油菜抗菌核病的部分生理生化机制

中感品种甘油5号植株组织中的钙含量高16.4%。油菜植株组织中的铁含量高，感病性强。而锰、锌、铜的含量与抗菌核病没有相关性。单宁含量与抗病性的关系，试验结果表明，各供试品种，接种处理比对照（不接种）的单宁含量高，品种间相比，无论对照还是处理，抗性强的品种单宁含量均高于高感品种（98C40）。丙二醛的含量与油菜对菌核病的抗病性没有明显的关系。油菜植株的内源草酸含量与品种的抗病性有关，高抗品种比感病病对照，其内源草酸含量高22.2%。苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）酶活性品种间无显著差异。SOD酶酶活性与抗病性的关系，不同类型的品种在接种菌核菌后，叶片中SOD活性变化不同。感病品种受到菌核菌侵染后，叶片中SOD酶活性增加值大于抗病品种。呼吸强度与抗病性的关系，接种后呼吸强度下降快的品种抗性强。 矿质元素、单宁、内源草酸含量，超氧物歧化酶（SOD）的活性及呼吸强度均与油菜品种（系）的抗病性有关。矿质元素中钙含量与抗病性有关。三个抗病品种（M004、中R-888、085）组织中的钙含量均高于中感品种（甘油5号）和高感病品种98C40；高抗品种中R-888比     

四川盆地主栽油菜品种菌核病抗性评价及稳定性分析

摘要：采用人工茎秆菌丝接种法对四川省33个主栽油菜品种进行了连续3年菌核病抗性评价和稳定性研究,以川油21为耐病对照品种,将供试品种分为耐病、感病两个类型,高抗、中抗、低抗、低感、中感和高感六个等级。结果显示：四川省种植的油菜无高抗菌核病品种,仅27.27%的品种抗（耐）菌核病;35.37%品种表现为低感菌核病,高感、低抗、中感的品种分别占22.23%、20.20%和15.13%。品种的菌核病抗性稳定性受油菜花期环境和基因型影响显著,仅科源油9号和蓉油12号表现出稳定的耐菌核病特性;11个品种菌核病抗（耐）性丧失,20个品种菌核病抗（耐）性不稳定。     

不同吸镉能力油菜各器官累积镉的差异

对筛选出的高吸镉能力和低吸镉能力油菜品种进行全生育期土培盆栽实验,研究两个油菜品种各器官吸收累积镉特征及体内镉分配差异。试验结果表明,两个不同吸镉能力油菜品种全生育期地上部总吸镉量与苗期地上部吸镉量高低一致,地上部不同器官累积镉量两个品种存在显著差异。随土壤镉含量的增加,高吸镉能力油菜朱苍花籽地上部吸收的镉主要转运至叶中,而低吸镉能力油菜川油Ⅱ—93则主要转运至茎中。在土壤镉含量大于1 mg.kg-1时,高吸镉能力油菜籽粒中镉含量显著高于低吸镉能力油菜,当土壤镉含量小于1mg.kg-1时则相反。两个油菜品种地上部吸收的镉主要累积在茎和叶中,各器官中镉含量两品种均表现为叶>茎>角果壳>籽粒。     

四川主栽油菜品种根肿病抗性研究

在成都根肿病重发病区,对四川主栽的38个油菜品种和8个德国新引进的油菜品种进行了根肿病抗性研究。结果表明,供试的46个油菜品种可分为4个类群,其中54.4%的油菜品种为感病品种,四川主栽油菜品种中无抗根肿病品种,德国油菜Lisek和Oase病情指数均小于30,为高抗品种,可作为育种材料加以应用。     

油菜对霜霉病抗性鉴定及遗传研究(摘要)

鉴定了129个甘蓝型油菜品种对霜霉病的抗性.高抗品种1个(Hectn),中抗品种6个(RVT等),高感品种7个.对抗病品种(Hecton,RVT,Willi,Or-LO,BLN244)和感病品种(农林24,农林28,上海802,GLabal,甘油5号)进行了生化分     

四川主栽油菜品种根肿病抗性研究

在成都根肿病重发病区,对四川主栽的38个油菜品种和8个德国新引进的油菜品种进行了根肿病抗性研究.结果表明,供试的46个油菜品种可分为4个类群,其中54.4%的油菜品种为感病品种,四川主栽油菜品种中无抗根肿病品种,德国油菜Lisek和Oase病情指数均小于30,为高抗品种,可作为育种材料加以应用.     

甘蓝型油菜抗菌核病扩展的遗传分析

以核盘菌菌丝体接种11个油菜品种（系）的离体叶片，结果表明不同品种间病斑大小差异显著，病斑随接种后时间延长呈逻辑斯蒂曲线增长，抗、感品种之间抗病斑扩展的差异显著，条件方差分析表明，草酸浸根处理第3d到第4d，油菜抗毒素的条件广义遗传力达0．784；草酸浸叶柄处理第3d到第4d，加性方差占总方差23．1％，处理第4d到第5d加性方差下降为0，表明条件加性效应值和条件显性效应值在不同的时段是不同的。     

黄淮夏大豆品种资源抗豆秆黑潜蝇特性鉴定与抗性机制的研究

１９９３～１９９５年对黄淮３６５份大豆品种进行了抗豆秆黑潜蝇特性鉴定，试验结果为，高抗品种４个，中抗品种１２个，低抗品种１９个，低感品种２６个，中感品种３９个，高感品种２６５个。并且对豆秆黑潜蝇对大豆不同品种的选择性、抗生性和耐寒性等抗性机制进行了研究。     

基于抗病评价解析西南区油菜主要病害抗病育种现状

为明确油菜抗菌核病、根肿病育种和抗病品种利用现状，采用人工接种辅以自然病圃诱发方式，连续7年对西南区（云、贵、川、渝）油菜新品种/育种材料和主栽品种进行抗病性评价。结果表明近7年共获得OM109、华油杂706R、南油1958R、川农油2251和川农油2252共5份高抗根肿病新品种。其中，2023年获得3份高抗根肿病新品种和16份育种材料，抗根肿病育种进展最为显著。油菜菌核病抗病新品种选育尚无明显突破，抗病类型主要以低抗菌核病为主，达到43.69%，中高抗菌核病品种抗性不稳定，连续两年鉴定显示无高抗菌核病品种。主栽品种根肿病、菌核病跟踪监测发现，抗病品种应用少，无兼抗根肿病、菌核病品种。本研究结果直观解析了油菜抗病育种成效，将为油菜抗病育种及抗病品种利用、推广提供理论参考。     

亚麻品种资源对枯萎病的抗性评价 —06

利用亚麻枯萎病病圃,对508份国内外亚麻品种资源进行了抗枯萎病的鉴定和评价,按照参试品种较统 一感病对照发病率的降低率,把抗枯萎病程度划分为高抗(HR) 、中抗(MR) 、低抗(LR) 、低感(LS) 、中感(MS)和高 感(HS)共6个级别。各个级别的品种资源数分别为45、38、64、92、112 和157;分别占试验资源总数的8. 9%、 7. 5%、12. 5%、18. 1%、22. 1%和30. 9%。高、中抗资源共计16. 4%。筛选出的高抗和中抗枯萎病资源中有41份 属于首次报道,其中包括13份国外引进品种、7份国内地方品种和21份国内育成品种,一些重点抗源已成功地应 用于亚麻抗枯萎病育种实践。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).