苜蓿与草木樨种子生物学特征特性比较研究

用紫花苜蓿和草木樨种子为试验材料,采取解剖、精密电子天平称重、显微数码照相、游标卡尺测量、紫外灯光下检测、咀嚼品评等试验方法,研究了苜蓿和草木樨种子的生物学特征特性.结果表明:苜蓿种子较草木樨种子的颗粒稍大、颜色稍深,气味特别;同等条件充分吸胀后苜蓿种子较草木樨种子质地更坚硬;苜蓿种子多呈肾形,草木樨种子多呈倒卵形;苜...     

溶剂抽提物对尾巨桉热变色的影响及光谱分析

为探讨溶剂抽提物对尾巨桉热变色的影响,在过热蒸气条件下对抽提物进行热处理,之后采用冷水、热水、乙醇、甲醇、丙酮、正己烷等6种溶剂对热处理前后的尾巨桉木粉进行抽提,对热处理前后经过抽提的木粉进行色度指数的测定和红外光谱分析,并对抽提物进行紫外光谱分析。结果表明:1极性溶剂抽提物对尾巨桉颜色及其热处理后颜色变化影响较大,其中热水抽提物对颜色的影响最显著;2抽提物热处理后共轭结构增加,共轭体系能量降低,吸收带延伸至可见光范围,是木材受热后颜色加深的重要原因;3热处理后,尾巨桉木粉ΔL*为负值,即颜色变深,木材颜色均匀美观,可提高利用价值。     

Io: longitudinal distribution of sulfur dioxide frost

Twenty spectra of Io (0.26 to 0.33 micrometer), acquired with the International Ultraviolet Explorer spacecraft, have been studied. There is a strong ultraviolet absorption shortward of 0.33 micrometer that is consistent with earlier ground-based spectrophotometry; its strength is strongly dependent on Io's rotational phase angle at the time of observation. This spectral feature and its variation are interpreted as indicative of a longitudinal variation in the distribution of sulfur dioxide frost on Io. The frost is most abundant at orbital longitudes 72 degrees to 137 degrees and least abundant at longitudes 250 degrees to 323 degrees . Variations in spectral reflectivity between 0.4 and 0.5 micrometer, reported in earlier ground-based spectral studies, correlate inversely with variations in reflectivity between 0.26 and 0.33 micrometer. It is concluded that this is because the Io surface component with the highest visible reflectivity (sulfur dioxide frost) has the lowest ultraviolet reflectivity. At least one other component is present and may be sulfur allotropes or alkali sulfides. This model is consistent with ground-based ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrophotometry. Comparison with Voyager color photographs indicates that the sulfur dioxide frost is in greatest concentration in the "white" areas on Io and the other sulfurous components are in greatest concentration in the "red" areas.     

自然光与人工模拟光辐射染色单板变色的对应关系

研究了室内自然光、氙光和紫外光辐射下桦木染色单板的变色过程及颜色变化之间的对应关系,分析了各色度指数对色差影响的显著性。结果表明,不同光源辐射下,染色单板的光变色规律基本一致,a*、b*比L*对辐射光的反应更强烈,Δa*、Δb*对染色单板光变色的影响显著;染色单板在氙光、紫外光辐射下的光变色度与自然光辐射之间存在关系式:ΔE*X=1.095ΔE*N+3.005,ΔE*U=0.651ΔE*N+1.458。通过回归分析推导出方程K加速因子=TN/TX=EX/EN,论证了加速因子的实质是光辐射度的比率,从而可将不同光源辐射下染色单板光老化程度的评价基础由辐射时间转化为辐射度。     

非洲菊黄色素稳定性

通过对非洲菊黄色素理化性质及其各种添加剂对其稳定性的研究,选取能够提高压花作品色彩保存期限的组合剂。结果表明:非洲菊黄色素紫外吸收光谱呈类胡萝卜素的特征吸收。防腐剂和护色剂对非洲菊黄色素的稳定性影响不大;高温、光照、强酸、氧化剂和还原剂对非洲菊黄色素稳定性的影响较为显著;络合剂、抗氧化剂、糖和某些有机酸能提高色素保存率。在压花保色中可以采取糖和有机酸的搭配,再配以抗氧化剂、络合剂和防腐剂来优化保色组合。     

光照强度对烟叶颜色特征向量的影响

烟叶颜色特征是用于烟叶等级判别的重要因子,影响烟叶图像质量和等级判别的重要因素是光照强度(简称光强)。为研究光强如何影响不同等级的烟叶颜色特征,设计烟叶图像采集系统,以人工分级所用光源光强为基准,在12个不同光强下分别采集不同等级烟叶图像,提取RGB、HIS及HSV模型的颜色分量,分析各等级的烟叶颜色分量在不同光强下的变化规律,研究不同等级各颜色分量对光强的敏感性,提出适合于烟叶等级判别的颜色分量和光强,为烟叶自动分级及光源选取提供科学依据。试验结果表明,对于R、V颜色分量,光强为2500 lx左右时,判别不同烟叶等级效果最佳。G、B、I和HSV模型中HHSV分量,光强为3200 lx左右时,判别不同烟叶等级效果最佳。     

紫外光辐照浸渍纸颜色与碳的价态变化

用X射线光电子能谱仪与分光光度计,分析浸渍纸受到紫外光辐照后,颜色及碳价态的变化情况.结果表明:浸渍纸在受到紫外光辐照过程中,颜色变化规律分3个阶段,两端变化大,且呈现黄蓝轴色品指数的增强,中间变化较小;同时,碳价态也发生了显著的改变,高结合能含量增加.结合其变色规律,推断出其表面形成了比较稳定的"膜"结构.     

不同干燥条件下富硒魔芋颜色、葡甘聚糖及硒含量的研究

为选择合适的富硒魔芋干燥技术,通过国际照明委员会（commission internationale de l’ eclairage,CIE）色度学系统和紫外分光光度法,研究了自然干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥3种干燥技术对富硒魔芋颜色、葡甘聚糖含量、硒含量的影响。结果表明,不同干燥技术对富硒魔芋的颜色、葡甘聚糖含量、硒含量有显著影响。自然干燥、热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥对葡甘聚糖颜色影响程度递减,真空冷冻干燥前后魔芋的总体色差（ΔE^*）最小,为3.826 2,真空冷冻干燥技术能最大程度保持富硒魔芋颜色;自然干燥、热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥条件下富硒魔芋中葡甘聚糖含量依次增多,真空冷冻干燥条件下富硒魔芋的葡甘聚糖含量达到54.8%;自然干燥、热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥条件下富硒魔芋中总硒和有机硒含量依次减少,自然干燥条件下富硒魔芋总硒和有机硒含量分别达到1.651 μg·g^-1和1.365 μg·g^-1,而真空冷冻干燥条件下富硒魔芋中无机硒含量最多,为0.396 μg·g^-1。采用真空冷冻干燥可以减小干燥前后富硒魔芋颜色变化,提高干燥后富硒魔芋中葡甘聚糖和无机硒含量。     

套袋对“楚红”猕猴桃果实品质的影响

以红心猕猴桃品种"楚红"为试材,研究了不透光纸袋套袋对猕猴桃果实品质的影响.结果表明:套袋处理的"楚红"猕猴桃果面颜色均匀一致,呈淡黄色,色泽新鲜;果肉亦呈淡黄色,衬托红色性状更为明显;套袋对果实单果重、可溶性固形物含量和贮藏性能无明显影响.     

Reversible surface morphology changes of a photochromic diarylethene single crystal by photoirradiation

The surface morphology of a diarylethene single crystal [1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene] determined by atomic force microscopy changed reversibly upon photoirradiation. The crystal underwent a thermally irreversible but photochemically reversible color change (colorless to blue) upon alternate irradiation with ultraviolet (wavelength lambda = 366 nm) and visible (lambda > 500 nm) light that drove reversible photocyclization reactions. Upon irradiation with 366-nm light, new steps appeared on the (100) single-crystalline surface that disappeared upon irradiation with visible light (lambda > 500 nm). The step height, about 1 nm, corresponds to one molecular layer. Irradiation with 366-nm light formed valleys on the (010) surface that also disappeared by bleaching upon irradiation with visible light (lambda > 500 nm). The surface morphological changes can be explained by the molecular structural changes of diarylethenes regularly packed in the single crystal. These crystals could potentially be used as photodriven nanometer-scale actuators.     

林蛙卵黑色素稳定性的研究

采用紫外—可见分光光度法,研究了温度、光照、氧化剂、还原剂、金属离子和食品添加剂对林蛙卵黑色素稳定性的影响。试验结果表明:林蛙卵黑色素具有良好的耐热性和光稳定性,其中氧化剂、还原剂对其影响较大,当KMn O4质量浓度达到50 g/L时,色价保存率降到41.3%,当Na2SO3质量浓度达到50 g/L时,放置48 h,色价保存率降到41.2%;金属离子中,Fe3+对林蛙卵黑色素影响较大,其色价保存率为(13.4±0.2)%,其他金属离子对其影响较小,影响程度排序为Ca2+﹤Na+﹤Zn2+﹤Mg2+﹤Al3+﹤Cu2+Fe3+;蔗糖、葡萄糖、淀粉对林蛙卵黑色素的稳定性无影响,抗坏血酸和柠檬酸对林蛙卵黑色素的稳定性影响较小。     

丝状真菌D447胞外黑色素性质的研究

[目的]研究丝状真菌D447合成的胞外黑色素光学及稳定性质。[方法]在200～800 nm范围内进行扫描,分析紫外可见光光谱性质。通过吸光值的变化,考察黑色素的溶解性及在不同条件下的稳定性、耐氧化性和还原性。[结果]黑色素紫外-可见光吸收光谱最大吸收峰为210 nm,但在200～800 nm的波长范围内均有吸收,吸光度随着波长的增大而减小。该黑色素不溶于酸、有机溶剂,易溶于碱,在碱性条件下颜色稳定。热、自然光、紫外光、蔗糖、葡萄糖、VC对色素稳定性无影响;在氧化剂H2O2和还原剂Na2SO3中表现出较强的耐氧化性和还原性剂。[结论]该黑色素有较强的稳定性、抗氧化性和耐还原性,有着广泛的应用前景。     

油松毛虫的两种色型幼虫的初步研究

油松毛虫2～5龄幼虫,按体背倒状鳞毛及各体节的斑纹形状和颜色,可以分为两种类型。体背倒状鳞毛为浅黄色,第1～7个腹节背面各有一黄色斑纹,明显成亚铃形的黄色型,体背倒状鳞毛为灰黑色,斑纹暗黄色,不明显呈亚铃形的黑色型。5龄幼虫经脱皮变成6龄幼虫后,体背的亚铃形斑纹不再存在,但体背倒状鳞毛的颜色仍不变。调查表明,林分的虫口数的大小与越冬幼虫的色型比有关。黑色型幼虫体重增长率较高,雌蛹较重。色型比对害虫的预测预报有意义。     

换锦花花色苷成分及其稳定性

  目的  探讨换锦花Lycoris sprengeri花色苷组成成分及其理化因子对换锦花花色苷稳定性的影响。  方法  采用液质联用技术测定换锦花花色苷成分,并通过紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱(HPLC-ADA)技术研究温度、光照、pH和金属离子浓度等理化因素对换锦花花瓣花色苷呈色变化规律的影响。  结果  ①矢车菊素、天竺葵素和飞燕草素是换锦花花色苷主要成分。②温度低于30 ℃、避光和pH≤3.0时换锦花花色苷溶液比较稳定;高温、强光和高pH会使花色苷降解,且随着时间的延长,降解程度越大;Al3+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Fe3+均使花色苷溶液颜色发生变化,Ca2+、Zn2+、Mg2+和K+对花色苷呈色影响不大,但金属离子浓度为0~0.01 mol·L?1时对换锦花花色苷有一定的增色效应,Fe2+浓度越高增色作用越明显。③高温、强光和pH的变化对换锦花花色苷主要成分质量分数有一定的影响。矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷质量分数随着时间、光照和温度的增加而降低,天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷则呈相反趋势,飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷在光照和温度不同条件下较稳定。随着pH增加,矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷质量分数逐渐降低,飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷逐渐增加。  结论  换锦花花色苷的主要成分是矢车菊素、天竺葵素和飞燕草素;高温、强光和高pH对花色苷有降解作用,可导致花色苷之间结构的转变。图7表1参29     

Outdoor color rating of sweet cherries using computer vision

In this paper, we report the results of an exploration study of the feasibility of using computer vision to conduct accurate color rating of sweet cherry in outdoor orchard environments. Pre-harvest color rating of cherry is important to growers in determining the optimal harvest time. Currently, the in-field rating relies heavily on the manual comparison between the color of cherry fruits and standard color charts, which is both labor intensive and subjective. It is not uncommon to have one or two grades of deviation. A computer vision-based color rating system was developed in an attempt to provide an automatic and objective way to achieve more consistent and accurate color ratings. This system successfully used a camera flash to reduce the effects of two major obstacles in outdoor color rating: (1) inconsistent ambient light; and (2) glaring reflections on cherry skin. To mimic the manual color rating practice that is widely accepted by sweet cherry growers today, a task-oriented image processing algorithm was developed to remove the glaring reflections and to classify the color of cherries into seven levels. Field tests showed that the overall accuracy of the rating exceeded 85% based on 660 samples from three field tests under natural, outdoor lighting conditions. The tests validated the feasibility of using a computer vision system to achieve accurate and objective color ratings of sweet cherry under outdoor natural light conditions for actual in-orchard use.     

养殖专用紫外光源辐照试验研究

家禽是在自然环境下进化而来,转为室内圈养,必然得不到充足的阳光,因而造成严重缺光,其中最缺的光谱波段是太阳投射到地面的紫外线。针对上述问题,本研究首先设计研制了养殖专用紫外光源,以专门弥补阳光中所含对家禽机体最有生物作用的中长波紫外线,进而对部分圈养家禽进行了紫外辐照试验研究。     

尿素检测方法建立及方法学考察

[目的]通过紫外分光光度法建立氮肥中尿素含量的测定方法。[方法]利用紫外分光光度计,根据Ehrlich反应,二甲氨基苯甲醛可以与含氮的有机化学物发生显色反应,此物质在403 nm处有最大吸收峰,颜色的深浅与测定的尿素含量呈正比,因此通过测定反应液在403 nm处的吸光值来确定尿素溶液中尿素含量。[结果]得到尿素检测标准曲线为y=0.004 3x+0.009 9(R2=0.999 2),尿素浓度在3.75～210μg/ml之间呈良好线性关系,平均回收率为96.83%,RSD=0.2%。[结论]该方法准确度、精密度良好,可以用来测定尿素的含量。     

不同体色鲤、鲫鳞片的色素分布特点

选取不同体色的鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassiusauratus)品种为实验对象,测量和观察了背部鳞片、腹部鳞片,以及彩色斑纹鳞片的色素组成和分布。结果得出,鲤、鲫鳞片上层的色素有黑色素、红色素、黄色素3种,分布于鳞片的后区,其中心区域色素浓密,外缘区域较稀疏,占整个鳞片的百分比为25%～35%。鳞片下层的色素主要是鸟粪素,镶嵌有少量的黑色素、红色素、黄色素,分布于鳞片的后区和前区,约占整个鳞片的百分比为30%～65%。并归纳总结了鲤、鲫中相近体色品种的鳞片色素分布异同点,讨论了鸟粪素在鲤、鲫鳞片上的分布特征,金鲫的体色演化,以及黑背鲤、黑背鲫中黑色素的遗传特点。研究亮点:观察了鲤、鲫背部和腹部鳞片上的色素分布状况,测量分析了鳞片下层色素区、鳞片上层色素区占整个鳞片比例的特点。拍摄了不同体色鲤、鲫鳞片一一对应的色素图谱,找出了相近体色品种的鳞片色素分布异同点,这些研究内容为揭示鲤、鲫多姿多彩的体色提供了理论依据。     

湿地公园小品特色分析

湿地公园小品即指使用于栖息地保护的湿地场所,也能为人类提供某种活动方式,包含科普教育、自然风景观光、休闲散步和观鸟等内容的设施或建筑。它是湿地景观中的一种新的文化类型,其重要作用正日益被人们所认识。本文从不同尺度评述了北京市翠湖湿地公园、北京市南海子湿地公园两个案例小品的建设情况,分析了湿地公园小品空间布局、空间造型、材质选取、文化体现4个方面的设计,得出了湿地公园小品的特色：空间布局以湿地体验展示区和服务管理区为主;空间造型主要以湿地动植物造型为依托;材质是取之于湿地,用之于湿地;颜色选取为与湿地公园基调颜色相协调的原生木、石色,淡蓝色,绿色等：文化体现多是通过造型来表现。以期为以后湿地公园小品的设计提供参考。     

Harnessing attosecond science in the quest for coherent X-rays

Modern laser technology has revolutionized the sensitivity and precision of spectroscopy by providing coherent light in a spectrum spanning the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet wavelength regimes. However, the generation of shorter-wavelength coherent pulses in the x-ray region has proven much more challenging. The recent emergence of high harmonic generation techniques opens the door to this possibility. Here we review the new science that is enabled by an ability to manipulate and control electrons on attosecond time scales, ranging from new tabletop sources of coherent x-rays to an ability to follow complex electron dynamics in molecules and materials. We also explore the implications of these advances for the future of molecular structural characterization schemes that currently rely so heavily on scattering from incoherent x-ray sources.