塔里木河流域干旱区绿洲河道生境生态水权及其计量研究

界定了流域干旱区河道生境生态水权的内涵,并确定了其计量依据、计量内容和计量方法;基于主要源流出山口径流量以及干流阿拉尔站20世纪80年代以前径流量资料,利用Tennant法确定了塔河流域的河道生境生态水权的划分标准和计量模型,并计算塔河流域河道生境生态水权。结果表明,塔河流域最低河道生境生态水权为53.14亿m3/a,其中叶尔羌河流域13.31亿m3/a,和田河流域8.03亿m3/a,阿克苏河流域源流区13.04亿m3/a,阿克苏河10.98亿m3/a,干流7.78亿m3/a;塔河流域适宜河道生境生态水权为69.87亿m3/a,其中叶尔羌河流域20.06亿m3/a,和田河流域12.05亿m3/a,阿克苏河流域19.53亿m3/a,阿克苏河16.14亿m3/a,干流11.37亿m3/a。河道生境生态水权的年内分配主要集中在6—9月。     

塔里木河流域绿洲生态水权的流域分配研究

缺少绿洲生态水权流域分配及其研究制约了塔里木河流域绿洲生态水权分配纳入流域水量分配方案,影响了绿洲生态环境的维护与恢复重建;为此,首先明确界定了塔里木河流域绿洲生态水权的流域分配内涵,然后确定了绿洲生态水权的流域分配方法和模型,计算了塔里木河流域绿洲生态水权流域分配,主要结果表明:绿洲生态水权纳入流域水权初始分配是落实三源流和干流上中下游生态水权主体权责与客体分配的重要制度保障。塔河流域绿洲生态水权流域分配主要在叶尔羌河流域与干流中下游;年内分配主要在3-5月和6-9月。而且,适宜绿洲生态水权流域分配与绿洲维持恢复生态水权流域分配较高。这不仅是塔河流域绿洲生态水权流域分配方案确定的参考依据,也成为绿洲生态水权行政区域分配的基础。     

塔里木河流域可转让农用水权分配价格研究

缺少可转让农用水权分配价格不仅制约了流域可转让农用水权的优化配置,而且影响了农业种植结构调整及其发展转型与农民收入提高;为此,从理论上,首先确定了塔河流域未来可转让农用水权分配价格内涵、构成与其准市场机制;在此基础上,进一步明确了可转让农用水权分配价格的计量依据和计量内容,构建了可转让农用水权分配价格模型,计算了可转让农用水权分配价格,主要结果如下:1可转让农用水权分配价格的内涵界定及其价格形成机制和构成是未来塔河流域可转让农用水权分配价格计量的依据。2除干流中游外,塔河流域2015-2030年经济作物完全可转让农用水权分配价格是不断提高的;其中,完全经济作物可转让农用水权分配价格最高,经济作物可转让农用水权分配价格略高于粮食作物;而且,干流中游最低,叶尔羌河流域和塔河干流下游很高,这成为可转让农用分配价格的差别价格体系确定的依据。     

塔里木河流域输水节水的可转让农用水权供给研究

缺少输水节水的可转让农用水权内涵界定及其供给计量制约了塔里木河流域可转让农用水权分配与绿洲生态环境维持和恢复,影响流域农用水权制度创新、节水型社会建设和绿洲经济转型;为此,从理论上,对流域输水节水的可转让农用水权进行内涵界定,并确定了其供给的计量依据、计量内容和计量方法与模型,计算了输水节水的可转让农用水权供给,主要结果如下:1塔里木河流域输水节水的可转让农用水权主体为农业用水户,其所有权、交易权等权利和承担责任的明确界定,成为可转让农用水权分配的权责保障;而且,输水节水的可转让农用水权供给计量是可转让农用水权分配的基础。2塔里木河流域田间节水的可转让农用水权供给主要在源流,尤其是在叶尔羌河流域。而且,在输水节水可转让农用水权供给中,渠系防渗节水的可转让农用水权供给占主导。未来塔河流域输水节水的可转让农用水权供给具有较大潜力,且从2015到2030年呈增长趋势,这成为进一步决定流域可转让农用水权分配的依据。     

塔河流域生态水权和可转让农用水权分配的经济转型效应研究

水资源合理配置和高效利用成为制约塔河流域绿洲经济转型的关键问题;为此,确定基于生态水权分配和可转让农用水权分配的绿洲经济转型效应的评价指标体系,构建综合评价模型,评价塔河流域绿洲经济转型效应;结果表明:塔河流域生态水权分配和可转让农用水权分配能够不断推动未来绿洲经济转型,但2030年经济转型效应只能达到中等;而且,源流转型效应与干流基本相同;其中,叶尔羌河流域和干流中游转型效应相对较低,干流下游转型效应提升最大。塔河流域绿洲经济转型效应提高决定于绿洲水资源利用、经济发展和生态环境;其中,绿洲水资源利用和经济发展是主要制约因素;农业用水和产业用水高效配置、农业发展转型是决定因子,产业转型升级是最关键的驱动要素。     

明确初始水权数量与质量的分配系

为解决水资源管理和水市场建设中涉及的水权问题，本文以内陆黑河干流为背景建立了干旱区水权分配系统。按照不同地区使用的水资源除了具有相对公平的数量，还应该具有相对公平的质量的原则，系统将以往模糊的流域水权界定对象清晰化，明确其为河流在某种社会经济条件下，为满足生态和水环境的要求，流域所能调配的水资源。为此，系统考虑与地区取水相关的经济和环境因素，运用基于水资源模型和区域水质模型的多目标规划方法计算流域各地区理论取水量，并将理论取水量结果用于改进目前的水权分配计算方法，不仅给出了流域各地区的水权分配比例，同时将各地区按水权分配到的水资源数量和质量也一并给出。实际应用证明了系统的有效性，给出的水权分配结果较以往类似成果加深了各地区对自身拥有的水资源状况、以及将面临的流域整体水资源形势的认识。     

鄱阳湖流域河流生态需水量的初步研究

河流生态需水量是维持河流生物生命周期所需要的水量,对维护河流生态系统稳定和健康具有重要的意义.基于河流水文学原理.采用Tennant法、月保证率法和最小月径流法,对鄱阳湖流域河流[赣江、抚河、信江、饶河(昌江、安乐江)、修河(潦河、修水)]的生态需水量进行了初步分析.根据3种方法计算的结果,取平均值作为鄱阳湖流域河流的生态需水量.结果表明,4-9月河流生态需水量为16.93亿m3/月,10-3月为12.81亿m3/月,分别占流域河流年径流量的10.92%和4.13%,全年生态需水量占流域河流多年平均径流量的15.05%.     

2010年以后西营河灌区水资源利用最佳模式的探讨

石羊河流域重点治理工程完成后,2010年西营河向下游民勤调水达1.2亿m3,灌区渠首引水量由2003年的3.2亿m3减少至2010年水权水量的2.15亿m3,减幅达32.8%,如何保证完成石羊河流域重点治理目标任务的同时,确保灌区经济社会发展与生态文明、优化配置水资源,提高水的利用效益是核心.在这里,仅就如何优化调度,合理利用分配给灌区有限的水资源使用权进行探讨,并提出了最佳的利用模式.     

玛河流域水权三级管理模式研究

玛河流域是新疆最大的绿洲农垦区,但是由于流域水权管理混乱、层次不清,导致用水矛盾突出,流域生态环境被严重破坏。通过将流域水权进行3个层次的划分,提出分层次管理流域水权,从而达到规范流域水资源管理,促进流域可持续发展。并通过不同管理模式的优劣比较,提出了管理制度优化措施。     

塔里木河流域可转让农用水权分配研究

缺少可转让农用水权分配,不仅制约农业用水的交易与高效配置,而且影响可转让农用水权分配制度创新、绿洲经济转型与三农问题解决;为此,首先从理论上界定了塔河流域可转让农用水权分配的内涵,确定了其的分配方法与模型;然后计算了塔河流域可转让农用水权分配。结果表明:可转让农用水权分配不仅能诱发塔河流域可转让农用水权分配制度变迁,而且将促进流域生态环境改善、绿洲经济转型与三农问题解决。塔河流域2015、2020和2030年可转让农用分配呈增长趋势,且以源流分配为主导;但是,分配去向以绿洲生态水权的可转让农用水权分配为主,新增工业水权的可转让农用水权分配较低,新增生活水权的可转让农用水权分配很低。这成为未来塔河流域可转让农用水权分配方案确定的依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。