BEIIb基因对稻米直链淀粉及其合成途径中相关基因的影响

BEIIb基因是水稻淀粉合成的一个分支酶基因,在IR36的ae突变体中,BEIIb的缺失导致了直链淀粉的大幅度提高,同时影响了淀粉合成途径一些基因的表达。为深入探索不同直链淀粉含量品种的理化性质以及决定高直链淀粉含量的遗传因子。本研究选用了IR36及其突变体以及4份不同直链淀粉含量的水稻品种进行淀粉含量、理化性质以及淀粉合成途径相关的遗传因子的表达分析。研究发现直链淀粉含量IR36的ae突变体(30.05%)是野生型IR36(21.07%)的1.4倍,且明显高于其它品种,最低的是糯稻品种‘朝紫’(3.52%);IR36ae突变体与野生型的糊化温度也存在显著差异,且综合其他几个品种的结果发现,稻米的糊化温度与直链淀粉含量呈负相关;IR36ae突变体的胶稠度比野生型的硬,且直链淀粉含量越高的品种胶稠度越硬;IR36ae突变体的淀粉颗粒比野生型要稍大一点,且直链淀粉含量较高的品种淀粉颗粒较大;定量PCR结果表明ae突变体中BEIIb的缺失导致了Wx基因的上调,以及SSI和BEI、BEIIa的下调。且淀粉合成关键酶基因中的Wx基因(GBSSⅠ)在不同品种以及不同发育时期表达量均为最高,支链淀粉合成相关基因在低直链淀粉品种中的表达明显高于在高直链淀粉品种中的表达。BEIIb的缺失引起直链淀粉的明显提高,糊化温度的降低,淀粉颗粒的增大,以及一些淀粉合成相关基因的改变。     

近等基因背景下对玉米胚乳突变基因ae的遗传效应研究

采用8个生产上常用的常规玉米自交系以及它们的ae近等基因系各组配16个组合进行裂区试验。测定等基因背景各对组合的直链淀粉含量、千粒重、小区产量及其它农艺性状。结果表明,纯合aeae的组合与同型马齿型组合相比千粒重、小区产量普遍降低而直链淀粉含量显著提高,遗传背景对ae基因的表达有重要影响,自交系和杂交种中可能     

高淀粉玉米的产业化潜力分析

1　高淀粉玉米的概念高淀粉玉米是指子粒淀粉含量达72% (农业部暂定的标准 )以上的专用型玉米,而普通玉米只有60%~69%。玉米淀粉由支链淀粉和直链淀粉组成,由于二者的性质存在着明显的差异,所以通常根据二者组成的不同可以分为混合型高淀粉玉米、高支链淀粉玉米 (糯玉米 )和高直链淀粉玉米。混合型高淀粉玉米是指子粒淀粉含量达72%以上的玉米,其支链淀粉和直链淀粉所占的比重大约为28%和72%。高支链淀粉玉米 (糯玉米)其子粒淀粉含量几乎100%为支链淀粉。高直链淀粉玉米胚乳中直链淀粉含量在50%~80%。……     

水稻稻米不同直链淀粉含量的特异引物分析

水稻直链淀粉含量直接影响了稻米的食味和加工品质,所以该含量性状已成为水稻品质育种研究的一个重要方向。目前关于水稻直链淀粉基因以及相关合成酶的研究报道虽很多,但可用于直链淀粉含量检测的标记的报道却很少。本研究选取不同直链淀粉含量的2个特异引物,用不同来源的302份水稻品种(系)进行检验分析,结果表明标记RMamc10-3能鉴定出约51%的低直链淀粉含量的水稻种质,标记Pul-t3鉴定高直链淀粉含量水稻种质的可靠性仅为38.9%。此外,发现云南的水稻品种(系)稻米的直链淀粉含量较低,有70%以上种质的稻米直链淀粉含量在5%~20%之间。在来自国际水稻所、缅甸和斯里兰卡的水稻种质中发现10份直链淀粉含量高于25%的材料。本研究得到的2个高和低直链淀粉含量标记,以及筛选获得的高和低直链淀粉含量的种质基因资源,都将为下一步开展水稻优质米研究和品质改良提供重要的材料。     

氮素用量对春玉米淀粉及其组分形成积累的影响

采用田间试验研究氮素用量对高淀粉玉米(四单19)、普通玉米(东农250)、优质蛋白玉米(丰禾10)子粒淀粉及其组分含量和支链淀粉/直链淀粉比值动态变化的影响。结果表明:3个品种支链淀粉、直链淀粉、总淀粉含量在吐丝后不断增加。各品种总淀粉含量以N200最高,四单19和丰禾10支链淀粉含量以N200最高,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量品种间以四单19表现最好。四单19直链淀粉含量以N200最高,丰禾10直链淀粉含量随氮素用量的增加而增加。子粒支链淀粉/直链淀粉比值在吐丝后呈下降趋势。     

高直链玉米淀粉——制造生物可降解塑料的最佳原料

玉米淀粉是人类主要的淀粉来源之一,也是工业淀粉和以淀粉为原料的深加工产业的主要原料.美国淀粉加工业95%的淀粉都是玉米淀粉,我国淀粉的主要生产原料也是玉米.通常所说的玉米淀粉是直链淀粉和支链淀粉的混合物,高直链玉米淀粉是指玉米淀粉中直链淀粉含量高达55%～85%,而普通玉米籽粒中直链淀粉的含量只有22%～27%. 　　……     

氮素用量对春玉米淀粉及其组分形式积累的影响

采用田间试验研究氮素用量对高淀粉玉米（四单19）、普通玉米（东农250）、优质蛋白玉米（丰禾10）子粒淀粉及其组分含量和支链淀粉/直链淀粉比值动态变化的影响。结果表明：3个品种支链淀粉、直链淀粉、总淀粉含量在吐丝后不断增加。各品种总淀粉含量以N200最高,四单19和丰禾10支链淀粉含量以N200最高,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量品种间以四单19表现最好。四单19直链淀粉含量以N200最高,丰禾10直链淀粉含量随氮素用量的增加而增加。子粒支链淀粉/直链淀粉比值在吐丝后呈下降趋势。     

高直链淀粉玉米胚性愈伤组织的诱导、继代、植株再生的研究

以不同类型的高直链淀粉玉米自交系为试验材料 ,用不同类型的培养基对其幼胚进行诱导,结果发现不同类型的高直链淀粉玉米均可诱导出愈伤组织 ,诱导率的高低主要取决于基因型、培养基种类、激素浓度等。本实验针对不同基因型玉米,摸索出能够诱导出II型愈伤组织的适宜条件,确定最佳的培养基 ,并能进行长期继代保存。同时通过不同激素的配比,有两个材料分化出苗     

苦荞胚乳GBSSI基因表达模式及胚乳淀粉含量分析

苦荞籽粒胚乳中含有大量淀粉,是中国西南地区重要的小杂粮作物。本研究探索了苦荞麦胚乳直链淀粉合成的关键基因GBSSI基因(FtGBSSI)的表达模式及与淀粉含量的相关性。研究分析了24个苦荞材料的FtGBSSI基因在花期、胚乳灌浆初期、灌浆中期、灌浆末期的表达动态模式。结果表明,灌浆初期FtGBSSI基因表达量相对较高。FtGBSSI基因随着胚乳的生长发育呈现单峰和双峰曲线模式。此外,本研究分析了其中18份材料的总淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量,两者在不同苦荞材料间的差异均显著。相关性分析发现,直链淀粉含量与灌浆初期FtGBSSI基因表达量的相关系数极显著。     

施磷、钾肥对高梁子粒淀粉积累规律的影响

以铁杂17号(高淀粉)和辽杂11号(低淀粉)高粱为试验材料,研究了不同磷、钾素用量对高梁子粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明,高梁子粒中直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量随子粒灌浆过程均呈不断上升趋势.中等施用磷、钾肥处理有促进高粱总淀粉和直链淀粉积累的作用.低磷情况下,有利于子粒支链淀粉含量增加.过量施钾肥或低钾情况下,总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量下降,但支链淀粉/直链淀粉比例提高.     

两个低谷蛋白基因插入缺失标记的设计与验证

低谷蛋白稻米是肾脏病人极有效的食疗辅助品,培育低谷蛋白功能性水稻品种具有重大意义。低谷蛋白基因Lgc1作为培育低谷蛋白功能性水稻品种的优质资源,受到了育种家的青睐。为提高低谷蛋白基因Lgc1分子标记辅助选择的准确性,我们根据其突变体在两个谷蛋白基因GluB4和GluB5间的碱基缺失,设计出了Lgc1基因的插入缺失标记InDel-Lgc1-A和InDel-Lgc1-B。利用InDel标记对W3660(Lgc1低谷蛋白品种)/南粳46(谷蛋白正常品种)的F2分离群体和13份水稻品种进行检测验证。依据其PCR扩增产物的电泳带型,可准确地区分出低谷蛋白纯合基因、谷蛋白正常纯合基因和杂合基因型3种带型,且3种带型与其植株或品种相应的蛋白性状表现完全一致,表明这两对InDel标记可用于Lgc1低谷蛋白基因资源的鉴定以及分子辅助育种。     

Molecular identification of Pm12-carrying introgression lines in wheat using genomic and EST-SSR markers

The traditional process of obtaining maize hybrids involves the generation of inbred lines through successive generations of selfing and subsequent testcrosses in order to identify the best combining ability by allelic complementation. A fast alternative to obtain inbred lines is to induce the formation of haploids followed by chromosome doubling. However, even with the aid of haploid-inducing genetic sources, this strategy has not been widely used in maize breeding programs, partly due to difficulties inherent to haploid generation and identification. In order to evaluate the possibility of using dihaploids to generate homozygous maize tropical lines, we used the androgenetic haploid inducer line W23 as a female parent in crosses with the tropical single-cross hybrid BRS1010. Within the progeny of these crosses, 462 seeds were phenotypically selected as putative haploids by the purple-colored endosperm and colorless embryo conditioned by the R1-nj gene. Among these, only four individuals were confirmed as being haploids using SSR markers, chromosome counting and flow cytometry, showing that the phenotypic marker was not efficient in detecting haploids in the tropical maize genotype used. All four haploids as well as some diploid plants presented reduced size, corroborating the difficulties for haploid identification by phenotypic evaluation. Genetic diversity analysis revealed by SSR markers divided the haploids in two groups represented by flint and dent maize inbred lines, which could be helpful in identifying complementary dihaploid lines. The present article demonstrates that a combination of haploid production and SSR fingerprinting is a feasible strategy for maize hybrid development in tropical germplasm.     

玉米花期高温响应的基因型差异及其生理机制

倒伏是制约旱种水稻大面积推广的主要因素之一。以籼型杂交稻汕优63和粳稻9516为材料,研究了旱种水稻倒伏的原因及其机理。结果表明,与水种相比,旱种水稻的倒伏率明显高,结实率和粒重明显降低,产量明显降低。自抽穗至成熟,旱种水稻基部节间强度(厚度、单位长度重量)、碳水化合物(尤其是淀粉)含量低于常规水种稻,α-淀粉酶活性明显高于水种稻。水稻基部节间淀粉含量与节间厚度和单位长度重量呈极显著正相关,与α-淀粉酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关。淀粉输出与α-淀粉酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。施用硅、钾肥能降低旱种水稻基部节间α-淀粉酶活性,提高基部节间淀粉含量,增强基部节间强度,大幅度降低倒伏率,提高旱种水稻的结实率和粒重,从而提高产量。孕穗期去1/2叶,效果则相反。表明在旱种条件下,水稻基部节间α-淀粉酶活性高,促进了节间贮存淀粉的降解,降低了基部节间强度,造成旱种水稻的倒伏。     

opaque-2玉米近等基因系的构建与赖氨酸含量快速检测

我国高赖氨酸玉米种质资源狭窄,opaque-2(o2)突变基因能大幅提高玉米赖氨酸含量,通过分子标记辅助选择构建o2玉米近等基因系并检测其赖氨酸含量具有重要意义。其中,要解决的两个关键问题是如何准确地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系和如何快速地检测导入系的赖氨酸含量。本研究利用O2基因内紧密连锁的SSR共显性标记引物phi057检测玉米供体和受体自交系的多态性,利用其特异性和共显性构建o2近等基因系;参考已有研究,改进染料结合(DBL)法,测定18组构建成功的o2近等基因系的赖氨酸含量。结果表明,不仅在不同供体(CA339和山东2548)之间存在多态性,而且在不同受体系间也存在多态性,利用phi057能够成功地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系,构建o2近等基因系;改进的DBL法分析表明,不同受体系赖氨酸含量变化较大,不同背景的受体系导入o2突变基因后赖氨酸含量增加的幅度差异也较大;普通玉米自交系间赖氨酸含量为0.223%~0.368%,构建成功的不同o2近等基因系间,赖氨酸含量为0.373%~0.527%,与受体亲本相比,赖氨酸增加幅度最低为13%,最高为74%。分析表明,phi057能准确筛选导入o2突变基因的受体系,结合改进的DBL法能快速地选择赖氨酸含量高的玉米。     

Genotype × environment interactions for digestibility traits in silage maize estimated from in vivo measurements with standard sheep

The aim of this work was to investigate the genotype × environment interaction for in vivo digestibility of organic matter and of crude fibre in silage maize evaluated with standard sheep experiments. In order to test the genotype × year interaction, the first experiment consisted of taking data subsets out of a 26-year experiment and evaluating in vivo digestibility traits at Lusignan (France) on numerous maize genotypes. In order to test the genotype × location interaction, the second experiment was a specific one whereby five hybrids were cropped in diverse locations and then evaluated from experiments with sheep, at Lusignan. The variation attributed to genotype × environment (either a year or a location) interaction for in vivo digestibility traits was distinctly lower than the variation due to the main genotypic effect. Therefore, the in vivo digestibility of organic matter and of crude fibre in maize genotypes could be accurately assessed from silages cropped in a simple experimental design, which included replicates, but only a small number of years or locations. This also confirmed the results obtained with in vitro digestibility traits from large multi-environmental designs which highlighted the low importance of genotype × environment interactions and contributed to the validation of in vitro criteria.     

不同玉米品种吸钾能力的研究

通过耗竭试验用供钾水平很低的沙土对不同玉米品种吸钾能力进行了研究.结果表明,不同基因型玉米品种在低钾土壤上吸钾量的多少和钾素利用效率的大小有显著差异,不同基因型玉米品种吸收土壤中不同形态钾的比例各不相同.通过幼苗耗竭试验筛选和判定吸钾能力强的玉米基因型,用其吸钾量的多少比钾利用效率的大小直接、优越和科学,不同基因型玉米品种吸收土壤矿物钾的多少和比例也是判定其吸钾能力强弱的重要标准.     

Incompletely dominant single resistance gene for peanut stripe virus in soybean line AGS 129

Summary Inheritance of resistance to a soybean isolate of peanut stripe virus (PStV-strain PN) was studied in three soybean varieties, AGS 129, Ankur, and PI 230971. Genetic analysis was based on necrotic, mosaic and symptomless reactions in inoculated soybeans. A single incompletely dominant gene in AGS 129 was found to confer the resistance to PStV and was tentatively designated as Pst. The homozygous parent AGS 129, possessing the genotype Pst Pst, was immune while Ankur and PI 230971, with a genotype of pst pst, were susceptible showing mosaic symptoms. The heterozygous genotype Pst pst resulting from the cross of either Ankur or PI 230971 with AGS 129 reacted with necrosis, distinctly different from either of the homozygous genotypes. This genotypic effect was confirmed through the phenotypic segregation in BC, F2, and F3.     

巴美肉羊INHA和INHBA基因多态性与产羔数关系研究

为了研究INHA和INHBA这两个基因对巴美肉羊产羔数的影响,采用PCR-SSCP技术检测抑制素α亚基(α-inhibin,INHA)和βA亚基(βA-inhibin,INHBA)基因在巴美肉羊中的单核苷酸多态性。结果发现,引物1,4,6扩增片段有多态性,其余3对引物的扩增片段均不存在多态性。引物1,巴美肉羊有2种基因型AB型和AA型,平均产羔数AB型比AA型多0.17只(P<0.01)。引物4,巴美肉羊存在3种基因型(CC、DD和CD),巴美肉羊平均产羔数DD型比CC型多0.44只(P<0.01)。引物6,巴美肉羊有3种基因型(EE、FF和EF),EE型比EF型平均产羔数多0.21只(P<0.01),结果表明,抑制素α亚基(α-inhibin,INHA)和βA亚基(βA-inhibin,INHBA)基因是影响巴美肉羊产羔数的重要基因。     

The effects of parthenogenesis on wheat embryo formation and haploid production with and without maize pollination

Doubled haploid (DH) lines are important in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding, and haploids produced via maize pollination precede DH line development. Although maize pollination has proven reliable and broadly applicable to wheat, its success is determined by the wheat and maize genotypes employed. A wheat genotype consisting of nuclear and cytoplasm components predisposing it to parthenogenesis was compared with three other genotypes, each possessing only one or neither component necessary for parthenogenesis. In a glasshouse experiment, each genotype was pollinated with maize and subsequently treated with a2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) solution to determine if parthenogenesis affected embryo formation frequency (EFF)and haploid formation efficiency (HFE). Wheat genotypes were also treated with the2,4-D solution alone to determine if embryos and haploid plants could be produced in vivo without maize pollination. ‘Salmon(K)’, a parthenogenetic genotype consisting of a Salmon 1BL.1RS nucleus in a Ae. kotschyii cytoplasm, had a mean EFF of 32%; whereas, the non-parthenogenetic genotypes had mean EFF calculations ranging from 7 to 21%. Mean HFE for Salmon(K) was not significantly different than the mean HFE for non-parthenogenetic Salmon; however, EFF and HFE calculations for Salmon(K) and Salmon, each with a 1BL.1RS translocation, were generally higher than calculations for genotypes without the translocation. Salmon(K) was the only genotype to produce a 3% or higher EFF and HFE after treatment with 2,4-D alone. Parthenogenesis significantly affected the frequency at which embryos were produced after pollination with maize and the frequency at which embryos and haploid plants were produced after treatment with 2,4-D alone. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

NaCl胁迫下玉米地方品种的种子萌发效应

采用室内培养和检测,以5个玉米地方品种为材料,设置高盐(NaCl)和自来水2种处理,研究不同玉米地方品种在盐胁迫下的种子萌发和生理特性变化.结果表明,盐胁迫对玉米地方品种的种子萌发和生理有不同程度的影响,不同玉米地方品种的耐盐性存在明显的基因型差异.总体而言,不同地方品种的同一形态性状和同一地方品种的不同形态性状的耐盐胁迫指数存在差异.综合评价盐胁迫下5个玉米地方品种的耐盐特性,"DP44"是耐盐性强的品种,可作为耐盐种质加以选择,而"DP21"的耐盐胁迫能力较差.此外,对玉米品种进行耐盐胁迫的遗传改良是可行的.