Pollution aerosol in the northeast: northeastern-midwestern contributions

In recent years, atmospheric scientists have been endeavoring to determine the relative contributions of local and distant sources to pollution aerosol in eastern North America. Elemental analysis of aerosol from various sites in the northeastern United States has revealed a persistent northeastern "foreground" upon which pulses of midwestern aerosol are superimposed every few days, in response to large-scale meteorological features. Regional apportionment of tracer element and sulfate in summer and winter samples from Narragansett, Rhode Island, and Underhill, Vermont, shows that most of the elements come predominantly from northeastern sources. Notable exceptions include arsenic and indium, for which Canadian nonferrous smelters are important sources, and sulfur and selenium, for which the Midwest is an important source. During 1982 and 1983, the Northeast and the Midwest contributed comparably to aerosol sulfate at Narragansett and Underhill, in spite of the fact that the emissions of sulfur dioxide in the Midwest were ten times those in the Northeast; Canadian smelters accounted for less than 10 percent of the total sulfate. During a major pollution episode in July 1982, northeastern and midwestern sources produced comparable sulfate concentration in Rhode Island, whereas midwestern sources dominated northeastern sources in Vermont. Thus, although distant midwestern sources affect the quantity of pollution aerosol in the Northeast and may dominate episodically, nearer northeastern sources are comparably important on the long term.     

Laboratory antarctica: research contributions to global problems

Research in Antarctica is becoming increasingly important in the large interdisciplinary studies of connections within the earth's geosphere-biosphere system. Four examples of broad research areas are discussed. Upper atmosphere research explores the sun-earth interactions, which are most intense in the polar regions. The mass balance and dynamics of the large Antarctic ice sheet, and its paleoclimatic records recovered from deep ice cores, are important indicators of past and present global changes. Antarctica and sediment cores from the Southern Ocean contain the history of inception and growth of the ice masses and their subsequent fluctuations, and the long-term history of paleoclimate. The remarkable adaptations of Antarctic biota to extreme cold and drought may allow, through biotic monitoring, the detection of changes in the ocean and climate of Antarctica.     

发掘优质稿源确保学报质量

要提高学报的学术质量,必须发掘优质稿源。具体措施有：建立作者信息数据库：加强与作者联系,保持作者队伍的相对稳定性;退稿工作讲求艺术性;在稿件修改过程中提高作者素养：提高编辑自身素质等。     

Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise

On the basis of climate modeling and analogies with past conditions, the potential for multimeter increases in sea level by the end of the 21st century has been proposed. We consider glaciological conditions required for large sea-level rise to occur by 2100 and conclude that increases in excess of 2 meters are physically untenable. We find that a total sea-level rise of about 2 meters by 2100 could occur under physically possible glaciological conditions but only if all variables are quickly accelerated to extremely high limits. More plausible but still accelerated conditions lead to total sea-level rise by 2100 of about 0.8 meter. These roughly constrained scenarios provide a "most likely" starting point for refinements in sea-level forecasts that include ice flow dynamics.     

Environmental justice and care: critical emancipatory contributions to sustainability discourse

Sustainability has become a powerful discourse, guiding the efforts of various stakeholders to find strategies for dealing with current and future social-ecological crises. To overcome the latter, we argue that sustainability discourse needs to be based on a critical-emancipatory conceptualization. Therefore, we engage two such approaches—environmental justice approaches informed by a plural understanding of justice and feminist political economy ones focusing on care—and their analytical potential for productive critique of normative assumptions in the dominant sustainability discourse. Both of these approaches highlight aspects of sustainability that are particularly relevant today. First, although sustainable development was conceptualized from the outset based upon a twofold notion of justice (intra- and intergenerational), the integration of justice in the dominant sustainability discourse and praxis often manifests merely as a normative aspiration. Meanwhile, the environmental justice and care approaches offer conceptualizations of justice that can act as a powerful lever and as transformation-strategy. Second, the dominant sustainability discourse largely remains within a neoliberal economic framework that continues to promote economic growth as the means to reach prosperity while neglecting the bases of every economy: care work and nature. Its focus lies solely on paid work and the market economy. By integrating (a) social and ecological ‘reproductivity’ (unpaid care and subsistence work as well as nature) and (b) democratic processes for just distribution of environmental burdens and benefits, as well as participatory equity in relevant decision making, feminist political economy and environmental justice approaches offer substantial strategies towards building humane, just and caring societies.     

Side chain contributions to the stability of alpha-helical structure in peptides

Short peptides that contain significant alpha-helical structure in aqueous solution allow the investigation of the role of amino acid side chains in stabilizing or destabilizing alpha-helix structure. A host-guest system of soluble synthetic peptides was designed that consisted of chains with the block sequence TyrSerGlu4Lys4X3Glu4Lys4, denoted EXK, in which X represents any "guest" amino acid residue. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that the extent of helicity of these peptides follows the order Ala greater than Leu greater than Met greater than Gln greater than Ile greater than Val greater than Ser greater than Thr greater than Asn greater than Gly. This order differs from both host-guest copolymer values (Met greater than Ile greater than Leu greater than Ala greater than Gln greater than Val greater than Thr greater than Asn greater than Ser greater than Gly) and the tendencies of these amino acids to occur in helices in globular proteins (Ala greater than Met greater than Leu greater than Gln greater than Ile greater than Val greater than Asn, Thr greater than Ser greater than Gly), but matches the order found in a series of synthetic coiled-coil alpha helices, except for Ser. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of several EXK peptides indicates that these peptides are partially helical, with the helical residues favoring the amino terminus.     

Environmental and genetical contributions to class difference: a model experiment

Flies were divided into two groups on the basis of the number of their bristles, and raised under different environmental (temperature) conditions. In each generation, offspring of the two groups were retained in their group or transferred to the other group, depending on the number of their bristles. After nine generations it was found that the genetic component of the intergroup difference was 42 percent; the portion of the intragroup variance that was genetic phenomena.     

Electrostatic and steric contributions to regulation at the active site of isocitrate dehydrogenase

The isocitrate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli is regulated by covalent modification at the active site rather than, as expected, at an allosteric site. As a means of evaluating the mechanism of regulation, the kinetics of the substrate, 2R,3S-isocitrate, and a substrate analog, 2R-malate, were compared for the native, phosphorylated, and mutant enzymes. Phosphorylation decreases activity by more than a factor of 10(6) for the true substrate, but causes minor changes in the activity of the substrate analog. The kinetic results indicate that electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance between the phosphoryl moiety and the gamma carboxyl group of 2R,3S-isocitrate are the major causes of the inactivation, with a lesser contribution from the loss of a hydrogen bond.     

南亚热带富营养化浅水湖泊底泥磷的赋存形态及其对湖水的贡献

以南亚热带富营养化湖泊星湖为研究对象,对其4个子湖区底泥磷进行连续分级提取与测定．结果表明,星湖底泥总磷（Total phosphorus,TP）含量为352．32—710．33mg／kg,平均含量为505．82mg／kg,其含量大小依次为波海湖〉青莲湖〉仙女湖〉中心湖,其中生物可利用磷（Bio—available pbospborus,BAP）占TP的39．12％-52．59％,底泥TP主要由有机磷（Organic phosphorus,Org-P）、金属氧化物结合态磷（Metal oxides bound phosphorus,NaOH-P）和钙结合态磷（Calcium bound phosphoms,HCl-P）组成,其次还有少量可还原态磷（Redueible phosphorus,BD-P）和弱吸附态磷（Loosely absorbed phosphorus,NH4Cl-P）．不同形态磷的含量依次为：Org-P〉NaOH-P〉HCl-P〉BD-P〉NH4Cl-P．在底泥水-土界面存在一个明显的可溶性磷浓度梯度,为底泥磷向湖水释放提供了条件．     

Edible backyards: a qualitative study of household food growing and its contributions to food security

Food security is a fundamental element of community health. Informal house-lot food growing, by providing convenient access to diverse varieties of affordable and nutritious produce, can provide an important support for community food security. In this exploratory assessment of the contribution home food gardening makes to community food security, in-depth interviews were conducted with gardeners in two contrasting neighborhoods in Toronto, Canada. A typology of food gardeners was developed, and this qualitative understanding of residential food production was then assessed from a community food security perspective. It was found that growing food contributes to food security at all income levels by encouraging a more nutritious diet. The sustainability of household food sourcing and gardeners?? overall health and well-being also increased with food production. Secure access to suitable land to grow food and gardening skills were the most significant barriers found to residential food production.     

Force, shortening, and work in muscular contraction: relative contributions to overall energy utilization

The amounts of energy used during muscular contraction under different loads have been compared by measurement of the total amount of disturbance of the concentration of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide during the period of oxidative recovery. The results are in quantitative agreement with the concept that three parameters determine the energy utilization: namely the time-integral of the force development, the time-integral of the shortening process, and the mechanical work.     

不同水力负荷下凤眼莲对富营养化水体氮磷去除的表观贡献

采用人工模拟方法,研究比较了不同水力负荷条件下风眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)对富营养化水体氮、磷的吸收能力和去除作用.结果表明,当水力负荷为0.14～1.00 m3/(m2·d),进水总氮、总磷平均浓度分别为4.85 mg/L和0.50 mg/L时,凤眼莲的生物量累积增加31.56～42.89 kg...