Ecosystem response to solar ultraviolet-B radiation: influence of trophic-level interactions

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can reduce the photosynthesis and growth of benthic diatom communities in shallow freshwater. Nevertheless, greater amounts of algae accumulate in UVR-exposed habitats than in UVR-protected environments. Near-ultraviolet (UVA wavelengths of 320 to 400 nanometers) and mid-ultraviolet (UVB, wavelengths of 280 to 320 nanometers) radiation also inhibit algal consumers (Diptera: Chironomidae). Larval chironomids are more sensitive to UVB than sympatric algae. Differential sensitivity to UVB between algae and herbivores contributes to counterintuitive increases in algae in habitats exposed to UVB. These mesocosm experiments illustrate that predictions of the response of entire ecosystems to elevated UVB cannot be made on single trophic-level assessments.     

Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-B radiation linked to ozone depletion

Spectral measurements of ultraviolet-B radiation made at Toronto since 1989 indicate that the intensity of light at wavelengths near 300 nanometers has increased by 35 percent per year in winter and 7 percent per year in summer. The wavelength dependence of these trends indicates that the increase is caused by the downward trend in total ozone that was measured at Toronto during the same period. The trend at wavelengths between 320 and 325 nanometers is essentially zero.     

Stratospheric ozone, middle ultraviolet radiation, and carbon-14 measurements of marine productivity

The effects of increased ultraviolet radiation, due to decreased stratospheric ozone, on marine phytoplankton have been investigated with the use of static bottle in situ carbon-14 productivity measurements. The relative biological efficiency for photoinhibition may be used to calculate biologically effective doses and resultant amplification factors. The carbon-14 technique (short-term incubations) is inadequate for assessment of possible large amplification factor photoprocesses that may be ecologically significant.     

臭氧胁迫对水稻光合作用与产量的影响

采用开顶式气室(OTC),对水稻"3694繁"(Oryza sativa L.3694 Fan)进行田间原位臭氧(O_3)熏气实验,研究了不同O_3浓度熏气处理下水稻光合色素、气体交换参数以及产量的响应.实验设置分4个水平:过滤大气组(CF,10 nL·L~(-1))、自然大气组(NF,40nL·L~(-1))和两个不同浓度的O_3处理组(01:100 nL·L~(-1);02:150 nL·L~(-1)).结果表明:(1)与CF组相比,两个不同浓度的O_3处理均导致水稻叶片光合色素含量大幅度下降,加速水稻的衰老过程;(2)在实验进程中,O_3处理导致水稻叶片气体交换参数发生显著变化,饱和CO:浓度的净光合速率(P_(sat))、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(Ls)和羧化效率(CE)均呈现下降趋势,表明O,浓度的升高使水稻光合作用对CO_2的利用效率降低,水稻在灌浆期对O_3最为敏感;(3)O_3处理使水稻产量损失明显,当AOT40值达到2.32uL·L~(-1)·h时,就能导致水稻产量10%的减产.     

不同种源欧洲白冷杉苗对臭氧熏蒸的反应

用臭氧对6种不同种源的2年生白冷杉苗熏蒸。熏蒸后立即产生反应,表现为光合速率和蒸腾速率降低,呼吸速度加快。熏蒸后3个月,臭氧对苗木的气体交换作用已无明显影响。熏蒸后5个月,苗木的抗冻能力(以LT50表示)分别下降1.1℃(125ppb)和3.2℃(250ppb);高浓度处理的针叶失水速度略有减少。第2年苗木抽芽推迟,生长量降低。     

模拟UVB增强胁迫对大田水稻生长及内源激素含量的影响

利用可调式紫外线增强系统人工模拟了江西省千烟洲地区20%臭氧层衰竭程度所导致的紫外线辐射增强环境,在大田栽培条件下,对晚稻品种“协优432”的叶绿素含量、株高、内源激素IAA、ABA、GA3和Zeatin(Z)含量进行了测定。结果表明:经过增强的UV辐射处理后,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均有明显下降,UV-A UV-B处理组和UVA处理组与对照组间的差异均达到极显著水平(p<0.01)。株高在处理组和对照组之间差异不显著。UV-A UV-B处理组IAA、GA3和Z含量分别比正常日光对照组降低了21.86%、31.90%和30.28%,分别比UV-A处理组降低了31.79%、35.84%、39.14%。ABA含量UV-A UV-B处理组比正常日光对照组降低了29.16%,比UV-A处理组降低了32.33%,但是经过统计学检验后差异均不显著。     

Oceanic primary production: estimation by remote sensing at local and regional scales

Satellites provide the only avenue by which marine primary production can be studied at ocean-basin scales. With maps of chlorophyll distribution derived from remotely sensed data on ocean color as input, deduction of a suitable algorithm for primary production is a problem in applied plant physiology. An algorithm is proposed that combines a spectral and angular model of submarine light with a model of the spectral response of algal photosynthesis. To apply the algorithm at large horizontal scale, a dynamic biogeography is needed for the physiological rate parameters and the biological structure of the water column. Fieldwork to obtain this type of data should be undertaken so that the use of satellite data in modern biological oceanography may be optimized.     

Reduction of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen oxide catalysts from supersonic transport exhaust

Although a great deal of attention has been given to the role of water vapor from supersonic transport (SST) exhaust in the stratosphere, oxides of nitrogen from SST exhaust pose a much greater threat to the ozone shield than does an increase in water. The projected increase in stratospheric oxides of nitrogen could reduce the ozone shield by about a factor of 2, thus permitting the harsh radiation below 300 nanometers to permeate the lower atmosphere.     

Experiments and simulations of ion-enhanced interfacial chemistry on aqueous NaCl aerosols

A combination of experimental, molecular dynamics, and kinetics modeling studies is applied to a system of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride particles suspended in air at room temperature with ozone, irradiated at 254 nanometers to generate hydroxyl radicals. Measurements of the observed gaseous molecular chlorine product are explainable only if reactions at the air-water interface are dominant. Molecular dynamics simulations show the availability of substantial amounts of chloride ions for reaction at the interface, and quantum chemical calculations predict that in the gas phase chloride ions will strongly attract hydroxl radicals. Model extrapolation to the marine boundary layer yields daytime chlorine atom concentrations that are in good agreement with estimates based on field measurements of the decay of selected organics over the Southern Ocean and the North Atlantic. Thus, ion-enhanced interactions with gases at aqueous interfaces may play a more generalized and important role in the chemistry of concentrated inorganic salt solutions than was previously recognized.     

臭氧与镉污染对冬小麦花后光合和产量性状的影响

本试验设置两个臭氧浓度（活性炭过滤大气-O3,〈10μg/kg;高臭氧浓度＋O3,约为80μg/kg）和两个镉浓度（-Cd,0 mg/kg;＋Cd,30 mg/kg）,采用开顶式同化箱（open-top chambers,OTCs）研究臭氧和镉双重胁迫对冬小麦（Triticum aestivumL.cv.JM22）花后光合和产量性状的影响。结果表明：花后14天,与对照相比,臭氧导致光合速率（Asat）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）分别下降7.7%和3.1%;在臭氧和镉双重胁迫下,进一步下降,分别下降了15.8%和6.9%。气孔导度（Gs）以及光化学淬灭（qP）有相同变化趋势。臭氧加镉处理（O3＋Cd）又进一步降低穗粒数以及千粒重导致单穗粒重显著减少。     

Ambient levels of ozone reduce net photosynthesis in tree and crop species

Experiments were conducted to measure the photosynthetic response of three crop and four tree species to realistic concentrations of ozone and (for tree species only) simulated acidic rain. The ozone concentrations were representative of those found in clean ambient air, in mildly to moderately polluted air such as occurs in much of the United States during the summer, and in more heavily polluted air. However, the highest concentrations of ozone used were lower than those found regularly in the Los Angeles area. The mean pH of the simulated acid rain treatments ranged from more alkaline to much more acidic than the mean pH of precipitation in the United States. Exposure to any increase in ozone reduced net photosynthesis in all species tested. In contrast, acidic rain had no negative effect on photosynthesis in tree species, and no interaction between ozone and acidic rain was observed. Ozone-induced reductions in photosynthesis were related to declines in growth or yield. Species with higher stomatal conductances and thus higher potential for pollutant uptake exhibited greater negative responses to similar ozone treatments. Since exposure to ozone concentrations typical of levels of the pollutant observed in the eastern half of the United States reduced the rates of net photosynthesis of all species tested, reductions in net photosynthesis may be occurring over much of the eastern United States.     

Sighting of el chichon sulfur dioxide clouds with the nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer

The eruptions of El Chichón volcano on 28 March and 3 and 4 April 1982 were observed by the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer due to strong absorption by volcanic gases at the shortest wavelengths of the spectrometer (312.5 and 317.5 nanometers). These ultraviolet pictures permit a measurement of the volume, dispersion, and drift of volcanic gas clouds. The tropospheric clouds were rapidly dispersed in westerly winds while persistent stratospheric clouds drifted in easterly winds at speeds up to 13 meters per second. The spectral reflectance is consistent with sulfur dioxide absorption and rules out carbon disulfide as a major constituent. A preliminary estimate of the mass of sulfur dioxide deposited in the stratosphere by the large eruptions on 3 and 4 April is 3.3 x 10(6) tons. Prior estimates of volcanic cloud volume were based on extrapolation of locally measured sulfur dioxide concentrations.     

Ca（ClO）_2和O_3组合去除多菌灵残留的研究

[目的]探讨次氯酸钙和臭氧组合的诸因素对去除金橘多菌灵残留的影响。[方法]采用Box-Behnken响应面设计方法（response surface methodology,RSM）开展了多菌灵初始浓度、次氯酸钙水溶液浸泡时间、臭氧水浸泡时间、次氯酸钙浓度等因素对去除金橘多菌灵残留作用的研究。[结果]在试验选取的区间内,各因素对去除金橘多菌灵残留作用由大到小依次为臭氧水溶液浸泡时间、次氯酸钙水溶液浸泡时间、多菌灵初始残留量和次氯酸钙溶液浓度。对试验结果进行拟合得到了金橘多菌灵残留量与上述各因素关系的二次多项式模型,验证试验结果表明模型具有较高的精确度。[结论]该模型可以用于指导在确定多菌灵初始浓度和残留限值条件下,采取恰当的次氯酸钙溶液浸泡时间、臭氧水浸泡时间、次氯酸钙浓度等综合处理措施,以保证获得期望的多菌灵残留限值。     

The composition of phobos: evidence for carbonaceous chondrite surface from spectral analysis

A reflectance spectrum of Phobos (from 200 to 1100 nanometers) has been compiled from the Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer, Viking lander imaging, and ground-based photometric data. The reflectance of the martian satellite is approximately constant at 5 percent from 1100 to 400 nanometers but drops sharply below 400 nanometers, reaching a value of 1 percent at 200 nanometers. The spectral albedo of Phobos bears a striking resemblance to that of asteroids (1) Ceres and (2) Pallas. Comparison of the reflectance spectra of asteroids with those of meteorites has shown that the spectral signature of Ceres is indicative of a carbonaceous chondritic composition. A physical explanation of how the compositional information is imposed on the reflectance spectrum is given. On the basis of a good match between the reflectance spectra of Phobos and Ceres and the extensive research that has been done to infer the composition of Ceres, it seems reasonable to believe that the surface composition of Phobos is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. This suggestion is consistent with the recently determined low density of Mars's inner satellite. Our result and recent Viking noble gas measurements suggest different modes of origin for Mars and Phobos.     

Observed ozone response to variations in solar ultraviolet radiation

During the winter of 1979, the solar ultraviolet irradiance varied with a period of 13.5 days and an amplitude of 1 percent. The zonal mean ozone values in the tropics varied with the solar irradiance, with an amplitude of 0.25 to 0.60 percent. This observation agrees with earlier calculations, although the response may be overestimated. These results imply changes in ozone at an altitude of 48 kilometers of up to 12 percent over an 11-year solar cycle. Interpretation of ozone changes in the upper stratosphere will require measurements of solar ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths near 200 nanometers.     

Entrainment of the body temperature rhythm in rats: effect of color and intensity of environmental light

The daily rhythm in body temperature in rats was continuously monitored during exposure to low-intensity environmental illumination of various colors in the visible and near-ultraviolet spectrum. The ability of phase shifts in the lighting schedule to induce concomitant changes in the rhythm was used to determine the spectral sensitivity of the retinal photoreceptor systems mediating rhythm entrainment. Green light (lambda = 530 +/- 45 nanometers) was most potent, and red (lambda = 660 +/- 19 nanometers) and ultraviolet (lambda = 360 +/- 34 nanometers) were least potent in entraining the temperature rhythm.     

Indication of increasing solar ultraviolet-B radiation flux in alpine regions

Measurements at the Jungfraujoch High Mountain Station (Swiss Alps, 47 degrees N, 3576 meters above sea level) indicate that there has been a slight increase of about 1 percent per year in the flux of solar ultraviolet-B radiation (290 to 330 nanometers) since 1981. A Robertson-Berger detector was used to measure solar erythemal radiation. The increase can be related to a long-term ozone depletion.     

臭氧对水稻生长的影响及外源抗坏血酸的防护作用

利用开顶式气室研究了臭氧浓度升高对水稻(Oraza sativa L.)生长的影响及外源抗坏血酸(Exogenous Ascorbic Acid)的防护作用.臭氧处理共设4个水平:空气NF(No-Filter,臭氧浓度约20～50 nL·L-1)、过滤CF(Charcoal-Filter,臭氧浓度约为5～15 nL·L-1)、臭氧Ⅰ(8 h平均100 nL·L-1)、臭氧Ⅱ(8 h平均200nL·L-1),外源抗坏血酸浓度设置为0.1%(m/V).结果表明,与NF处理相比,高浓度03(200 nL·L-1)处理会造成水稻叶片的叶绿素a、水稻的株高、叶面积、穗粒数及粒重,分别下降了47.9%、17.8%、31.6%、45.7%和42.9%;喷施外源抗坏血酸后,与各自的对照相比,以上各生长指标分别上升了11.6%、7.7%、17.4%、5.6%、11.1%.可见外源抗坏血酸能有效缓解03对水稻的胁迫作用,提高了水稻对03的抗性,促进水稻的生长.     

Crop photosynthetic response to light quality and light intensity

Under natural conditions, plants constantly encounter various biotic and abiotic factors, which can potentially restrict plant growth and development and even limit crop productivity. Among various abiotic factors affecting plant photosynthesis, light serves as an important factor that drives carbon metabolism in plants and supports life on earth. The two components of light(light quality and light intensity) greatly affect plant photosynthesis and other plant's morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters. The response of plants to different spectral radiations and intensities differs in various species and also depends on growing conditions. To date, much research has been conducted regarding how different spectral radiations of varying intensity can affect plant growth and development. This review is an effort to briefly summarize the available information on the effects of light components on various plant parameters such as stem and leaf morphology and anatomy, stomatal development, photosynthetic apparatus, pigment composition, reactive oxygen species(ROS) production, antioxidants, and hormone production.     

开放式臭氧浓度升高对水稻叶片光合作用日变化的影响

运用开放式臭氧浓度升高系统(O3-FACE:Ozone-free air controlled enrichment)平台,以武运粳21(粳稻)和两优培九(杂交稻)两个耐性不同的品种为材料,研究了大气臭氧浓度升高对水稻叶片光合作用日变化的影响,旨在为高臭氧浓度条件下水稻生产和国家粮食安全的制定提供理论依据。结果表明,臭氧胁迫未改变光合作用日变化规律,处理和对照下净光合速率和气孔导度日变化相似,均呈现单峰曲线,高峰值出现在11:00—15:00之间;胞间CO2浓度日变化趋势与气孔导度和净光合速率日变化不一致;臭氧处理55d对净光合速率和气孔导度影响较小,随着处理时间的延长,相关指标降低幅度变大,而胞间CO2浓度没有降低,说明臭氧对水稻的影响是一个累积过程,净光合速率降低的主要因素是由非气孔限制引起的;武运粳21的净光合速率和气孔导度在臭氧处理时的降低幅度小于两优培九,这种品种间的差异表明武运粳21比两优培九对臭氧耐受性强。