吉农4号种衣剂防治玉米病虫害药效评价

经过两年省内外药效试验,17%克·福·醇(吉农4号)种衣剂防治玉米苗期病害效果为70%,防治玉米丝黑穗病效果达到93.2%～100.0%,防治地下害虫效果在75%左右.药效期达50d,保苗率提高10%以上,玉米增产明显。     

烯唑醇超微粉体玉米种衣剂应用技术研究

通过盆栽试验、田间小区试验和区域试验熏研究烯唑醇种衣剂使用剂量、处理方法对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果及对玉米生长发育的影响。试验结果表明,用烯唑醇微粉种衣剂1∶200～300包衣,可有效防治玉米丝黑穗病。在接种条件下,田间小区防效为51.5%,区域试验平均防效为85.2%,增产11.4%。不同种子处理方法对玉米的安全性依次为干包>催包>浸包。     

种衣剂对大麦种传病害防治效果的研究

40%卫福种衣剂对大麦散黑穗病防效稳定在90%以上,对条纹病防效达94%以上,在大麦散黑穗病、条纹病并发地区使用,防病增产效果达5%～6%;UF-10种衣剂、2%立克秀拌种剂对散黑穗病的防效达94%以上,但对条纹病的防效较差,适合条纹病轻发地区用于散黑穗病的防治。     

四种种衣剂防治玉米丝黑穗病药效试验

本试验利用目前市场上常见的4种用于防治玉米丝黑穗病的种衣剂对该病进行防治效果的对比性试验.结果表明,15%黑穗净防效最高,达81.9%,17%吉农4号次之,为63.7%,其余两种种衣剂效果则不足50%。     

15%克·福·萎悬浮种衣剂在玉米上的应用效果研究

检测了15%克·福·萎悬浮种衣剂在云南不同生态气候条件下的7个试验点田间应用效果.结果表明,15%克·福·萎悬浮种衣剂具有防治玉米种传、土传和苗期病虫鼠害,促进地上和地下部鲜重、叶面积及茎粗等生物学指标的增加,显著提高玉米的出苗率和产量等综合功效.综合分析认为,该种衣剂适合在云南省推广应用,最佳药种比为1:50,但不同生态气候条件对种衣剂药种比的要求不尽相同。     

72%滴丁·异丙草胺乳油防除玉米田杂草效果

田间小区试验结果表明,72%滴丁·异丙草胺乳油对玉米田的稗草、狗尾草、藜、本氏蓼等一年生单双子叶杂草有良好的防除效果,对野黍和苍耳等耐药性较强的杂草防效较差.72%滴丁·异丙草胺乳油的适宜施药时期为玉米播后苗前土壤喷雾处理,适宜用药量为200～250 mL/667m²,在此剂量范围内对玉米安全。     

6种种衣剂防治玉米丝黑穗病药效试验

采用当前推广的6种玉米种衣剂进行了防治玉米丝黑穗病的田间药效对比试验。结果表明,含有效成分三唑类杀菌剂的种衣剂都有理想的防治效果,18.6%福.克.戊唑悬浮种衣剂、16%福.克.唑醇悬浮种衣剂(乌米净)、63%福.克.戊唑干粉种衣剂、22%福.克.戊唑悬浮种衣剂和7.5%克.戊唑悬浮种衣剂(黑虫双全)5种种衣剂防效达98.8%～100%,而不含三唑类杀菌剂的种衣剂防效仅为44.42%。     

20%烟嘧磺隆·氰草津油悬浮剂的生物活性评价

在温室盆栽条件下,以马唐、反枝苋为试材,采用Gowing法测定了烟嘧磺隆与氰草津复配的联合作用,并对实验室制得的20%烟嘧磺隆·氰草津油悬浮剂进行了大田生物活性评价试验。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆与氰草津复配后对马唐有增效作用,对反枝苋属于相加作用,两者适宜复配,配比为1～4∶12.5。于玉米3～5叶期、杂草2～5叶期喷施20%烟嘧磺隆·氰草津油悬浮剂180～300 g/hm²,药后30 d的杂草总株防效及鲜重防效分别为83.6%～94.3%、92.7%～99.2%,对玉米安全性较好,玉米株高、产量均大于人工除草处理;在玉米7叶期及杂草5叶期以后施用该药剂,玉米的安全性及杂草株防效均出现下降。     

两种热雾剂防治橡胶六点始叶螨药效试验

使用15 %哒·阿维热雾剂和15 %克螨特热雾剂2种药剂进行防治橡胶六点始叶螨的药效试验结果表明：施药3 d后,克螨特热雾剂防效为76.68 %,哒·阿维热雾剂防效为89.33 %,处理间差异显著,哒·阿维热雾剂的速效性优于克螨特热雾剂;施药后7 d后,克螨特热雾剂防效为83.43 %,哒·阿维热雾剂的防效为87.62 %,处理间差异不显著;药后15 d,哒·阿维热雾剂还保持在85 %以上,而克螨特热雾剂的防效降至63.35 %,哒·阿维热雾剂的持效期显著优于克螨特热雾剂。     

11.7%多功能种衣剂3号防治玉米病虫害试验

经田间试验,11.7%多功能种衣剂3号包衣玉米种子,对玉米出苗及生长发育安全、防治苗期茎腐病的效果为47.6%～70.9%,防玉米丝黑穗病的效果为62.2%～80.5%,对蛴螬的防效为68%～100%,并能提高玉米产量,在生产中建议以2∶100或2.5∶100包衣为宜。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.