。经 16周连续培养各处理土壤氮素的矿化率均在 17%左右。土壤不同粒级中氮的矿化量和矿化势均为 0~ 2 μm >2~ 10 μm >50~ 10 0 μm >10~ 50 μm ,有机肥与化肥长期配合施用显著增加了 0~ 2和 2~ 10 μm粒级氮的矿化势和矿化量。与盆栽试验结果相比 ,培养过程矿化释放的氮明显高于同期土壤的供氮量 ,表明在使用矿化氮评价土壤供氮能力时必须加以矫正。 相似文献
20.
Francisco J. Calderón Gregory W. McCarty James B. Reeves III 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2005,41(5):328-336
Understanding the N-cycling processes that ensue after manuring soil is essential in order to estimate the value of manure as an N fertilizer. A laboratory incubation of manured soil was carried out in order to study N mineralization, gas fluxes, denitrification, and microbial N immobilization after manure application. Four different manures were enclosed in mesh bags to allow for the separate analysis of manure and soil. The soils received 0.15 mg manure N g–1 soil, and the microcosms were incubated aerobically and sampled throughout a 10-week period. Manure addition resulted in initial NH4-N concentrations of 22.1 to 36.6 mg kg–1 in the microcosms. All manured microcosms had net declines in soil mineral N. Denitrification resulted in the loss of 14.7 to 39.2% of the added manure N, and the largest N losses occurred in manures with high NH4-N content. Increased soil microbial biomass N amounted to 6.0 to 8.6% of the added manure N. While the microcosms as a whole had negative N mineralization, all microcosms had positive net nitrification within the manure bags. Gas fluxes of N2O and CO2 increased in all manured soils relative to the controls. Our results show that measurement of microbial biomass N and denitrification is important to understand the fate of manure N upon soil application. 相似文献