Effects of the micro-scale advection on the soil water movement in micro-irrigated fields

The objective of this study was to explore the soil water dynamics under micro-advective conditions. A numerical model was introduced to estimate the airflow turbulence generated by the crop canopy. The vapor pressure and air temperature in the vicinity of the soil surface were estimated from the wind velocity predicted by this model. The energy budget on the soil surface was estimated using wind velocity, vapor pressure, and air temperature simulated by numerical models. The soil water content and temperature were predicted using the simulation model describing the water and heat transfer in soil. Using the energy budget, the accuracy of this model was experimentally verified using a wind tunnel. Spatial changes of the soil water content simulated by this model were reproduced by the experiment. This indicated that the numerical model for estimating the soil water movement under micro-scale advection considering the crop body was satisfactory.     

基于近红外光谱信息的土壤电导率预测模型研究

利用土壤含水率与近红外光谱土壤反射率和土壤电导率三者之间的关系,以土壤含水率为中间变量,间接表达土壤光谱反射率和土壤电导率之间的关系。土壤含水率与土壤光谱反射率存在指数关系,土壤含水率与土壤电导率存在线性关系,消除中间变量（土壤含水率）,得到土壤光谱反射率和土壤电导率之间的关系。以土壤水分敏感波段1450nm作为研究对象,研究土壤电导率的预测模型,分别建立指数预测模型和对数预测模型,并分别对两种模型进行验证。本文实验建模集样本72个,验证集样本48个,土壤电导率对数预测模型R2达0.80,土壤电导率指数预测模型R2达0.85,预测效果均可满足农田电导率估算,但对数模型在土壤电导率较低区间预测效果不理想,因此土壤电导率指数预测模型预测效果优于对数模型的预测效果。研究结果表明,土壤光谱反射率预测土壤电导率的方案可行,并为光谱信息预测土壤电导率提供了新思路。     

红枣经济林不同植被覆盖土壤水分入渗特征

【目的】模拟不同植被覆盖土壤水分入渗过程并选择该研究区的最适模型。【方法】采用野外双环入渗试验方法,测定了不同植被覆盖下土壤水分入渗特征,采用Philip模型、Horton模型、Kostiakov模型对不同植被覆盖区土壤水分入渗过程进行拟合。【结果】①不同植被覆盖区土壤水分入渗速率均表现为初始入渗速率最大,平均入渗速率次之,稳定入渗速率最小;②自然生草区土壤初始入渗速率最大,清耕区土壤的平均入渗速率和稳定入渗速率最大,且清耕区与自然生草区土壤初始入渗速率、平均入渗速率和稳定入渗速率均差异显著;③Horton入渗模型对不同小区土壤入渗过程拟合效果最好,Philip入渗模型拟合效果次之,Kostiakov入渗模型拟合效果最差。【结论】红枣经济林不同植被覆盖下土壤水分入渗特征具有显著差异,Horton入渗模型更适合研究该区域红枣经济林土壤水分入渗过程。     

基于HWSD的GSAC模型网格化产流参数估计与校正

针对基于网格的萨克拉门托模型(GSAC)产流参数难以估计的问题,提出利用世界和谐土壤数据库(HWSD)土壤属性数据估计和校正该模型产流参数的方法。首先,采用HWSD土粒百分含量和土壤质地分类数据估算流域各网格顶层(T层)与底层(S层)土壤的凋萎系数、田间持水量、饱和含水量等土壤水分常数;再采用一个气候指数和HWSD的T层张力水容量、田间持水量及凋萎系数推求GSAC模型上层厚度,继而利用上层厚度将流域各网格的HWSD土壤水分常数转换为GSAC模型上、下层土壤水分常数;最后利用GSAC模型上层厚度与转换了的土壤水分常数估计流域各网格的产流参数;在估计产流参数的同时,采用12个系数对这些产流参数进行校正,所有的校正系数通过自由搜索(FS)算法率定GSAC模型确定。呼兰河流域的应用结果表明:基于HWSD土壤属性数据估计GSAC模型网格化产流参数的方法简便易行,利用校正产流参数驱动的GSAC模型在率定期与验证期的纳什效率系数(NSEC)分别为0.81和0.83,与不校正产流参数情况相比,校正产流参数的GSAC模型能够取得更高的模拟精度。     

灌溉水质对土壤饱和导水率和入渗特性的影响

为研究淡水与微咸水降水头入渗的差异,采用矿化度为1.0 g/L的微咸水与去离子淡水,对滨海围垦区粉砂土与南京黄棕壤土进行了一维降水头积水入渗试验。试验结果表明,采用微咸水入渗可以增大2种土壤的入渗能力,且对黄棕壤土的影响更为明显。利用Philip入渗模型对试验数据进行拟合,结果表明,模型可以较为精确地描述2种土壤的微咸水降水头入渗过程,且模型对黄棕壤土入渗过程的拟合精度更高。土壤水分与盐分再分布过程中,在粉砂土上层,微咸水灌溉对盐分的淋洗效果与淡水灌溉相近,但在土壤深层微咸水灌溉使土壤的积盐量显著高于淡水。采用淡水灌溉的黄棕壤土,土壤表层脱盐、深层积盐;采用微咸水灌溉的土柱剖面均明显积盐,且因表层土壤孔隙结构被破坏,持水能力增强,使表层土壤与深层土壤均积累了较高含量盐分。     

基于BEPS模型的雨养冬小麦农田土壤水分动态模拟

北部生态系统生产力模拟(BEPS,Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator)模型能够模拟不同生态系统碳水循环过程,并通过气孔导度将二者有机地结合,在土壤水分模拟上具有更大的优势。为了使BEPS模型适用于较小空间尺度的雨养冬小麦农田生态系统的土壤水分模拟,根据冬小麦的降水截留过程、冠层的辐射传输过程、根系分布规律和区域土壤水文参数的获取方法对BEPS模型的水平衡模块进行参数方案调整。在此基础上,基于实现BEPS模型与遥感反演的农田土壤水分数据同化的目的,利用经上述调整方案后的BEPS模型,对郑州农业气象试验站2011—2015年冬小麦生长季的农田土壤水分进行动态模拟,并用观测数据进行验证。结果表明,调整后的BEPS模型能够较好地模拟雨养冬小麦农田土壤水分及动态变化,决定系数R2可达0.70以上,平均相对误差MRE总体低于25.0%,但对底层模拟能力较差;在以旬为步长条件下,拔节前模拟效果优于拔节后;土壤水文参数是影响模型模拟土壤水分垂直交换和分布的主要因素,可通过优化进一步提高土壤水分模拟能力。     

非充分灌溉农田土壤水分动态模拟模型

系统阐述了非充分灌溉条件下农田土壤水分动态变化的二种模拟模型 ,即大田水量平衡模拟模型和土壤水运动模拟模型 ,提出了农田计划湿润层土壤含水量非线性变化的计算方法 ,结合实例对二种模型进行分析比较 ,为非充分灌溉决策提供了新的理论依据。     

土壤水分特征曲线测定中低吸力段数据的影响分析

采用沙箱法与压力膜仪法分段测定坡耕地不同土层深度(0～10、10～20、20～30cm)的土壤水分特征曲线,应用RETC软件拟合求得van Genuchten模型参数。由沙箱结合压力膜仪数据拟合得到的全吸力范围曲线(log10h～θ)类似于"S"形,而仅使用压力膜仪测得的高吸力段(log10h>2)数据所获得的曲线并不表现出明显的"S"形特征。综合沙箱法和压力膜仪法二者的数据拟合得到的滞留含水率大于仅使用压力膜仪数据拟合所得值。     

膜孔灌平均入渗水深简化计算模型建立与验证

以非饱和土壤水分运动理论为基础,研究了膜孔灌土壤水分运动的数学模型,并用SWMS-3D软件对多种典型土壤的膜孔灌入渗特性进行模拟,利用模拟结果分析了膜孔灌入渗特性及其影响因素,提出了包含开孔率、膜孔直径的膜孔灌点源平均入渗水深简化模型.采用多种土壤膜孔灌入渗室内试验结果与已有文献资料对所建模型进行验证,结果表明所建模型能较准确地反映膜孔灌点源入渗特性,可为确定合理的膜孔灌灌水技术要素组合提供理论依据.     

干旱区滴灌均匀系数对土壤水氮分布影响模拟

基于HYDRUS-2D软件建立了棉花膜下滴灌水氮运移模型,利用干旱区棉花膜下滴灌试验数据对模型进行了参数率定和验证。将灌水器流量沿毛管的变化离散为依次逐段减小,并假设土壤水分在各段之间不存在交换,利用验证后的数学模型研究了干旱区不同滴灌均匀系数时土壤水氮分布特征,评估了土壤空间变异对水氮分布均匀性的影响。模拟结果表明,随着灌水的进行,滴灌均匀系数Cu为0.60和0.80时,土壤含水率和NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数均呈下降趋势,而Cu=0.95时变化较平稳;滴灌均匀系数越低,灌水后土壤含水率和NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数降低的幅度越大;土壤NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数的变化范围为0.35~1.00,低于土壤含水率均匀系数。田间试验存在的土壤空间变异在一定程度上增加了土壤水氮分布不均匀性。     

次降雨有效降雨量的影响因素及其估算模型

利用沧州市南皮生态农业试验站点2011—2013年不同土层深度的含水率及降雨量和降雨时间,结合由植株叶面积指数得到的不同生育期植株的截留容量,分析了最大容水量S和最大降雨强度二者与降雨有效性的相关关系,并在此基础上建立了次降雨有效降雨的估算模型。结果表明,土壤初始含水率与降雨有效性线性相关,且在不发生溢流情况下,可以用土壤最大容水量S作为是否考虑土壤初始含水率折减作用的分界点;另外,对于降雨强度I≥0.7 mm/min的降雨,降雨强度与降雨有效性相关性显著,并且随最大降雨强度的增大,降雨有效性逐渐减小;最后将运用传统模型和新估算模型计算的有效降雨量值与实测有效降雨量值验证对比,新模型比传统模型更加贴近实测有效降雨,并且降雨量较大时差别更加明显。     

栾城农业生态系统试验站土壤水分特征曲线分析

利用土壤水分特征曲线仪测定河北栾城农业生态系统试验站三组土样的含水量及其对应负压值，分别利用6种不同模型进行了土壤水分特征曲线拟合。通过6种土壤水分特征曲线模型的拟合值与实测值差异对比认为，不同土样的最优土壤水分曲线模型不同。栾城土壤水分特征曲线拟合效果最好的模型是：原状粉质粘土为原始Van Genuchten模型；而扰动土为修正的Van Genuchten模型。     

Macroscopic scale soil moisture dynamics model for a wheat crop

Summary A numerical soil moisture dynamics model was developed for; wheat crop using either observed or generated root length densities with root sink incorporating diminishing rate of water uptake by plant roots due to decreasing soil moisture in drying cycles and loss of absorptive power of roots due to ageing. The simulated soil moisture contents were overestimated by 6.0 and 9.6% on an overall basis by the model when observed and generated root length densities were used, respectively, in comparison to observed moisture contents. The model using generated root length densities simulated less water uptake in comparison with the model which utilized observed root length densities.     

微咸水膜下滴灌棉花根区土壤水盐运移规律研究

研究了微咸水膜下滴灌条件下,不同矿化度的微咸水灌溉对棉花根区土壤水分、盐分变化的影响。结果表明,在相同灌水定额条件下,棉花根系对高配比微咸水混灌后的土壤水分消耗小,土壤盐分对棉花根系耗水具有抑制作用。当微咸水灌水定额小于25 mm时,易导致土壤盐分的表聚现象。根据土壤含水率与土壤电导率之间的相关关系,建立了宽行土壤电导率计算模型。通过实测值验证,试验地宽行深度为0～30 cm时,土壤电导率计算值与实测值误差率不大于5%,故在此土壤深度范围内可通过模型预测土壤电导率值。     

Model validation and crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling in the North China plain

ISAREG is a model for simulation and evaluation of irrigation scheduling. The model performs the soil water balance and evaluates impacts of water stress on yields for different crops. It is now being used to support a water saving irrigation scheduling program in a pilot area in the North China plain. This paper reports on the calibration and validation of the model using independent data sets relative to winter wheat and summer maize. Data are originated from the Wangdu experimental station and concern a set of drainage lysimeters where diverse irrigation treatments were applied representing different strategies of deficit irrigation. The calibration of the model was performed by deriving the crop coefficients adapted to the local climatic conditions, and considering the soil freezing during winter. The validation of the model was performed using different data sets. Results show that the relative errors to estimate the soil water content averaged 5.3% for summer maize and 7.3% for the winter wheat. These results support the use of the model in the practice.     

Simulation of the soil-water dynamics and corn yields under deficit irrigation

Summary A simulation model capable of predicting the yield response of corn to a limited water supply was developed by combining two existing mathematical models. The resulting computer model was evaluated using experimental data taken under a wide range of soil moisture conditions. The soil profile water balances was simulated using SWATRE and SUCROS was used to model the crop growth in response to environmental conditions. In addition to the integration of the two existing models, some minor changes were made to each in an effort to improve the accuracy of the combined models. The model input parameters were derived entirely from published literature. The experimental data necessary for model validation were available from irrigation studies at the Sandhills Agricultural Laboratory of the University of Nebraska. These experiments not only provided the required input soil and climatic data, but also the observed irrigation levels, soil moisture distributions and crop yield required for model validation. Initial evaluation of the computer model indicates that the combined model adequately describes crop evapotranspiration, soil moisture extraction and crop yield under a fairly wide range of soil moisture stress. Additional modifications for the prediction of leaf area expansion and senescence, especially under moisture stress, are needed to improve the accuracy of the model.     

土壤斥水性对含水率的响应模型研究

选用以色列3类不同质地的10种不同斥水性的土壤为研究对象,采用滴水穿透时间法测定土壤斥水性对含水率的响应关系,得到了不同土壤斥水持续时间随含水率变化的规律,通过Gaussian模型、Lorentzian模型和Lognormal模型对这种规律进行回归分析,最终得出了土壤斥水持续时间随含水率的变化规律符合Lorentzian模型。由此响应模型,就可以根据某种土壤部分斥水性对含水率响应的实测数据,计算出土壤斥水性的峰值含水率、峰值斥水性以及临界含水率,为不同土壤斥水性进行对比和土壤改良提供理论依据。     

The soil water balance of rainfed and irrigated oats,Italian rye grass and rye using the CropSyst model

Crop growth models have been used in simulating the soil water balance for purposes of irrigation management and yield predictions. The application of CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model, was evaluated for Cedara, South Africa. Simulations included soil water balance of fallow land and rainfed and irrigated winter crops [oats (Avena sativa), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and rye (Secale cereale)]; and irrigation scheduling of the winter crops. Soil, plant, weather and management inputs were used for the soil water balance simulations. Model crop parameters were used from past experiments or obtained from model documentation, with a slight modification to account for varietal differences. The fallow land soil water simulations were more accurate for dry than for wet soil. For all three winter crops, the model consistently over-estimated the soil water content in the upper layers, with a good agreement for the deeper layers until a large precipitation event occurred to which the model responded more slowly than that observed. Simulations using model-scheduled irrigation based on 0.4 and 0.6 maximum allowable depletion criteria indicated that the observed applied irrigation in the field was more than that required. Soil water depletion and accumulated transpiration simulations were similar in both the observed and model-scheduled irrigations, but total soil evaporation and percolation were greater in the case of the observed than the model-scheduled irrigations. Irrigation scheduling using crop growth models may assist in avoiding over- or under-application of irrigation applications by ensuring efficient utilization of rain and irrigation.     

北京通州区典型农田土壤水分特征曲线测定及影响因素分析

以北京通州区典型农田土壤为研究对象,通过野外采样结合室内试验,用离心机进行土壤水分特征曲线测定,并用van Genuchten模型进行拟合,分析了土壤质地、土地利用、土层深度对土壤水分特征曲线的影响。结果表明,土壤水分特征曲线受土地利用、土层深度影响,而以土壤质地影响最为显著。     

惠民县微咸水灌溉区土壤水盐运移数值模拟及分析

为合理利用水资源、保证地下水盐环境,以惠民县桑落墅项目区为研究对象,运用HYDRUS软件,构建了土壤水盐运移数值模型,并在微咸水灌溉条件下对该地区土壤水盐运移进行了数值模拟和分析。结果表明,HYDRUS模型可以较好对土壤水盐运移规律进行模拟,按照淡水-微咸水-淡水顺序灌溉,每次灌后土壤湿润层积盐位置分别离土壤表层40、40、20 cm。5月土壤含盐量最低,4月土壤含盐量较3、5月偏高。3月土壤含水率最低,5月较3、4月要高。3、4、5月,研究区地下水埋深变化范围为0.7~3.5 m。研究区域土壤属于轻度盐渍化。