异龄林收获调整的动态优化及其计算机仿真

本文在异龄林生长矩阵模型基础上,研究了异龄林动态优化问题,建立了相应的计算机仿真模型。此模型采用自动扩大调整分期的方法,来寻求使异龄林林分由当前状态调整到理想状态的最短且效益最高的采伐轨线,并在FACOMM-340S中型机上开发了相应的软件。本文的方法在确定异龄林收获调整问题的可行域和最短调整时间方面具有明显优点,对森林经营者进行采伐决策和预测工作有实用价值。     

Increasing rotation periods during a time of decreasing profitability of forestry — a paradox?

The profitability of forestry in Germany decreased during recent decades because of more or less constant prices for forest products, increasing input prices and limited success in rationalisation. However, the volume of growing stock increased significantly during this period since forest enterprises have chosen longer rotation periods. This is especially true for state owned and community owned forests but also at least partly for private forests. It is normally not an alternative for the owners of forest enterprises in Germany to sell the forests completely, but on a first glance increasing investments in standing timber during a time of decreasing profitability of forestry seems to be inconsistent with economic theory. On the one hand this observation could be explained as the result of non-timber values. However, this paper is focused on another approach, which is an expanded Faustmann model in line with soil rent theory and focused on timber production. Profitable rotations in the future have the effect of shortening the optimal rotation period because an investment in standing timber causes opportunity costs by delaying the establishment of the next generation of the forest. Unprofitable future rotations have the opposite effect, if the landowner is forced to reforest. In case investments in reforestations are not profitable decision-makers have good reasons not to cut the mature stands, in spite of the fact that the internal rates of return of investments in standing timber are low in comparison with investments on the financial market. Empirical data for the period 1954–1998 mostly from guidelines for forest valuation are used together with inflation corrected interest rates to show that optimal rotation length increased over time. Nevertheless we have to recognise that the observed rotation periods are distinctly longer than the calculated optimal rotation lengths. Other factors which may also explain the investments in forestry are discussed later.     

吉林省西部农田防护林更新的模拟研究

利用最新森林资源二类调查数据,在确定合理的成熟龄基础上,模拟了不同调整期与轮伐期条件下每个林带的生长过程及年采伐量,通过对调整期末及轮伐期末龄级状态的比较,确定了吉林省西部农田防护林的调整期为20 a、轮伐期为35 a。经过调整和轮伐后,使农田防护林的年龄结构和面积结构适于可持续发展,更好地发挥防护效益。农田防护林更新模拟研究为编制森林经营方案提供了新的途径。     

广西桉树人工林延长轮伐期效益分析及可行性策略

延长桉树人工林轮伐期,培育中大径材林,不仅契合国家储备林的培育理念,也能提升桉树经济、社会和生态效益,促进桉树人工林健康可持续发展。文中阐述广西桉树人工林的培育现状,分析了延长桉树人工林轮伐期的经济、生态和社会效益。在此基础上,提出延长轮伐期的可行性策略:1)金融机构强化桉树人工林认知,适当延长涉林贷款期限;2)林业主管部门澄清桉树种植诸多误解,加大延长轮伐期宣传工作;3)相关国企、国有林场率先延长轮伐期,作好桉树科学经营示范。研究可为推动广西桉树人工林延长轮伐期、加大中大径材林培育力度提供参考。     

燃料能源林树种选育及培育技术研究进展

能源林作为生产并提供生物质能源的一种重要方式, 以其可再生、生物量大、环境友好及适应地域广而倍受国际社会关注。文中依据其主要用途将能源林分为燃油能源林、生物发电能源林与薪炭能源林等3类。燃油能源林树种包括续随子、霍霍巴、油楠等, 生物发电能源林树种包括柳树、桉树、杨树等, 薪炭能源林树种相对较多。生物发电能源林与薪炭能源林可统称为燃料能源林。目前, 国外十分重视燃料能源林树种选育及高产培育技术研究和实践。不同树种、无性系、种源的燃料能源林生物产量差异很大, 瑞典选育出蒿柳和毛枝柳等, 南魁北克选育出了柳树无性系SX64与SX61。造林密度与收获周期紧密相关, 巴西的澳洲金合欢树3年收获时密度以10000株/hm2生物量最大; 欧洲2年收获与3年收获的柳树能源林适宜密度为15000株/hm2。另外, 文中对能源林类型、燃料能源林树种选育、立地条件、造林整地、造林密度、收获周期、抚育管理等技术进行了介绍, 希望对能源林的栽培提供依据。     

尾叶桉MLA无性系林分不同施肥处理经济效益分析

对雷州林业局7种施肥处理的尾叶桉MLA无性系7年生与3年生林分进行经济效益分析，结果表明：最佳处理6(P300g/株 K300g/株 N150g/株)7年生时年均利润1528．1元41m2，比处理7(常规施肥，滤泥5000g/株 P250g/株 K100g/株 N100g/株，年均利润1452．6hm2)提高5．2％，比对照(不施肥，年均利润630．3元/hm^2)提高142．4％；3年生时处理6的年均利润为1605．5元/hm2，比处理7(年均利润1406．8hm2)提高14．1％，比对照(年均利润408．3元/hm2)提高293．2％；处理6的年均利润3年生时采伐比7年生时采伐提高5．1％；处理6和处理7在7年生时采伐，投资回收期均为10．3年，在3年生时采伐分别为8.0年与8．3年，3年生时采伐比7年生时采伐的投资回收期分别缩短2．3年与2．0年。     

A model of carbon storage in forests and forest products

This paper discusses the general formulation of a model that describes carbon storage in a forest and its timber products as a function of the forest growth curve, the rotation period and the carbon retention curves for the timber products. After a number of rotations, the rotation-averaged quantity of stored carbon approaches an asymptotic value. It is shown that, when forests are managed for maximum sustained yield of biomass, the contribution to asymptotic carbon storage from timber products is about 2.5D/T* times the contribution from living trees, where D is the characteristic decay time for reconversion of timber products to carbon dioxide, and T* is the normal rotation period for maximum sustained yield. For a given value of D/T*, carbon storage can be optimized if the policy of maximizing sustained yield is relaxed. For D/T* < 1, as the rotation period is increased indefinitely, the asymptotic level of carbon storage increases monotonically toward the value of the carbon content of living trees at maturity, g(f). For D/T* > 1, there is a finite, optimal rotation period, T(o), greater than T*, for which asymptotic carbon storage is greater than g(f). As D/T* tends to large values, however, T(o) tends to T*, so that, in this limit, management for maximum sustained yield also ensures maximum carbon storage. From initial planting, the time taken to reach asymptotic carbon storage decreases as the normal rotation period, T*, decreases, but increases almost linearly with increasing decay time of timber products, D. This result qualifies the short-term value of any particular planting strategy.     

Determination of optimal rotation period for management of lumbering forests in Kenya

This study estimates the optimal rotation period of various tree species in Kenya and applies it in the management of lumbering forests through optimal synchronization of forest plantations to achieve a steady supply to lumbering firms. The optimal rotation period of three tree species, pine, cypress, and eucalyptus, was estimated using data from Kenya Forest Service. A combined application of Chang simple production model and ? Faustmann? model? reveals the optimal biological harvest age is 25 years for pine, 25 years for cypress, and 14 years for eucalyptus. However, introducing the prices and using the Faustmann optimal rotation model at the current market interest rate of 10.5%, the Faustmann rotation age for pine stand will be maximized at 12.67 years, cypress at 23.5 years, and eucalyptus at 38.4 years. The research further indicates significant variability in land expectation value and soil rent of various species and proposes an inclusion of “species” as a variable in forest land valuation. In the conclusion, nonmarket factors affecting the optimal yield were further explained and recommendations on sustainable yield production were suggested.     

马来西亚森林采伐管理制度研究

林业在马来西亚一直占据相当重要的位置。文中从法律基础、管理体系、轮伐期的确定、森林经营方案制度、采伐审批许可、采伐管理、木材运输以及奖惩措施等方面对马来西亚的森林采伐管理制度进行了全面分析, 并提出加强我国森林采伐管理的建设性意见。     

马尾松林火灾后生态效益损失动态评估

依据林分生长规律和经营模式,建立生态效益损失动态评估模型;对广州从化30年生马尾松林分森林火灾后,经过人工更新的林分45年内所产生的生态效益进行模拟,认为该林分若未遭受森林火灾,封山育林模式的生态效益最大;灾后更新林分需要30年才能恢复相当于灾前林分的生态效益;其间生态效益的损失量为传统静态定量估算的25.92倍.如果林分采取30年轮伐的经营模式,在第19年左右时轮伐林分和灾后更新林分所产生的生态效益平衡;此后人工更新林分的生态效益渐高,而受灾林分经人工更新后第17年时的生态效益近似于轮伐林分的稳定值.轮伐型所带来的总效益在前6年大于封育型的总效益,但第7年以后其总效益开始小于封育型经营模式的生态效益.     

Optimal forest rotation periods: integrating timber production and carbon sequestration benefits in Pinus tabulaeformis plantations on the Loess Plateau,P.R. China

Determining the optimal rotation period was a crucial component of forest sustainable management strategies, especially under climate change. This paper had two objectives: (1) to determine the economic benefits and optimal rotation periods for timber production when coupled to carbon sequestration, as predicted by time series prediction models for Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in China; and (2) to evaluate how different carbon prices and interest rates affected optimal rotation periods using the forest land expectation value. The results suggested that time series prediction models were valuable for estimating timber volumes and carbon sequestrations based on surveys of different-aged stands. Importantly, since integrating carbon sequestrations into timber production benefits did not increase optimal rotation periods, this should promote P. tabulaeformis plantation management. In the sensitivity analysis, a higher carbon price increased the profitability of carbon sequestration and timber production, but not optimal rotation periods, though they were reduced under higher interest rates. In conclusion, incorporating both timber production and carbon sequestration benefits would sharply increase forest-based revenues, while realizing the carbon sequestration potential of P. tabulaeformis plantations. This approach was clearly useful to the development of reforestation/afforestation projects trying to mitigate climate change and also provided a theoretical basis for sustainable forest management.     

Evaluation of carbon sequestration and thinning regimes within the optimization framework for forest stand management

Due to the urgent demand for thinning in planted forests and the tend towards sustainable forest resource management, the forest stand age class eligible for the thinning subsidy in Japan was expanded during the period from 2000 to 2004. Currently, further expansion is under consideration in line with meeting the Kyoto Protocol target of carbon sequestration. In this paper, we conducted evaluation analyses of carbon sequestration and subsidy effects within the optimization framework for the forest stand management. The optimal forest stand management model called Dynamic Programming model for Kyushu Stand Simulator (DP-KYSS) was utilized for the analysis of the target sugi (Cryptomeria japonia) forest stand in the Kyushu region, Japan. Our results showed that the thinning subsidy was effective to stimulate thinning activities at the eligible age class for the subsidy, and that 20% of the current or proposed payment was appropriate to give an incentive to forest owners for conducting the same optimal thinning regime. The amount of carbon sequestered in remaining trees at final harvest was not always shown to increase over time. Depending upon the subsidy condition, it could decrease. The average annual amount of carbon sequestered under no subsidy showed its maximum at age 35, while under the other subsidy conditions, it was shortened to age 25. The net present value of cost per unit carbon loss associated with subsidy became the highest for the rotation age of 35 years for all subsidy policies considered here.     

四川桤木引种湖南生长状况及适应性研究

通过对湖南省范围内四川桤木成林、中林、幼林调查,总结出四川桤木在湖南的生长情况及适应性:(1)种源丰产性由大到小排序为邛崃、夹江、珙县、冰川、都江、金堂、盐亭、雅安;(2)四川桤木喜爱高水肥,而不耐干旱瘠薄,易受风吹、雪压之害;(3)前期生长快,后期生长明显减慢且个体分化大,建议轮伐期不超过12年。     

Carbon Accumulation and Fossil Fuel Substitution During Different Rotation Scenarios

Accumulation of carbon (C) in biomass and soil, and using forest residues for bioenergy are examples of forestry’s contribution to reducing the enhanced concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The aim of this report was to study the effect of rotation length on carbon accumulation in biomass and soil, and on the amount of forest residues that could substitute fossil fuel during 2000–2100. Two models, based on inventory data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, were used to simulate the effects of a changed rotation length in the region of Dalarna (1.8 × 10⁶ ha), in central Sweden. During the studied period, the accumulation of carbon in biomass was 32 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the prolonged rotation period and 105 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller for the shortened rotation period compared with the base scenario. The build-up of carbon in forest soil was 23 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the prolonged rotation than for the base scenario, whereas the shortened rotation was 24 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller than the base scenario. The potential to substitute fossil fuel was 37 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the shortened rotation and 17 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller for the prolonged rotation compared with the base scenario. The annual accumulation of carbon in biomass decreased in all scenarios, which resulted in a prolonged rotation scenario possibly being a poor long-term solution (> 100 yrs). The amount of forest residues that could substitute fossil fuel increased in all scenarios during the studied period.     

An Economic Analysis to Aid the Marginal Decision on Rotation Length: I. Presentation of the Principle

This economic analysis of the rotation problem is based on theactual decision which the forest manager must make for everystand, i.e. whether to fell now or in five years or so. Thismarginal decision becomes important, and need only be carefullyconsidered, when the stand nears financial maturity. The marginalapproach is perhaps the most realistic approach to the problemof financial rotations. The financial decision is based uponthe recognized criterion of maximum net discounted revenue (N.D.R.)per unit total invested capital. Certain theories of productioneconomics are combined with the practical methods of forestvaluation. These principles are used to present the economicanalysis as a graphical choice of the rotation at which thecombined yield of pulpwood and sawtimber maximizes N.D.R. Finally,current product prices are introduced and the optimum rotationis found. These current prices may genuinely be assumed to beconstant for any particular five-year period. A subsequent paperwill develop the basic principle into a multi-product technique.The principle is presented essentially as a fundamental techniquefor the projects of forest economics: its application and useare considered here in general terms, and for a specific Sitkaspruce (Picea sitchensis) stand type. An instrument for therapid determination of financial rotation and N.D.R. has beendeveloped from this principle of rotation determination.     

法国杨树良种选育与短轮伐期林培育及其研究方向

杨树在法国林业中占有重要地位。法国的杨树良种选育及短轮伐期林培育研究都处于世界先进水平。本文概述了法国杨树无性系登记、杂交育种、种源试验和用于短轮伐期林培育的优良无性系、营林抚育技术及经济效益, 并介绍了法国杨树良种选育与短轮伐期林培育的发展进程及研究方向。     

短轮伐期用材林可行性研究报告编制几点意见

文章叙述了短轮伐期用材林的概念、建设意义、编制内容、技术路线和分项说明。论述了短轮伐期用材林编制方法和技术要点。     

乐至县低效林经营管理探讨

作者根据乐至县乔木林资源现状,对全县资源进行了研究分析。根据石佛3个村的典型调查,分析了低效林成因,并对低效林改造与管理工作提出建议。     

Carbon balance of forest stands,wood products and their utilization in South Korea

Forests provide wood products and feedstock for bioenergy and bio-based products that can mitigate climate change by reducing carbon emissions. In order to assess the effects of forest products on reducing carbon emissions, we analyzed the carbon balance for individual carbon pools across the forest supply chain over a long period of time. We simulated particular forest supply chain activities pertaining to even-aged management of pine stands in South Korea to demonstrate our methods. Two different rotation scenarios (i.e., 40 and 70 years) were assessed over the 280-year time horizon in terms of temporal changes in carbon stock in each carbon pool along the supply chain, carbon transfer between carbon pools, substitution effects, and delayed carbon release by wood products. We found that the average carbon stock level was higher for the 70-year rotation scenario, but the total amount of gain in carbon was higher for the 40-year rotation at the end of the time horizon. This study confirms that forest products and energy feedstock can both reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon storage. However, the complexity of carbon accounting along the supply chain warrants a thorough evaluation from diverse perspectives when it is used to assess forest carbon management options.     

基于GIS和RS技术的木材运输线路优化研究——以吉林省汪清林区为例

林业运输线路优化是林业物流和林业企业木材生产流程中重要部分。以吉林省汪清林区为研究区,基于网络最短路径模型和GIS、RS技术以及伐区、集材和运材等环节约束条件,构建伐区运输线路优化模型,确定伐区木材运输最优线路,并对选取的运输线路进行综合实证分析。