气象因子对滴灌条件下核桃树茎流速率的影响

通过田间试验,利用SF-G液流传感器研究滴灌核桃树茎流速率变化规律及其与气象因子间的关系。结果表明:茎流速率的日变化在16∶00左右达到峰值;全生育期中,茎流速率先变大后减小,最大茎流速率出现在核桃油脂转化期;晴天条件下茎流速率日变化呈单峰曲线,先增后减,多云天气条件下茎流速率的日变化呈多峰曲线;核桃树茎流速率与太阳辐射和大气温度具有较好的正相关关系,与大气相对湿度呈负相关;建立滴灌核桃树茎流速率与气象因子之间的回归方程。     

广西甘蔗茎流速率对气象变化的响应规律研究

茎流速率是影响甘蔗作物耗水的重要因素。采用插针式茎流计和气象站对甘蔗的茎流速率以及太阳辐射、空气湿度、空气温度进行持续同步监测,利用SPSS软件建立了甘蔗茎流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度、空气湿度相关关系预测模型,计算分析发现:广西甘蔗茎流速率在白天主要受太阳辐射影响,在夜间主要受空气温度、空气湿度影响;而且,广西甘蔗茎流速率还随着气象因素呈周期性变化,晴天茎流呈M型,茎流速率最大可达38g/h;阴天茎流呈倒V型,茎流速率最高20g/h;雨天茎流较为平缓,茎流速率最高10g/h。利用所建立茎流速率与气象因子相关关系模型,进行广西甘蔗耗水量预测,简单快捷,有利于广西各地生产单位有效的制订甘蔗节水灌溉制度。     

蓄水坑灌下苹果树冠层导度日变化及影响因子研究

为探究蓄水坑灌条件下苹果树冠层导度的日变化规律,使用茎流计法计算冠层导度,运用方差分析、相关分析、回归分析对蓄水坑灌和地面灌溉不同处理下苹果树冠层导度的日变化特征及对气象因子(空气温度、太阳辐射、空气相对湿度、风速)的响应进行了研究。结果表明:不同处理苹果树冠层导度均为单峰曲线,峰值出现在上午10∶00到11∶00左右;灌水上下限越高,冠层导度越大;相同灌水条件下,蓄水坑灌处理苹果树冠层导度高于地面灌溉处理;空气温度、太阳辐射、风速与冠层导度呈正相关关系,相对湿度与冠层导度呈负相关关系,各气象因子对冠层导度影响显著,均达到显著以上水平。     

旱渍胁迫及环境因子对避雨番茄茎流变化的影响

根据避雨番茄筒栽试验结果,分析了不同旱渍胁迫组合及不同天气条件下的茎流速率日变化,采用通径分析和灰色关联分析的方法,计算了以太阳辐射、气温、相对湿度和土壤含水率4种环境影响指标为自变量对番茄茎流速率的相关系数、决定系数及灰色关联度.结果表明:不同天气下番茄茎流速率日变化规律差异显著,晴天下呈现峰值在正午的单峰型曲线,多云下呈现在10:00和14:00左右达到峰值的双峰型曲线,阴雨下茎流速率较小且波动不大;相同环境下不同旱渍组合的茎流速率日变化曲线可以反映水分的亏缺和渍害程度,轻度亏缺能够抵抗渍水的迫害,增大茎流速率,但是亏缺程度超过一定范围会显著降低茎流速率;通径分析与灰色关联分析的结果基本一致,影响茎流速率最大的是太阳辐射,决定系数达到0.91.     

滴灌核桃树茎流变化规律与光合作用的研究

通过在新疆南疆田间试验,利用SF-G液流传感器和CIRAS-3便携式光合作用仪研究滴灌核桃树茎流速率变化规律及其与光合参数间的关系。结果表明:茎流速率的日变化在晴天条件下呈双峰曲线,峰值在13∶30与17∶30左右达到,多云天气条件下茎流速率的日变化呈多峰曲线;核桃树茎流速率与太阳辐射和大气温度具有显著性正相关,与大气相对湿度呈显著性负相关;核桃树茎流速率变化与光和参数Gs、Tleaf、WUE呈极显著性正相关,与RH、Ci呈极显著性负相关,与Pn、Tr显著性相关。     

滴灌条件下核桃树茎流变化规律研究

通过田间试验,利用热扩散探针法研究了滴灌条件下核桃树茎流速率变化规律及其与气象因子间的关系。结果表明,核桃树茎流速率在晴天条件下日变化呈单峰曲线变化,先增大后减小,阴天条件下核桃树茎流速率表现为多峰曲线变化趋势;核桃树茎流速率与太阳辐射、大气温度和风速呈正相关关系,与大气相对湿度呈负相关关系。通径分析表明,对核桃树茎流速率影响最大的是大气温度,其次是风速、大气相对湿度、太阳辐射,建立了核桃树茎流速率与气象因子之间的回归方程。     

温室滴灌条件下番茄植株茎流变化规律试验

为探明滴灌条件下温室番茄植株茎流速率变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Dynamax公司开发的包裹式茎流计观测日光温室番茄植株的茎流变化,研究茎流速率的变化规律及茎流速率监测结果的标准化处理技术,探索植株茎流与气象因子的相互关系,分析水分胁迫对番茄植株茎流速率的影响。研究表明,采用单位叶面积上的茎流速率表征茎流变化规律可在一定程度上降低因探头安装位置不同对监测结果的影响;在充分供水条件下,影响番茄植株茎流速率的主要因子是太阳辐射和饱和水气压差,番茄植株的日茎流速率与太阳辐射呈线性关系,与饱和差呈对数关系（R2＞0.90,P＜0.01）;土壤水分状况会明显影响番茄植株茎流状况,茎流速率随水分胁迫加剧而骤减。研究结果证明番茄植株茎流速率经标准化处理后可以真实的反映植株蒸腾规律。     

不同施肥处理葡萄着色成熟期茎流规律及对气象因子的响应

为探究葡萄着色成熟期在不同施肥处理下茎流速率变化规律和与气象因子的关系,以"户太8号"葡萄为研究对象,对其着色成熟期进行了茎流速率和气象因子的同步监测。结果表明,葡萄茎流呈明显的昼夜变化,日变化曲线呈"几"字形,不同施肥处理下茎流速率为:中肥低肥高肥;阴天时茎流启动和峰值迟于晴天,不同天气下茎流速率与净辐射、饱和水汽压差和气温呈正相关,而与相对湿度呈负相关;施肥量不同会改变茎流速率对气象因子的响应,净辐射是不同处理下茎流速率的主要气象影响因子,决定系数均在0.791以上。     

滇山茶茎流特征及其气象影响因子

为了深入了解茶花茎流特征这一重要生理指标,对滇山茶茎流及同期气象因子进行了1年的连续观测,利用相关分析法和错位对比法研究滇山茶茎流与气象因子的关系和茎流对气象因子的滞后情况.结果表明:茶花在夜间存在茎流现象,在11:00-17:30期间存在"午休"现象,夏季茶花茎流约6:15启动,8:00达到第1个峰值,春秋次之,冬季最晚.滇山茶茎流通量曲线在晴天呈现双峰型,茎流与温度和相对湿度相关性最好,雨天茎流通量曲线呈现多峰型,茎流与温湿度相关性较好,晴天和雨天茎流与气象因子存在时滞现象;得出结论:日出时间的季节性差异,可能导致夏季茎流启动最早,冬季最晚;滇山茶茎流形态曲线在晴天和雨天存在差异,这种差异可能是由于晴天和雨天的太阳辐射、相对湿度和空气温度的差异所导致;不同强度的太阳辐射对滇山茶的茎流具有不同的影响,晴天和雨天下空气温度、相对湿度与茎流表现出较好的相关性;茶花茎流与太阳辐射存在明显的时滞现象,结合其他气象因子对茎流的影响,建立了茎流的多元回归模型.     

干旱绿洲区微喷灰枣全年液流研究

【目的】探究枣树在生育期和休眠期茎流速率的变化规律及其与气象因子的关系,了解枣树各时期的耗水规律,为枣树的灌溉指导提供科学依据。【方法】通过针式茎流计对微喷灌下枣树的茎流速率进行全年连续监测,分析枣树在生育期(4月15日—10月14日)和休眠期(10月15日—翌年4月14日)的耗水量。【结果】生育期太阳辐射对灰枣茎流速率影响最为显著,各阶段相关系数R_D1=0.924、R_D2=0.939、R_D3=0.943和R_D4=0.915;休眠期则是空气湿度对灰枣茎流速率影响最为显著,各阶段相关系数R_C1=0.699、R_C2=0.923、R_C3=0.841、R_C4=0.918和R_C5=0.618。生育期和休眠期枣树日间最大茎流活动时长分别为14 h和9 h,且茎流在夜间的变化规律存在明显差异。生育期茎流速率高值区间在12:00—15:30,而休眠期茎流速率随着休眠的各时期发生偏移,C1阶段和C2阶段茎流速...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。