籼型细胞质雄性不育和可育水稻线粒体DNA多态性的初步分析

以籼型细胞质雄性不育系珍没９７Ａ，保持系珍汕９７Ｂ，恢复系明恢６３和两个Ｆ１杂种为对象分析了一体ＤＮＡ间的多生，用６个线粒体ＤＮＡ探针对５种来源的线粒体ＤＮＡ进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹分析，用ＣｏｘⅡ、ａｔｐＡ、２６ｓ ｒＲＮＡ为探针进行杂交时，不育系、保持系和恢复系之间具有相同的杂交结果，用而ＣｏｘＩ、ＣｏｘⅡ、ａｔｐ６和６３０ｂｐｍＤＮＡ片段为探针杂交时，不育系相可育系之间出现了不同的杂交带，表     

水稻线粒体基因组翻译产物与细胞质雄性不育性

引言 近年来,许多研究表明,植物细胞质雄性不育性与线粒体基因组存在某种关系。分析玉米、高粱、甜菜、小麦和烟草等作物的线粒体基因组翻译产物,发现不育细胞质与正常细胞质在蛋白质水平上存在差异。在水稻,有人对BT型雄性不育材料作了类似的研究,但我国应用最广泛的野败型雄性不育材料至今仍未见报道。     

水稻雄性不育细胞质效应的研究

用８种同核异质雄性不育系及其相应保持系分别与４个恢复系配个杂交组合进行裂区试验，在相同核北景下比较雄性不育细胞质效应的差异。结果表明：雄性不育细胞质对杂种一代单株产量和农艺性状多数表现负效应，但细胞质间存在极显著的差异。本研究发现，栽培籼稻的细胞质效应优于普通野稻，选育优良雄性不育细胞质的重点应在栽培籼稻中筛选。恢复系对不育细胞质效应也有不同程度的影响，核质互作对所研究的性状有极显著的作用。选育配     

水稻雄性不育细胞质效应研究综述

本文对雄性不育细胞质效应的研究现状进行了综述,主要内容包括：（１）明确了细胞质效应的组成：细胞质的一般配合力效应,细胞质与保持系互作的特殊的一般配合力效应,细胞质与恢复系互作的特殊配合力效应,细胞质与保持系、恢复系互作的特殊配合力效应之中的一种或几种构成。（２）讨论了细胞质效应的研究方法,其中比较完善的方法为利用多套同核异质不育系与恢复系配组,把细胞质,不育系核背景、恢复系看作三因素进行试验设计和     

RFLP缩减杂交技术的改良与水稻雄性不育细胞质基因组差异片段的克隆

对基因组RFLP缩减杂交技术进行了改良,即用连接成大分子的Driver DNA与Tester DNA杂交、再利用PCR纯化试剂盒对大片段DNA回收率低的原理去除大部分Driver DNA以及与之杂交的非特异性Tester DNA片段.经过PCR扩增和克隆,获得多态性片段,可快速获得在亲本间有差异的分子标记．用该技术对水稻野败型雄性不育细胞质和正常细胞质DNA进行RFLP缩减杂交,获得了2个在不育系细胞质DNA与保持系细胞质DNA间的差异片段。     

白菜细胞质雄性不育的恢保关系与分子鉴定

【目的】明确白菜细胞质雄性不育类型、恢保关系及其多样性。【方法】采用遗传学方法和已报道的5个不育细胞质orf138、orf222、orf224、orf263和orf288的特异引物的分子鉴定方法,对8种大白菜雄性不育材料(CMS3411-7、CMS7311、00S54-m-1、00S54-m-2、12XC4、00S11-1、00S11-3和00S11-8)进行鉴定。【结果】恢保关系分析表明,Pol CMS的恢复系和保持系对于Ogu类型(12XC4)及Ogu和Nap综合类型(00S54-m-1、00S54-m-2、00S11-1、00S11-3和00S11-8)雄性不育(简称Ogu-Nap CMS)均表现为保持系。分子鉴定表明,8份白菜雄性不育材料中有2份的细胞质属于Pol型甘蓝型油菜不育类型,1份属于Ogu型萝卜不育类型,5份材料的细胞质为Ogu-Nap CMS不育胞质综合类型,没有芥菜不育细胞质。细胞质多样性分析结果表明,5份Ogu-Nap型甘蓝型不育胞质综合类型的细胞质雄性不育材料中,1份材料(00S54-m-1)在BnTR4位点存在变异。【结论】明确了白菜细胞质雄性不育类型、恢保关系及其细胞质多样性。     

水稻细胞质雄性不育育性恢复遗传研究

研究应用水稻协青早A/(协青早B/密阳46)F6、协青早A/(珍汕97B/密阳46)F6及珍汕97A/(珍汕97B/密阳46)F6 3套测交群体,开展水稻细胞质雄性不育经典遗传学研究 . 结果表明:水稻CMS的育性恢复表现为质量-数量性状;不同遗传背景对水稻育性恢复的影响可能主要表现在微效QTL的不同,当群体中协青早B的成分被珍汕97B取代后,群体中恢复基因的效应得到加强.     

植物细胞质雄性不育的生物学研究进展

本文综述了植物细胞质雄性不育系与保持系在细胞学方面、生理生化方面的差异；在分子水平上概述了线粒体和叶绿体与细胞质雄性不育的关系；讨论了环境条件对细胞质雄性不育的影响以及基因工程创造雄性不育的策略、机理。指出决定细胞质雄性不育的胞质因子在线粒体基因组上，提出了本研究领域存在的问题。     

核质互作不育和光敏核不育聚合的粳稻不育系选育

 针对粳型核质互作不育系高温自交结实和粳型光敏核不育系低温自交结实的现状,选择BT型核质互作不育系与含有BT型保持基因的粳型光敏核不育系,通过杂交和回交,使雄性核不育基因与核质互作不育基因聚合,育成了粳型光敏核质互作不育系2308SA和2310SA。该不育系的不育性是由两套相互独立的基因系统控制的,分期播种育性观察结果表明,在长日高温下,雄性光敏核不育隐性纯合基因控制水稻不育性,避免了BT型不育基因因穗期受高温影响而导致不育系自交结实;在长日适温下,水稻不育性由核不育基因和核质互作不育基因共同控制而表现稳定;在低温（低于光敏不育系不育临界温度）或短日适温（日最高气温<32℃）下,BT型核质互作不育基因控制水稻不育性,消除了育性敏感期低温导致核不育系"打摆子"造成杂交种子不纯的风险。还对粳型光敏感核质互作不育系的可恢性、可繁性和配合力进行了研究。     

Development of Japonica Male Sterile Lines Integrating Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Photosensitive Genic Male Sterility

Acknowledgement It has been previously established that the BT type of cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） is induced by high temperatures, while photosensitive genic male sterility （PGMS） seed sets by low temperatures induce. In the current study, we have bred photosensitive cytoplasmic male sterility （PCMS） lines （2308SA and 2310SA） by crossing the CMS line with the PGMS japonica line with maintainer genes. The sterility of PCMS japonica was consequently controlled by two groups of male sterile genes resulting from the integration of PGMS and CMS genes. The results on plant fertility, at different sowing times, were as follows： （a） Under conditions of natural long-day photoperiod and at temperatures above 35~C, the PGMS gene regulated PCMS japonica sterility - the higher the temperature, the lower the pollen fertility. However, bagged seed sets of PCMS japonica, not exposed to high temperatures, induced the CMS seed set. （b） Exposure to long-day photoperiod and temperature conditions between 35℃ and the critical sterility inducing temperature of PGMS resulted in both PGMS and CMS gene controlled sterility of PCMS japonica, which exhibited stable characteristics. （c） When exposed to critical sterility inducing temperatures or short-day photoperiod and daily high temperatures below 32℃, the BT type of the CMS gene regulated PCMS sterility. Under these conditions, the PGMS gene rendered male sterility insusceptible to occasional cool summer days when this PCMS line, adopted for hybrid seed production, develops into panicle differentiation stage. The present study also investigated the fertility restoration, seed production and combining ability of PCMS japonica so as to optimize its use.     

高等植物细胞质雄性不育的研究进展

对近年来高等植物细胞质雄性不育的不育机理与育性恢复的机理研究结果进行了概述,并探讨了植物细胞质雄性不育研究的发展前景。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势。杂交棉通常比常规棉增产15%左右,而且在纤维品质、抗病、抗虫、抗逆境和光合效率等性状上也有明显改良。在棉花杂种优势的利用中,最重要的环节之一是杂交种子的生产（制种）。目前,杂交棉制种常有四条途径,人工去雄授粉法制种、化学杀雄法制种、利用核雄性不育的“两系法”制种和利用细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种。生产实践表明,利用棉花雄性不育既可简化制种又可节省成本,特别是利用棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系的“三系法”制种,可较有效克服其他制种方法的一些缺点,是最有效的途径。为此,文章在阐述棉花杂种优势利用途径的基础上,重点综述棉花细胞质雄性不育的遗传学、细胞学和生理生化的特点;深入阐述不育细胞质对杂种F₁的正/负效应,并就如何培育强恢复系的问题,以培育转GST的强恢复系为例,探讨克服不育细胞质对杂种F₁负效应的可能机制;根据棉花为常异花授粉作物和花器具有虫媒花特征的特点,详细介绍三系杂交棉制种的亲本（不育系和恢复系）选配、地点选择和环境优化等条件,以及如何综合优化这些条件提高制种产量的关键技术。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种,与其他作物比较,在杂种优势利用中具有4个突出的优点：（1）不育系为无花粉不育类型,育性不受气候等环境的影响,可保证杂种的纯度;（2）棉花开花期长达3个月,不存在制种时花期不遇的现象,制种产量有保证;（3）棉花生态适应性广,育成的组合可在各地种植,种子产业化效益明显;（4）可利用种间（海岛棉与陆地棉间）杂种优势。可以预言,基于细胞质雄性不育的三系杂交棉是大有前途的,将是棉花杂种优势利用的主要途径。最后,就本领域的发展趋势,特别是在利用现代生物技术培育新的不育系和恢复系方面进行了初步探讨。     

Overview of the Study and Application of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton

Cotton has significant heterosis. Hybrid cotton usually can increase production in lint yield by about 15% compared with conventional self-pollinated cultivars, and also can get obvious improvement in fiber quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, adversity resistance and photosynthetic efficiency. Among some links of cotton heterosis use, the most important link is the castration in the production of hybrid seeds. At present, there are four ways for the castration, such as hand emasculation, chemical male gametocide, nuclear male sterility and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The production practice showed that use of cotton male sterility could not only simplify the hybrid seed production but also save the production cost on a commercial economic scale. In particular, the way of hybrid seed production by use of cotton CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line were the most effective way since it could overcome some disadvantages in the other ways. Therefore, in this paper, the study and application of the cotton CMS system in hybrid seed production were overviewed and some of problems currently limiting application were also addressed. At first, the genetic, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the cotton CMS were reviewed. Secondly, the positive/negative effects of sterile cytoplasm in hybrid F₁ were analyzed, and how to overcome these negative effects, such as pollen temperature sensitive and F₁ not expressing complete fertility, by developing strong restorer lines with a stronger ability for F₁ fertility restoration, was discussed in detail. For an example, transgenic strong restorer line could be developed by introducing the exogenous GST gene, which was assumed to have the function of enhancing pollen vitality, into some conventional restorer lines, and so that hybrids with higher heterosis could be produced by crossing this strong restorer with sterile lines. According to the characteristics of cotton as an often cross-pollination crop, this paper recommended in detail the key techniques of hybrid cotton seed production, such as rules of parent (sterile line and restorer line) selection, location selection and environment optimization for enriching native pollinators to produce more hybrid seeds. Then, the paper pointed out that compared with other crops, cotton hybrid seed production based on CMS system has four advantages in the cotton heterosis use: (1) The purity of hybrid seeds can be guaranteed because there is no pollen in anthers of cotton CMS line and its sterility is very stable and not affected by the climate and other environments; (2) The high yield of hybrid seed can be obtained since the long flowering period (about 3 months) of cotton does not result in the flowering asynchronism between sterile line and restorer line; (3) The wide ecological adaptability of cotton and the possibility of large-scale hybrid seed production will be benefited to popularize hybrid cotton; and (4) Interspecific heterosis between upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sea-island cotton (G. barbadense L.) can be used. It is predicted that the hybrid cotton production based on CMS system will be the main approach to utilize heterosis of cotton. Finally, the future works in study and application of CMS in cotton heterosis, especially in development of new sterile lines and restorer lines by use of modern biotechnology, was also discussed.     

辣椒胞质雄性不育与花蕾内源激素含量的关系

以辣椒Capsicum annuum细胞质雄性不育系‘北A’及其保持系‘北B’、恢复系‘B162’和杂种F1为材料,采用间接酶联免疫(ELISA)检测技术测定分析了各材料不同发育时期花蕾中内源IAA、ABA、ZRS和GA3的含量和比值变化.结果表明,不育系‘北A’花蕾中IAA和ABA的含量在各个时期均显著高于相应的保持系和恢复系,而ZRS的含量则显著低于可育材料;GA3的含量在造孢细胞期至四分小孢子期呈缓慢降低的趋势,并且在四分小孢子期显著低于可育材料.不育系花蕾中IAA/ZRS、ABA/ZRS以及IAA/GA3的比值均高于相应的保持系和恢复系.初步认为花蕾中较高的IAA和ABA含量及较低的ZRS和GA3含量可能与辣椒细胞质雄性不育有关.     

油菜细胞质雄性不育的分子机理及其应用研究进展

综述了油菜细胞质雄性不育分子机理的最新研究进展，着重介绍了不同胞质类型Ogu CMS、Pol CMS、nap CMS不育性与线粒体基因组DNA突变的相关性，利用线粒体DNA分子标记进行细胞质雄性不育性的鉴定与分类，并对利用生物技术改良油菜细胞质雄性不育系的前景进行了探讨。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育研究进展

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势,棉花细胞质雄性不育在棉花杂种优势的利用上具有重要作用。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复系统突破传统人工去雄杂交育种的瓶颈,为棉花杂交种制种的商业化推广展现了光明的前景。综述了近年来棉花细胞质雄性不育在细胞学、生理生化、分子生物学和育性恢复4个方面的研究进展。详细阐明了棉花细胞质雄性不育小孢子败育时期及细胞学形态、生理生化指标研究、胞内基因组和核内恢复基因的分子生物学研究和获得理想恢复系的方法,并提出了研究中存在的主要问题,展望了今后工作的研究方向。     

红莲型CMS水稻线粒体K+ATP通道特性的初步研究

以水稻红莲型细胞质雄性不育(HL-CMS)不育系粤泰A(YTA)和保持系粤泰B(YTB)黄化苗线粒体为材料,研究了YTA和YTB离体线粒体KA TP通道对其诱导调节剂KCl、ATP、ADP和GTP等的响应特性。结果表明,KA TP通道诱导剂KCl,能明显诱导YTA和YTB线粒体膨胀,但YTA的膨胀程度较YTB的明显;KA TP通道的内源性抑制剂ATP对YTA和YTB线粒体膨胀起显著抑制作用;KA TP通道的内源性激动剂ADP和GTP引起的不育系YTA离体线粒体短暂收缩及之后的再膨胀程度均较YTB的明显;此外,比较YTA和YTB离体线粒体在Rh123一起孵育10 min后,KCl和解偶联剂FCCP处理引起的离体线粒体膜电位(Δψm)下降过程,发现前者的线粒体Δψm较后者的易于过早崩解。对水稻HL-CMS不育系YTA和可育的保持系YTB线粒体KA TP通道特性的比较研究表明,水稻HL-CMS不育系YTA线粒体KA TP通道对其诱导调节剂KCl、ATP、ADP和GTP等的响应较YTB的更敏感。     

洋葱雄性不育性及其应用研究进展*

 概述了洋葱雄性不育系发现及利用的演化过程,介绍了S型和T型不育细胞质的特点及在全世界的利用情况;在质核互作不育类型利用上,介绍了洋葱和细香葱的最新研究进展; 并对利用不育系进行大面积制种生产过程中可能出现的风险进行了分析。最后提出了我国南方各省洋葱育种的方向。