树皮厚度、树皮材积与直径和树高相关关系的研究

树皮厚度、树皮材积与直径和树高相关关系的研究陈东来，秦淑英（河北林学院林学系保定０７１０００）关键词树皮厚度，树皮材积，直径，树高，线性相关中图分类号Ｓ７５８．１ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＣＯＲＲＥＬＡＴＩ０ＮＯＦＴＨＩＣＫＮＥＳＳＡＮＤＶＯＬＵＭＥ０ＦＴＲ...     

根据斯里兰卡加勒比松的树干下部两个直径建立立木材积方程

在斯里兰卡的洪都拉斯加勒比松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｃａｒｉｂａｅａｖａｒ．ｈｏｎｄｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ）林分中，实测３５４株样木的两个下部直径，利用这些数据建立树干材积模型。该模型比传统的利用胸径（ｄｂｈ）和树高的材积函数更适合估算树干材积。在每株样木根段，距地面０．５０、２．２５、４．５０和５．００英尺高处，测定其带皮直径，结果有５个长度不同的区分段。分别利用每一段材积，以简单线性和非线性回归技术估算树干材积，Ｂｏｘ和Ｃｏｘ（１９６４）提出最佳简单线性回归模型的变换形式，从应用的结果看，可提高模型的精度。这表明，以根段材积作为自变量，可以准确地估计树干材积。位于树干２．５０到５．０英尺处的根段材积，是利用西马林求积式计算的，这种根段材积为估计树干材积提供了最好的估计材料。     

人工云杉群体直径和树高生长的灰色代数曲线模型（GAM）

利用舟曲沙滩林场人工云杉解析木材料，建立人工云杉群体直径和树高生长灰色曲线模型，预测其单株生长量，进而预估林分生长量，可提高预报准确性，其中直径生长模型为：Ｘ（ｔ）＝－１．４３６５＋３．１７１ｔ－１．３０４１ｔ＾２＋０．４５４８ｔ＾３－０．０３０５ｔ＾１，树高模型国：Ｘ（ｔ）＝－０．１３９８＋０．６１５１９ｔ＋０．１０４９ｔ＾２＋０．０２５２ｔ＾３－０．０００８ｔ＾４。     

林木调查因子生长率之间的关系研究

以湖南省会同县的杉木为例，研究了直径生长率与树高生长率、材积生长率的相关关系。采用生长量修正法建立了杉木单木竞争生长量模型，回归拟合出树高生长指数κ的相关模型作为中介模型，推手出了杉木直径生长率、树高生长率、材积生长率的预估模型。     

白龙江林区华北落叶松人工林生长过程研究

对白龙江林区20年生华北落叶松人工林进行了33块样地调查，并对35株样本进行了树干解析，以研究其生长过程。结果表明：（1）6－10年分别是胸径和树高的速生期；胸径高峰值出现在第8年（1．11cm），树高高峰值出现在第7年（0．87m)；胸径和树高的平均生长量和连年生长量分别相交于14年。（2）建立了华北落叶松人工林胸径、树高、材积、生长率、形数的数学模型，并经对胸径、树高、材积生长进行模拟得出，它们符合理查得（Richards)生长曲线。（3）18年生材积生长量比云杉、华山松、油松3个树种的材积生长量高2倍以上，生长速度的次序为：落叶松＞华山松＞油松＞云杉。     

杉木种源—林分—家系遗传变异研究

运用杉木种源，林分，家系三水平联合试验６年生林分的生长性状和物候观测资料，研究其遗传变异信息，结果显示，种源间，种源内林分间，林分内单株间的胸径，树高，材积都存在极显著差异，在三水平任何层次上的生长性状选择都是有效的，但各层次变异差别很大，其方差分量排序依次为，种源〉林分〉家系，种源，林分，单株材积遗传力分别为０．８４８，０．３９９，０．２３２；选择层次依次是种源，林分，单株，种源（群体）的较稳定     

湿地松、火炬松、晚松、马尾松生长对比试验

对１３年生的湿地松、火炬松、晚松、马尾松生长对比试验的树高、直径、材积等因子进行方差分析。结果表明：４种松树在树高、直径、材积生长上均存在极显著差异。树高生长差异主要存在于３种国外松与马尾松之间。直径、材积生长差异不仅存在于３种国外松与马尾松之间,３种国外松之间也存在着差异。树高、直径、材积生长以火炬松的生长量为最大,马尾松最小,晚松和湿地松居中。     

马尾松采脂林胸径破坏致材积测量误差的修正

经进行调查和试验表明，用马尾松采脂林被割胸径的测量值和树高，查符合精度要求的二元材积表，所得材积相对误差高达３０％以上．为此，在分析修正误差可能途径的基础上，研究了干基不同高度直径与胸径的相关关系，并建立了相关模型．结果表明，距地面１０ｃｍ，１５ｃｍ和２０ｃｍ处的干基直径与胸径的关系极为紧密．根据Ｄ１．３—Ｄ０．１０，Ｄ１．３—Ｄ０．１５和Ｄ１．３—Ｄ０．２０相关模型修正的胸径测量材积，在可靠性为９５％时，精度均可达到９７％以上．     

澳大利亚ECM菌在尾叶桉上的筛选及其接种效应

报道４３种澳大利亚及２种国产外生菌根菌株在广东尾叶桉人工林上的筛选试验的初期研究结果。分别对试验林６、１２和２４个月的生长情况进行了调查,数据分析结果表明,与未接种对照林木相比,接种试验林在树高和地径（或胸径）生长量上均表现出显著的接种优势（Ｐ〈０．０１）;接种林３次调查平均树高生长量最大增幅分别为２６．１％、３３．７％和２７．４％,地径（或胸径）最大增幅分别为１９．２％、２１．５９％和１９．３２％;２４个月时每公顷材积最大幅为５６．８％。Ｅ０７１０（Ｌａｃｃａｒｉａ）、Ｈ４６７０（Ｌａｂｙｒｉｎｔｈｏｍｙｃｅｓ）、Ｅ４５０１（Ａｍａｎｉｔａ）、Ｅ２０１３（Ｌａｃｃａｒｉａ）、Ｃ９３０１（Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓ）、Ｈ１２７２（Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｄｅｒｍａ）、Ｈ１１９４（Ｔｈａｘｔｅｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ）、Ｈ０６０３（Ｓｃｌ     

湿地松、火炬松优良家系选择

对引进美国的湿地松（Pinus elliottii）、火炬松（P．taeda）的生长状况，与当地马尾松（P．massoni-ana）进行比较分析。4年试验结果表明：在广西北部丘陵地，火炬松生长表现良好，树高、胸径、单株材积显著大于马尾松、湿地松；试验所研究10个火炬松家系、1O个湿地松家系生长量，树高、胸径、单株材积生长差异明显；马尾松4年生时，采用种子园种子，轻基质育苗，造林施基肥，生长量与采用母树林种子，黄泥土育苗，不施基肥，树高、胸径、单株材积生长量分别提高了8．6％、19．7％和55．5％。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.