肉鸡福利评价指标研究进展

随着高密度、集约化畜牧业的发展,动物福利问题不容乐观,严重制约了我国畜牧业的发展。这种以牺牲动物福利为代价的生产,对家禽的生长造成了不良的生理和心理反应,导致呼吸道疾病、腹水症等的爆发,降低了生产性能、经济效益和产品质量。近年来,各国对动物福利问题日益重视。本文通过总结和分析肉鸡福利评价的指标,旨在为我国家禽福利评价体系的建立提供理论依据,提高肉鸡养殖福利水平,推动畜牧业的健康发展。     

基因组学和生理学在家禽福利育种中的应用

<正>1最近十年的欧洲家禽福利经验在欧洲,农场动物福利是一个主要的问题。近年来人们对动物福利法规及其相关方面的科学研究日益增多。由于家禽福利状况堪忧,导致标准化家禽生产的话题被关注。选育的影响经常遭到质疑。事实上,在进行商业选育的最初,很少考虑家禽的适应能力,因此出现了某些性状的退化。但是现在,对福利相关性状和遗传选育的越来越关注,     

第八次欧洲家禽福利研讨会将于5月召开

日前，世界家禽科学协会（WPSA）第9工作组（动物福利）宣布，第8次欧洲家禽福利研讨会将于2009年5月18日-22日在意大利举行。这次研讨会的主要议题包括：肉类生产家禽（肉鸡，火鸡，水禽，狩猎野禽）的动物福利；青年母鸡和产蛋母鸡的动物福利；繁殖家禽（父母代鸡群，种鸡群）的动物福利；有机家禽的动物福利；动物福利与家禽营养；     

世界长途运输家畜家禽的动物福利问题

近几年来，国内外关于“动物福利”的意识和观念出现越来越普及和越来越增强的趋势，影响也日益广泛，特别是对人类饲养利用的动物家畜家禽，如何做到既能够合理利用又能够保障动物福利尤为关注。畜牧业是我国重点发展的产业，家畜家禽运输是畜牧业生产、加工、销售中的一个重要环节。全世界每年有上千万头家畜和上亿只家禽被运输到屠宰场屠宰或异地饲养，我国每年也有大量家畜家禽或在国内运输或出口到其他国家和地区。这些家畜家禽在本国国内或国与国之间进行运输，     

基于动物福利和市场需求的新型多元化家禽生产系统

2012年1月1日,欧洲蛋鸡福利法案正式实施。与家禽福利的相关问题也再度引起社会的广泛关注。随着有关动物福利一系列法案的陆续出台以及动物保护人士对保护动物福利的呼声越来越高,同时,越来越多的消费者更愿意购买具有高福利待遇家禽的产品,在这样的法律背景和市场环境下,欧洲家禽生产者和研究者     

动物福利及其在蛋鸡笼养中的应用

动物福利的提出是生产力发展和社会进步的必然结果。为了进一步提高生产力,确保消费者健康消费,越过国际贸易中的动物福利壁垒,保持生态平衡,人类就必须对动物讲福利。以蛋鸡生产为例,传统的蛋鸡笼养,剥夺了家禽很多本能行为,违反了国际上公认的动物福利五大原则。本文论述了笼养蛋鸡现存的福利问题,并介绍了发达国家在饲养管理、防疫制度及屠宰方式等方面的家禽福利及蛋鸡传统笼养的替代方式。     

动物福利及其在蛋鸡笼养中的应用

动物福利的提出是生产力发展和社会进步的必然结果。为了进一步提高生产力，确保消费者健康消费，越过国际贸易中的动物福利壁垒，保持生态平衡，人类就必须对动物讲福利。以蛋鸡生产为例，传统的蛋鸡笼养，剥夺了家禽很多本能行为。作者论述了笼养蛋鸡现存的福利问题，并介绍了发达国家在饲养管理、防疫制度等方面的家禽福利。     

动物福利对家禽业可持续发展的影响

随着畜牧业的快速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,"动物福利"制度在世界范围内迅速发展起来,它反映了一个国家的整体经济实力和社会发展水平。本专题内容选自第八届欧洲家禽福利研讨会论文集,分别从疾病、运输和育种方面分析了家禽福利问题,并从政策层面分析了动物福利对欧洲家禽业的影响。     

用大鸟笼式饲养系统替代传统的蛋鸡生产系统

大鸟笼式／多层型家禽饲养系统（图1）可能会被整合入家禽饲养舍或散养舍中,以满足当今动物福利的要求。     

家禽福利现状及评价体系

家禽福利是将动物福利理念应用于家禽生产组织和管理过程中,体现了对家禽基本生物学需求的满足,是保证家禽健康、安全生产的关键。家禽福利关注的是家禽在饲养、运输及屠宰过程中的生理与行为反应,涵盖了健康养殖理念,是健康养殖的进一步发展。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …