酸雨对2种草坪草生长及生理代谢的影响

为了解酸雨污染对草坪草生长的影响,以高羊茅和多年生黑麦草为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究不同pH酸雨条件下对草坪草生长和代谢的影响。分别测定生物量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、丙二醛和电导率等指标。结果表明,高羊茅和多年生黑麦草鲜重、叶绿素含量等在高酸度、长时间胁迫下整体呈降低趋势,氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶则先高后低,丙二醛和电导率则随酸雨pH值减小而有增加趋势。     

丛枝菌根真菌根外菌丝对紫色土中的氮素利用状况

摘 要：本研究采用修改后的Hawkins and George（1999）的装置,并以中性紫色土壤为基质模拟自然生长环境,研究根外菌丝对土壤中的氮素的利用状况。结果表明：接种Glomus intraradices发挥了较好的菌根效应,相对不接种处理,普遍提高了玉米地上部和根系的氮、磷营养状况;根外菌丝能扩大根系对氮素的吸收范围,扩大的吸收范围应不小于5cm;而根外菌丝利用的氮素形态主要是无机态的氮。     

粤北矿区污染农田土壤中重金属分布特征及相关性研究

为了了解调查区域的土壤污染现状和为粤北矿区土壤修复提供科学依据,采用网格法进行布点采样,采集了144个表层土壤样,通过单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法以及相关性等对测试数据进行分析。结果表明,重金属Cd、Zn、Ni、Pb超标率分别达100%、96.53%、6.25%、3.00%;土壤重金属Cd、Zn单项污染指数分别为3.59、1.90,表明地块已受到这2种重金属的复合污染,其中Cd污染最严重,Pb、Ni、Cu的Pi均小于0.7,属于安全范围。其中,土壤中Pb(0.9851)、Zn(0.9197)、Cd(0.8994)有效态含量与全量的相关性均达到极强相关水平,表明其在土壤中极易发生迁移,潜在的生态污染风险较大;Cu、Ni有效态含量与全量的相关性也达强相关水平,在土壤中的迁移能力也不可忽视。     

深耘断根对旱地高产小麦花后根系干重及产量的影响

在旱地大田条件下研究了深耘断根对旱地高产小麦花后根系干重及产量的影响,结果表明,４个处理中以冬前深耘断根最好,起身期深耘断根与对照（不断根）次之,冬前和起身期都深耘断根效果最差,冬前深耘断根可增加中,下层和根系的重量和比率,降低根系生长冗余性,控制最高总茎数,提高成穗数及成穗率,使子粒产量中各自花后光合率官输送的比例增加,从而使产量提高,因而在旱地高产麦田应推广冬前深耘断根。     

杭州典型茶园土壤肥力及环境质量现状分析

为了解杭州地区典型茶园土壤肥力及环境质量现状问题,对浙江杭州地区28个典型茶园进行实地调查取样和测定分析。结果表明,杭州茶园土壤p H适合茶树生长;有机质极为丰富;速效养分较丰富,但变幅较大;保肥能力中等偏上。土壤综合污染指数均小于0.7,环境质量总体良好,适合发展有机茶叶的种植;重金属元素在茶叶中的表现为ZnCuPbCrCdHgAs,其中铜、锌和镉在茶叶中的富集系数是其他重金属的10倍以上,但茶叶污染指数均小于1,质量总体较好。     

农户生猪养殖新技术选择行为的影响因素

文章运用Logistic回归模型分析了农户生猪养殖新技术选择行为,分析结果表明：养猪户户主的性别、文化程度、生猪饲养规模、养猪收入占家庭总收入的比重、对生猪饲养技术入户工程了解程度、本村是否有相关技术人员以及农户是否加入产业化组织等与农户生猪养殖新技术的选择行为具有显著的相关关系。根据研究结果,结合当前农村的基本现实,作者提出了相关的对策建议。     

烟草重组自交系LM2和HM1花芽分化对低温敏感的差异性

【目的】花芽分化是植物生长发育进程的重要转折点,烟草作为模式植物,鉴定筛选花芽分化对低温敏感性不同的遗传资源,对研究植物花芽分化具有重要意义。同时烟草又是重要的经济作物,花芽分化与烟叶的产质量密切相关,鉴定筛选花芽分化对低温不敏感的材料,对提高烟叶产质量具有重要意义。本文对云烟97×贵烟1号F6代中选出的两个重组自交系LM2和HM1花芽分化的对低温的敏感性进行鉴定,旨在筛选特异种质资源。【方法】对LM2和HM1进行苗期低温处理,通过体视显微镜对其茎尖分化动态进行观察。【结果】结果表明,LM2在苗期低温处理下花芽分化进程与常温对照进程一致,苗期低温对LM2的花芽分化进程无影响,表明LM2是一个难得的对苗期低温钝感的材料;而HM1的茎尖花芽分化进程在苗期低温处理下较常温对照提前,表明HM2是对苗期低温敏感的材料,易受苗期低温影响。【结论】LM2和HM1是一对对苗期低温敏感性存在显著差异的特异种质资源,可用于研究花芽分化响应苗期低温的机制、选育抗低温早花烟草品种。     

果园土壤重金属污染调查与评价——以重庆市金果园为例

监测重庆市金果园土壤剖面中的重金属含量,结合绿色食品产地土壤环境质量标准,采用污染指数法进行评价。结果表明各园区土壤中Cd的单因子污染指数较高,其中枇杷园和葡萄园0~20 cm和20~40 cm、桃园0~20 cm土层属轻度污染;梨园和血橙园20~40 cm、脐橙园和樱桃园0~20 cm土层的Cd含量达到警戒水平。另外,枇杷园和桃园0~20 cm土层中Pb含量也处于警戒水平。从内梅罗污染指数来看,梨园、蜜橘园、枣园、樱桃园、血橙园和脐橙园均小于0.7,土壤环境质量判定为清洁;枇杷园、桃园和葡萄园0~20 cm土层在0.7~1之间,土壤环境质量为尚清洁。为进一步提高果品品质,该果园应当采取措施控制土壤Cd、Pb污染。     

高产麦田稳定提高粒重的技术分析

高产麦田是由穗、粒、重三要素组成。穗数易掌握,粒数变异小,而粒重变幅最大,所以粒重的稳定、提高已成为高产田攻关的重大课题。据廊坊资料:丰抗8号(中水肥)的千粒重自1987~1991年依次为42.5、40.9、43.5、38.7、34.9克。冀麦6号(旱地种)自1985~1991年依次为38.3、35.4、40.3、34.6、35.0、31.0、27.0(倒伏)克。北京837(高产种)自1988~1991年依次为38.1、41.0、38.0、32.2克。津麦2号(高水肥千斤种)自1988~1991年依次为     

石灰性土植物磷胁迫的适应性调控机制研究

石灰性土因较高的Ca+浓度和较低的土壤含水量,导致土壤中有效态P含量较低,植物生长发育常受到P营养胁迫。笔者从元素营养角度综述了石灰性土中植物生长发育过程的控制因子及其适应性调控机制。重点对植物在P营养胁迫状态下的根系变异、根分泌物、菌根真菌侵染等方面进行了讨论。同时,对研究中存在的问题进行了简评,并对其研究前景作了展望。     

Efficient application of in vitro anther culture for different European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programmes

The efficiency of our anther culture protocol was tested with high‐ and low‐responding genotypes, ‘Svilena’ and ‘Berengar’, and 93 F₁ winter wheat crosses in 2010 and 2011. Based on data for these genotypes, the effect of genotype influenced the number of embryo‐like structures, regenerated plantlets and green plantlets, while the number of albino plantlets was affected by genotype, year and environmental factors. Although genotype also influenced the production of green plantlets from breeding crosses, with green plantlets per 100 anthers ranging from 0.04 to 28.67, the average regeneration rate over all crosses was 5.3 green plantlets/100 anthers, which resulted in a total of 11 416 well‐rooted green plantlets. The survival rate of green plantlets following acclimatization was 97.21% in 2010 and 96.34% in 2011. In this study, the phenomenon of albinism and genotype dependency did not hinder the production of more than five thousand green plantlets each year. In our experiments, anther culture proved to be an efficient method in winter wheat breeding programmes with lower costs than alternative technologies.     

花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响

在池栽防雨条件下,研究了小麦花后不同灌水时期、不同灌水次数对籽粒产量及品质性状的影响。结果表明,在花前限量灌水条件下（135 mm）,花后灌水（45～90 mm）可显著提高小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质产量;虽然多数品质性状在花后不灌水（CK）条件下获得最大值,但灌1水未引起品质性状的明显变化;随灌水次数增加,各品质性状变劣     

Nitrate Assimilation and Nitrogen Harvest in Uniculm 'Gigas' Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Contribution of the upper laminae designated as 7, 8 and 9 (flag), to the total reduced nitrogen was determined by two different methods; integration of nitrate reductase activity over the entire growing season of individual laminae, and laminae removal at ear emergence. The values obtained by these methods were: 20, 14, and 12 %, and 23, 15, 12 %, respectively. The in vivo nitrate reductase activity was relatively higher in the lamina 9, which contributed an extra 8 % towards total reduced nitrogen when the other laminae were removed from the shoot. No such compensatory response was observed when either lamina 7 or 8 was retained.     

Application of microsatellite markers to distinguish inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat microsatellites (WMS) were used to test the authenticity of inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines developed using the varieties ‘Cappelle-Desprez’ and ‘Bezostaya 1’. The results demonstrated that the majority of the lines were correct. Microsatellites, with their abundance of polymorphic markers randomly distributed over the entire wheat genome, provided ideal tools for establishing the authenticity of cytogenetically developed genetic stocks of wheat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Yield, Grain Weight and Height Relationships in Two Random Samples of Early Semi-Dwarf Genotypes of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The objective of this work is to study the association between the genotypic differences in mean grain weight and grain yield, the relationship of yield and grain weight with culm length, and the differences between the effects of the Rht1 and Rht2 dwarfing alleles on these characters. Yield, grain weight, grains m^-2 and culm length were evaluated in two random samples of 19 semi-dwarf early lines, selected in F₅ and tested in F₂, from two different crosses between cultivars differing in the Rht allele controlling their semi-dwarf ness. The lines of each cross were tested in 4-replicated field trials at two different sites. Phenotypic, genotypic, partial and multiple correlations as well as hertability estimates were computed. In each cross the lines differed significantly in their mean values of all the characters tested. In both crosses there was no apparent association between grain weight and grain yield. It therefore seems that in wheat of the type investigated in this study, grain yield and grain weight are independent controlled and that high grain yield is not restricted to any particular range of mean grain weight. A rather high positive correlation between culm length and grain weight was found in one cross but not in the other indicating the dependence of this relationship on the genetic background. In both crosses no significant differences were found between the performance of the lines carrying the Rht1 dwarfing allele and those carrying the Rht2 allele.     

Variation in sterility among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in response to boron deficiency in Nepal

Two field experiments were carried out at the Khairanitar Farm, Nepal during the winter season of 1993 to investigate whether wheat genotypes differ in their sterility response to low soil boron and whether boron added to soil can correct sterility. A nursery consisting of 41 diverse genotypes from Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, China, Pakistan and CIMMYT/Mexico were evaluated in a plot where severe sterility had been observed in previous years. The second experiment involved six genotypes of known sterility responses to boron grown with or without an application of boron at 1 kg ha^-1. Large differences were observed among genotypes in terms of number of grain set per ear (range 0.5 to 30 ) and sterility (5.5% to 97.5%). About one third of all the genotypes had <25% sterility and 16 of them suffered >75% sterility. The genotypes Fang-60, Sonalika, De Mai 6-22, BUC/FLK/MYNA/VL and HDW-234 were highly tolerant to boron deficiency with <10% sterility. In sharp contrast, genotypes BOW/BUT, SERI/THB, Glennson, SW-41, Yunmai-33 and UHU were highly susceptible and set virtually no grains in the boron deficient plots. Strong responses to boron application were observed and genotypic variations were evident. Boron at 1 kg ha^-1significantly reduced the number of late ears, increased number of grains per ear and grain yield in boron-responsive genotypes. Tolerant genotypes were not influenced by added boron. Given these striking genetic differences, progress in breeding wheat for B-deficient soils in Nepal should be worthwhile. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic variation for nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary The new European Common Agricultural Policy and environmental considerations are certainly to change agricultural practices toward low input cultivation systems. Nitrogen is one of the main inputs of winter wheat in northern France and it contributes highly to phreatic water pollution. A research programme has then been set up in order to study whether it is possible to breed for winter wheat cultivars using more efficiently N fertilisers. Less nitrogen would be applied, decreasing pollution risks and operational costs. It has been shown that a large variation exists for N related traits and for the resistance against N deficiency. On the one hand the cv Arche is very resistant to N deficiency, its yield on low N conditions (with no N fertiliser) is on average 89% of its yield on high N conditions (with a high N application). On the other hand, cv Récital is very susceptible to N deficiency as this same percentage is only 61%. A study on 10 hybrids showed that heterosis for grain yield was higher at low N level than at high N level. This was due to a higher number of grains per m².