蜂王信息素对工蜂卵巢发育影响的研究进展

综述了5种常见的蜂王信息素，以及最近新发现的4种蜂王物质；论述了蜂王信息素对工蜂卵巢发育的影响，指出蜂王信息素中的上颚腺信息是影响欧洲蜜蜂工蜂卵巢发育的主要物质，并且与其它物质没有协同作用。     

工蜂在意大利蜜蜂性比调节中的作用

作者系统地研究了蜂群中蜜蜂性比调控问题。以意大利蜜蜂为实验材料,通过RAPD技术测定3群蜜蜂中蜂王自然交配次数分别为14、4和6次;通过人工饲养幼虫和弹氧式热量计测定技术测定并计算出培育每只工蜂和雄蜂所需的能量值分别为748．99J和2451．39J;通过亲属选择理论和性比原理,计算出蜂王所“期望”的理论性比值T峰王都是1：1,工蜂所“期望”的理论性比值T工蜂与蜂王自然交配次数有关,分别为（12、94。24．43）：1、（16．98～32．06）：1和（15．05～28．43）：1;在分蜂季节,测定了3群的实际测定蜜蜂性比值分别为（20．21—25．63）：1、（17．37～68．28）：1和（24．04-45．97）：1。蜜蜂实际性比值与工蜂所“期望”的理论性比值（T工峰）都很吻合。研究结果支持了工蜂调控蜜蜂性比的观点。     

意大利蜜蜂蜂王与工蜂幼虫甲基供体S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成与代谢的差异

【目的】研究意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)蜂王与工蜂幼虫甲基供体S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine,SAM)合成与代谢的差异,为探索DNA甲基化与蜜蜂级型分化的关系提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用890只1日龄雌性蜂幼虫,分别来自5群姐妹蜂王群。其中445只进行人工育王(89只/群);剩余445只培育成工蜂(89只/群)。取3、4、5日龄蜂王和工蜂幼虫,测定其体内SAM合成与代谢关键酶基因表达和酶活性的差异。【结果】蜂王幼虫SAM含量随日龄的增加变化不显著(P0.05);工蜂幼虫SAM含量随日龄增加呈上升趋势(P0.05)。蜂王幼虫SAMS基因表达量随日龄增加呈梯度下降的趋势(P0.01),而工蜂幼虫SAMS表达随日龄变化不显著(P0.05);3日龄与4日龄时,蜂王幼虫SAMS表达量显著高于工蜂(P0.05),5日龄时,工蜂幼虫SAMS表达量显著高于蜂王(P0.05)。Dnmt1a与Dnmt3表达在两级型间差异不显著(P0.05),其中蜂王幼虫Dnmt1a表达随日龄增加无显著变化(P0.05),但其酶活性呈下降趋势(P0.05);工蜂幼虫Dnmt1a表达随日龄增加呈下降趋势(P0.05),其酶活性呈上升趋势(P0.01),其中3日龄与4日龄时,蜂王幼虫Dnmt1酶活性显著高于工蜂幼虫(P0.05),而5日龄时,工蜂幼虫Dnmt1酶活性显著高于蜂王幼虫(P0.05)。蜂王Dnmt3表达量随日龄增加呈下降趋势(P0.05),工蜂幼虫Dnmt3表达随日龄增加变化不显著(P0.05);蜂王幼虫Dnmt3酶活性随日龄变化不显著(P0.05),工蜂幼虫Dnmt3酶活性随日龄变化显著(P0.05),但蜂王幼虫Dnmt3酶活性在3、4、5日龄均显著高于工蜂幼虫(P0.01)。【结论】3—5日龄意大利蜜蜂蜂王幼虫与工蜂幼虫体内活性甲基供体SAM的合成与代谢存在差异。在4日龄之前,蜂王幼虫SAM的合成比工蜂活跃,4日龄之后,工蜂幼虫的SAM合成与蜂王幼虫相近;在4日龄之前,SAM参与DNA维持甲基化的代谢过程,蜂王幼虫比工蜂活跃,4日龄之后,工蜂幼虫比蜂王幼虫活跃;在3—5日龄,SAM参与DNA从头甲基化的代谢活性,蜂王幼虫始终不低于工蜂幼虫。     

意蜂蜂王酒精提取液对中蜂行为的影响

每天以一定剂量的意大利蜜蜂（意蜂）蜂王酒精提取液,点滴在有分蜂热的中华蜜蜂（中蜂）蜂群的上梁上,可明显抑制中蜂群的分蜂。表现在：中蜂群春季自然换王时间推迟至秋季,王台内小蜂王幼虫被拖弃和台基被完全毁掉;秋季蜂王自然交替时间延长,且有新、在王同巢产卵和越冬前新王停产推迟现象。对照群在春季如期营造自然王台和分蜂,越冬前蜂王停产早。蜂群失正后,如果立即连续点滴蜂王酒精提取液,要抑制工蜂产卵。无王群出现产     

中华蜜蜂群内工蜂监督研究

以中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)为实验材料,对处女蜂王分别进行单雄和双雄人工授精,并以自然交尾作为多雄交配对照。然后用标准的方法检测各蜂群对蜂王产的未受精卵(QUG)和工蜂产的未受精卵(WUG)的监督效果,结果表明:在自然交尾、双雄授精或单雄授精3种蜂群中,都明显存在工蜂监督现象。     

意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜亚硒酸钠添加水平

【目的】探索意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)工蜂幼虫日粮的适宜亚硒酸钠水平,为意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫发育阶段硒的营养需要提供依据。【方法】共取1 440只1日龄意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫并平均分为两批,每批720只,一批用于化蛹率、羽化率的测定,一批用于理化指标和分子指标的测定。两批幼虫均按单因素完全随机设计分成6组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂亚硒酸钠添加量为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg·kg~(-1)的日粮,每组5个重复,每个重复24只幼虫。取3、5、7日龄幼虫测定体重、总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)活性,取5日龄幼虫测定硒磷酸合成酶(selenide water dikinase,Sel D)、丝氨酰-t RNA合成酶(seryl-t RNA synthetase,Ser Rs)、SECIS-结合蛋白1(SECIS-binding protein 1,Sbp1)、SECIS-结合蛋白2(SECIS-binding protein 2,Sbp2)基因表达量;7日龄时统计化蛹率。【结果】与对照组相比,日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2—0.6 mg·kg~(-1)时显著提高了幼虫的T-AOC(P0.05),日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2—0.8 mg·kg~(-1)时显著提高了幼虫的T-SOD活性(P0.05),各试验组均显著降低了幼虫的MDA含量(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.4 mg·kg~(-1)时幼虫的PO活性显著高于对照(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.6 mg·kg~(-1)时5日龄幼虫的Sel D、Ser Rs、Sbp1、Sbp2基因表达水平显著高于对照(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.4 mg·kg~(-1)时幼虫化蛹前体重显著高于对照(P0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2 mg·kg~(-1)时,幼虫化蛹率显著提高(P0.05)。【结论】人工饲养条件下基础日粮硒水平为0.21 mg·kg~(-1)时,根据幼虫化蛹前体重、化蛹率做拟合曲线得出意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫日粮适宜亚硒酸钠添加水平为0.24—0.33 mg·kg~(-1),即意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫的适宜硒水平为0.32—0.36 mg·kg~(-1)。     

应用微卫星DNA技术研究中华蜜蜂群内工蜂监督效果

【目的】研究不同中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana cerana）群内的工蜂繁殖现象,探讨蜂群的工蜂监督效果。【方法】以中华蜜蜂为试验材料,对处女蜂王分别进行单雄和双雄人工授精,并以蜂王自然交尾的蜂群作为对照。蜂王成功繁殖后7周,利用蜜蜂微卫星DNA技术检测蜂群内的雄蜂是由蜂王产的未受精卵发育而成,还是由工蜂产的未受精卵发育而成。【结果】所有蜂群中的雄蜂都是由蜂王产的未受精卵发育而成。【结论】在人工授精和自然交尾蜂群中都明显存在工蜂监督行为。     

蜂王为何如此长寿？

最近，美国伊利诺斯州的科学家发现了蜂王长寿的原因。 长期以来，养蜂人都对这样一个现象感到很困惑：在蜂箱中，有着成百上千只蜜蜂，其中绝大部分是工蜂，也有蜂王，虽然它们的年龄都差不多一样，但是蜂王的寿命明显的要比其他一般的蜜蜂要长，有的蜂王的寿命甚至是工蜂的10倍以上。     

运用RAPD技术检测中华蜜蜂蜂群中亚家庭数量

以中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)为实验材料,运用随机扩增多态DNA (RAPD)技术和NTSYS聚类软件分析蜂群亲缘关系指数和亚家庭数组成.结果表明:RAPD技术是检测中华蜜蜂亚家庭数量的一种有效方法.     

意蜂蜂王酒精提取液对中蜂行为的影响

每天以一定剂量的意大利蜜蜂 (意蜂 )蜂王酒精提取液 ,点滴在有分蜂热的中华蜜蜂 (中蜂 )蜂群的上梁上 ,可明显抑制中蜂群的分蜂 .表现在 :中蜂群春季自然换王时间推迟至秋季 ,王台内小蜂王幼虫被拖弃和台基被完全毁掉 ;秋季蜂王自然交替时间延长 ,且有新、老蜂王同巢产卵和越冬前新王停产推迟现象 .对照群在春季如期营造自然王台和分蜂 ,越冬前蜂王停产早 .蜂群失王后 ,如果立即连续点滴蜂王酒精提取液 ,可抑制工蜂产卵 .无王群出现产卵工蜂后 ,如果用蜂王酒精提取液也能有效解除工蜂的产卵行为     

Cryopreservation of Queen Honeybee(Apis mellifera camica)Born Worker Eggs by Vitrification

Many species of insect egg can be targeted individually or(and)collectively for cryopreservation by vitrification.However,there has been no report on cryopreservation of honeybee eggs by vitrification.In an attempt to define a preliminary procedure of cryopreservation of honeybee eggs by vitrification,queen honeybee born worker eggs(worker eggs)were stored through vitrification in liquid nitrogen up to 1 h,and then post-vitrification survival of the vitrified worker eggs in vitro and their hatching rates during maturation in vivo were observed using microscopic and close visual inspections.The procedure of cryopreservation by vitrification included dechorionation with sodium hypochlorite and permeabilization with isopropyl alcohol; equilibration by addition of loading solution(i.e.,25% vitrification storage solution)and dehydration by gradual replacement of loading solution with vitrification storage solution; cooling in liquid nitrogen vapor right before droplet vitrification in liquid nitrogen; and recovery in liquid nitrogen vapor right after storage in liquid nitrogen,thawing at temperature of thawing medium(5% sucrose in TC 100-insect medium)and rehydration by gradual replacement of vitrification storage solution with rehydration solution(5% fetal bovine serum in TC 100-insect medium).It was found that among the worker eggs experiencing cyropreservation by vitrification,1.25% of them were successfully passed through the four life stages,viz.,egg,larva,pupa,and adult.In summary,it can be inferred that although a majority of worker eggs were dead after cyroprescrvation by vitrification,a few of them were developed into larvae,pupae,and finally emerged as adults.     

梨树种植结构及蜂群采集次数对蜜蜂授粉效果的影响

中国梨树种植面积及产量居世界首位,因种植广泛,从南到北花期有一定间隔,蜂场需要转地授粉。为了探究蜜蜂为梨树授粉过程中反复采集对蜂群采集力有无影响,及油菜等花期重叠的竞争植物对蜜蜂采集梨花积极性的影响,笔者考察了不同种植结构、采集次数下蜂群采集梨花粉的重量、比例及采集梨花粉蜂的比例等指标。结果表明,油菜等竞争植物的存在会使蜂群采集梨花粉积极性下降,应尽量避免在梨树地栽种花期相同的竞争作物。重复采集可以提高蜜蜂采集梨花的积极性并增强授粉效果,可组织专业授粉蜂场进行梨树授粉。     

中华蜜蜂工蜂头部重量与王浆腺重量的相关性

研究结果表明：（１）３－１２日龄各龄工蜂的头部重量与王浆腺重量均呈强正直线相关，相关系数ｔ检验结果差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）３－１２日龄工蜂（混合样本）的头重（ｘ）与王浆腺重（ｙ）呈强正直线相关，ｒ＝０．７８２３，线性回归方程ｙ＝０．５７６８ｘ－２．８５６５．相关系数差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）．通过本研究我们认为：采用工蜂头部重量来研究王浆腺重量、王浆腺发育，以及与之有关的泌浆生物学是可行的．     

枣花蜜中钾离子含量以及枣花蜜对蜜蜂的影响

通过对枣花蜜及其他蜜样中钾离子含量的测定及其饲喂试验,研究枣花蜜对蜜蜂的影响。结果表明,8个蜜样中,槐花蜜的钾含量最低;采自临猗、太谷和临县的枣花蜜的钾离子含量比这3个试验点的枣花花蜜的钾离子含量高;除槐花蜜外,7个蜜样之间都没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲喂枣花蜜、槐花蜜和山花蜜的试验发现,槐花蜜饲喂蜜蜂后的死亡率最低,饲喂枣花蜜后蜜蜂死亡率是饲喂槐花蜜后的1.97倍,饲喂槐花蜜的蜜蜂死亡率与饲喂枣花蜜和山花蜜的蜜蜂死亡率之间差异显著(P<0.05)。3个试验点枣花花蜜的饲喂结果表明,临县试验点蜜蜂死亡率最高,是太谷试验点的1.48倍;饲喂枣花花蜜的蜜蜂死亡率为饲喂枣花蜜的1.47倍。由此可见,枣花期蜜蜂死亡不但与枣花蜜中的钾离子含量有关,而且还可能与枣花蜜中的其他成分有关。     

Comparative Analyses of Proteome Complement Between Worker Bee Larvae of High Royal Jelly Producing Bees (A. m. ligustica) and Carniolian Bees (A. m. carnica)

This study is to compare the protein composition of the high royal jelly producing bee (A. m. ligustica) with that of Carniolian bee (A. m. carnica) during their worker larval developmental stage. The experiment was carried out by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that significant higher numbers of total proteins (283) were detected in larvae of high royal jelly producing bees (Jelly bee) than those of Camiolian bees (152) on 2-d-old larvae. Among them, 110 proteins were presented on both strains of bee larvae, whereas 173 proteins were specific to larvae of Jelly bees, and 42 proteins were exclusive to Carniolian larvae. However, on the 4th d, a significant higher number of total proteins (290) were detected in larvae of Jelly bees than those of Camiolian bees (240), 163 proteins resolved to both bee larvae, and 127 proteins were specific to Jelly bees and 77 proteins to Camiolian bees. Until the 6th d, also a significant higher number of total proteins (236) were detected in larvae of Jelly bees than those of Carniolian bees (180), 132 proteins were constantly expressed in two bee larvae, whereas 104 and 48 proteins are unique to Jelly bee and Camiolian bee larvae, respectively. We tentatively concluded that the metabolic rate and gene expression of Jelly bees larvae is higher than those of Carniolian bees based proteins detected as total proteins and proteins specific to each stage of two strains of bee larvae. Proteins constantly expressed on 3 stages of larval development with some significant differences between two bee strains, and proteins unique to each stage expressed differences in term of quality and quantity, indicating that larval development needed house keeping and specific proteins to regulate its growth at different development phage, but the expression mold is different between two strains of larval development.     

蜜蜂性比研究进展

蜜蜂性比是指蜂群中雌性蜜蜂与雄性蜜蜂的比例。本文对蜜蜂性比由谁操纵(蜂王还是工蜂)、影响蜜蜂性比的因素以及蜜蜂性比对蜂群生产力及生物学特性的影响进行了论述，并对蜜蜂性比研究提出了一些建议。     

Iron-Containing Cells in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)

Honey bees are sensitive to earth strength magnetic fields and are reported to contain magnetite (Fe3O4) in their abdomens. We report bands of cells around each abdominal segment that contain numerous electron-opaque, iron-containing granules. The iron is principally in the form of hydrous iron oxides.     

电取蜂毒对意大利蜜蜂寿命的影响

３、６、９、１２、１５、１８、２１、２４、２７、３０日龄意蜂工蜂取毒后，其寿命均显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）缩短．３－３０日龄取毒的工蜂总体寿命缩短９．４７％，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）．因此，利用意蜂生产蜂毒，应考虑工蜂寿命缩短问题．