影响植酸酶在畜禽消化道内作用效果的研究进展

理论上,畜禽消化道内微生物植酸酶的活性、底物可溶性植酸的浓度及产物无机磷的浓度被认为是影响植酸酶在畜禽消化道内作用的三大主要因素。文章从这三方面入手,介绍了植酸酶的一般特性及影响畜禽消化道内植酸酶活性的因素;分析了植酸的性质、植酸在饲料原料中的分布及影响畜禽消化道内可溶性植酸浓度的因素;阐述了磷在体内的吸收方式及主要的吸收部位,为植酸酶在畜禽消化道内水解植酸适宜作用部位的研究提供理论参考。     

微丸型植酸酶迈特-5000对蛋鸭产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响

植酸酶是一种能降解植物性饲料中植酸及其盐类的磷酸酯酶,能释放日粮中植酸结合的大部分磷.本文将新剂型植酸酶微丸型迈特-5000添加到蛋鸭的日粮中,对饲料中的磷酸氢钙进行替代,观察其对蛋鸭产蛋情况和鸭蛋品质的影响.对植酸酶特性及其在蛋鸭日粮中的应用效果进行探索.     

添加植酸酶对肉鸡钙、磷利用的研究

本试验目的是利用植酸酶可以水解饲料中植酸的原理,探讨在国内肉用仔鸡生产条件下,商品植酸酶替代磷酸氢钙的效果和评价实际可应用性。试验选用艾维茵零日龄肉用仔鸡,分两个阶段在饲料中添加400FTU植酸酶分别替代5.0千克/ 吨饲料和6.0千克/ 吨饲料的磷酸氢钙,观测植酸酶对肉用仔鸡生产性能以及骨骼和血清钙、磷指标的影响。结果表明:用400FTU植酸酶替代全价日粮中磷酸氢钙添加量的50% ,可以保持肉用仔鸡的生产性能不变,胫骨和血清中的钙、磷含量基本一致,甚至比对照组略高,说朗植酸酶可改善肉鸡体内的钙、磷代谢,在低磷日粮中添加植酸酶后,可使肉鸡正常生长,不降低生产性能。     

植酸酶在肉鸭低非植酸磷水平饲粮中的应用

饲粮中添加植酸酶已经成为降解饲粮中植酸及其盐类从而提高畜禽对磷利用率、节约磷源矿物质饲料和减少磷排放的有效途径,植酸酶广泛应用于畜禽饲粮配制和养殖生产中。相对猪和鸡,植酸酶在肉鸭饲粮中的应用研究较少。因此,本文综述了在低非植酸磷水平饲粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸭生长性能、骨骼发育和养分利用率的影响以及植酸酶活性与饲粮非植酸磷水平之间定量换算关系方面的研究报道,旨在为肉鸭饲粮配制中科学合理使用植酸酶提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

植酸酶对肉鸭生产性能及钙磷代谢的影响

选用1600羽樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,分别饲喂植酸酶负对照日粮和用植酸酶部分替代磷酸氢钙的试验日粮,以研究植酸酶对肉鸭生产性能和钙、磷代谢的影响。结果表明:用100mg/kg植酸酶替代50%的磷酸氢钙可显著提高肉鸭日增重(P<0.05),而分别用100、100mg/kg和120mg/kg植酸酶替代50%、75%和75%的磷酸氢钙对采食量、饲料转化率、胫骨灰分和钙、磷含量影响不显著(P>0.05),但可显著提高植酸磷利用率和降低饲料磷的排泄(P<0.05)。综合考虑本试验结果可得出,樱桃谷肉鸭饲料中可用100mg/kg植酸酶替代50%～75%的磷酸氢钙。     

超量添加液体植酸酶在肉鸭上应用效果的研究

本试验研究饲粮植酸酶和磷酸氢钙的添加水平对15~43日龄肉鸭生长性能、血液指标中血清Ca、P和碱性磷酸酶的影响,确定植酸酶与磷酸氢钙添加量的关系。试验设计11个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复20只鸭。基础日粮磷酸氢钙添加13kg(有效磷NPP:3.5g/kg,植酸磷PP:3g/kg),其他处理组分别为在此基础上减少磷酸氢钙的添加量,然后加不同剂量的植酸酶。结果显示:①随着磷酸氢钙添加量的减少,肉鸭体增重、采食量、饲料转化率、血清钙磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性降低;②随着植酸酶水平的升高,肉鸭生长性能、血清及利用率等指标达到对照组水平;③当日粮植酸酶水平达到2000、4000、6000U/kg时,不添加磷酸氢钙,效果达到正常对照水平。     

应用免疫学技术测定植酸酶活性的设想与展望

植酸广泛存在于粮食、饲料中,与磷及其他养分结合形成不溶性的络合物,降低磷和其他养分利用率。植酸酶能够分解植酸及其盐类,释放出磷元素及其他养分,因而可以在饲料中添加植酸酶来减少磷酸氢钙用量。但如果饲料中降低了磷酸氢钙添加量,而忘记添加植酸酶会造成动物缺磷,导致饲料产品质量降低,动物生产性能及产品品质下降,因而,监控检测饲料中植酸酶活性对保证饲料产品质量至关重要。目前,植酸酶常用的检测方法不适合饲料生产及畜禽养殖企业现场实时检测。本文提出了用免疫学检测技术检测植酸酶活性的设想,并展望了免疫学技术在植酸酶活性检测中应用前景。     

国标绝对法测定植酸酶产品活性的关键控制点

<正>畜禽饲料中添加使用微生物发酵生产的植酸酶可提高植物性饲料中植酸及其盐的利用率,减少日粮中磷酸氢钙等磷源的添加量,降低饲料成本,目前已经被广泛使用。     

减少磷酸氢钙添加植酸酶在肉鸭上应用效果的研究

本试验研究饲粮磷酸氢钙和植酸酶的添加水平对15～43日龄肉鸭生长性能、血液指标中血清Ca、P和碱性磷酸酶的影响,确定植酸酶与磷酸氢钙添加量的关系。试验设计11个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复20羽鸭。基础日粮磷酸氢钙添加13kg（有效磷NPP：3．5g／kg,植酸磷PP：3g／kg）,其他处理组分别为在此基础上减少磷酸氢钙的添加量,然后加不同剂量的植酸酶。结果显示：（1）随着磷酸氢钙添加量的减少,肉鸭体增重、采食量、饲料转化率、血清钙磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性降低。（2）随着植酸酶水平的升高,肉鸭生长性能、血清及利用率等指标达到对照组水平。㈤当日粮植酸酶水平达到2000、4000、6000U／kg时,不添加磷酸氢钙．效果达到正常对照水平。     

植酸酶在饲粮中超量添加的研究进展

植酸酶作为常规饲料添加剂已经普遍应用于饲粮中,用于分解饲料原料中的植酸,释放磷元素,降低用于提供有效磷的磷酸氢钙或其他原料的使用量。随着研究的深入,发现植酸酶的添加量还远远达不到其应有的功效,超量添加植酸酶可以分解超过90%的植酸,还可以提高蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉及矿物质元素的利用率,提高畜禽的生产性能,降低饲料成本,减少环境污染。     

微生物植酸酶对猪钙、磷利用率及骨骼发育的影响

本试验旨在研究从断奶到肥育结束,在饲粮中添加微生物植酸酶对猪钙、磷代谢及骨骼发育的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,将72头35日龄断奶的仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头。试验在相同钙水平基础上设4个组,分别为:1)玉米-豆粕基础日粮(对照组);2)基础日粮 植酸酶-50%磷酸氢钙(处理1);3)基础日粮 植酸酶-75%磷酸氢钙(处理2);4)基础日粮 植酸酶-100%磷酸氢钙(处理3)。试验期按体重分3个阶段:8~20 kg、20~50 kg、50~90 kg,3个阶段植酸酶的添加量分别为750、500和250 U/kg。试验结果表明:(1)在8~20 kg和20~50 kg阶段,添加植酸酶的3个处理,钙、磷消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血钙和血磷浓度,处理1和处理2与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),处理3显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在50~90 kg阶段,添加250 U/kg植酸酶代替100%磷酸氢钙,血磷、血钙浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);(2)在试验的3个阶段添加植酸酶同时降低饲粮无机磷水平,对血清碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05);(3)添加植酸酶使胃中植酸磷消化率显著提高(P<0.0 1),粪中磷排出量显著降低(8~2 0 kg、2 0~5 0 kg阶段,P<0.0 1;5 0~9 0 kg阶段,P<0.0 5);(4)添加植酸酶代替50%或75%磷酸氢钙,猪的掌骨灰分与采食正常磷日粮的对照组无显著差异,但代替100%磷酸氢钙组,猪的掌骨灰分和蹠骨强度则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);添加植酸酶代替50%磷酸氢钙组,猪的蹠骨强度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),代替75%磷酸氢钙组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之,在断奶和生长阶段,在猪玉米-豆粕日粮中添加植酸酶可代替部分磷酸氢钙,促进了钙、磷消化利用,促进了骨骼生长,也促进了植酸磷的利用,降低了粪磷排出。     

植酸酶和磷酸氢钙对育肥猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

采用体重75 kg的长白×大约克二元杂交阉公猪56头,随机分为4个处理,分别饲喂常磷日粮、低磷日粮、常磷加植酸酶日粮和低磷加植酸酶日粮。每个处理14个重复,每个重复1头,研究杂粕型日粮添加植酸酶(750 U/kg)和不添加磷酸氢钙对育肥猪的生产性能和养分消化率的影响。结果表明:低磷组比常磷组的采食量降低了5.04%(P<0.05),料重比增加了17.94%(P<0.01),日增重降低了19.80%(P<0.01),单位增重饲料成本增加了17.20%(P<0.01),磷表观消化率降低了10.16%(P<0.01),钙表观消化率降低了8.56%(P<0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);常磷加酶组比常磷组的采食量增加了2.97%(P>0.05),料重比增加了3.53%(P>0.05),日增重降低了1.70%(P>0.05),单位增重饲料成本增加了4.12%(P>0.05),磷表观消化率降低了3.46%(P>0.05),钙表观消化率降低了4.40%(P>0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);低磷加酶组比低磷组的采食量增加了7.50%(P<0.01),料重比降低了13.47%(P<0.01),日增重增加了24.30%(P<0.01),单位增重饲料成本降低了13.60%(P<0.01),磷表观消化率提高了42.09%(P<0.01),钙表观消化率提高了11.18%(P<0.01),粗蛋白表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);低磷加酶组(即无磷酸氢钙日粮加酶组)与常磷组相比采食量、日增重、料重比和单位增重饲料成本均差异不显著(P>0.05),磷表观消化率提高了27.66%(P<0.05),钙表观消化率提高了1.68%(P>0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论:低磷日粮添加植酸酶可以提高猪生长性能,提高钙磷表观消化率,但对粗蛋白表观消化率无显著影响;常磷日粮添加植酸酶对猪的生长性能和养分表观消化率均无显著影响;不添加磷酸氢钙会降低猪的生长性能和钙磷的表观消化率。     

植酸酶对0～3周樱桃谷鸭生长性能、钙、磷表观存留率影响

为了在负对照组 (钙、磷水平各减少 0 .1 % )日粮基础上添加植酸酶对肉鸭生长、钙、磷表观存留率的影响 ,用 64只 1日龄樱桃谷鸭进行试验 ,按体重随机分为 4组 ,代谢期 6天。试验组鸭分别添加植酸酶 30 0和 50 0PU/kg。结果表明 :添加植酸酶显著提高试鸭的日采食量、日增重、钙、磷的表观存留率 ,植酸酶可以部分替代磷酸氢钙     

Hydrolysis of phytic acid by intrinsic plant and supplemented microbial phytase (Aspergillus niger) in the stomach and small intestine of minipigs fitted with re-entrant cannulas. 2. Phytase activity

Hydrolysis of phytate in the stomach and the small intestine as influenced by intrinsic plant (wheat) and supplemented microbial phytase (A. niger) were investigated with six minipigs (40-50 kg initial BW) fitted with re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum, 30 cm posterior to the pylorus (animals 1, 4, 5, and 6) and ileocecal re-entrant cannulas, 5 cm prior the ileocecal junction (animals 1, 2, and 3), respectively. Dietary treatments were as follows: (1) diet 1, a corn-based diet (43 U phytase/kg DM); (2) diet 2, diet 1 supplemented with microbial phytase (818 U/kg DM) and (3) diet 3, a wheat-based diet (1192 U/kg DM). At 0730 and 1930 per animal 350 g diet mixed with 1050 ml de-ionized water were fed. Digesta were collected continuously and completely during 12 h after feeding. In the duodenal digesta, 70% of the microbial phytase (diet 2) and 45% of the wheat phytase (diet 3) were recovered within 12 h after ingestion of the phytases, whereas only negligible amounts were detected in the digesta of pigs fed the phytase-poor corn-based diet 1. Most phytase activity passed through the stomach within the first hour after feeding. Microbial phytase activity at pH 2.8 was less sensitive to acidic pHs, such as those found in the stomach, than phytase activity at pH 5.3. Phytase activities in the digesta of the distal ileum did not depend either on source or amount of dietary phytase activity.     

耐热植酸酶对肉鸡生产性能、血液及骨骼钙磷含量的影响

选取192羽1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡,随机分为4组,研究在低磷肉鸡颗粒日粮中分别添加耐热植酸酶(100g/t)和普通植酸酶(200g/t)对肉鸡生产性能及血液和骨骼中相关指标的影响。结果表明:低磷日粮显著降低了肉鸡的生产性能,植酸酶的添加均提高了肉鸡的采食量及日增重,降低了料重比,且耐热植酸酶较普通植酸酶获得了更好的生产性能;低磷日粮降低血清及骨骼中钙、磷含量,提高血清碱性磷酸酶活性,而植酸酶的添加提高了血清及骨骼中钙、磷含量,降低碱性磷酸酶活性。结果提示:耐热植酸酶应用于低磷肉仔鸡颗粒日粮中能提高肉鸡的生产性能和机体对钙、磷的储存。     

Comparative enzymatic hydrolysis of phytate in various animal feedstuff with two different phytases

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DS11 phytase (DS11 phytase) and Aspergillus ficuum phytase (AF phytase) activities were investigated by measuring the release of phosphate from phytate in animal feedstuff such as wheat bran, corn meal, soybean meal and rice flour at pH 5 and 7. In all the tested feedstuff, the enzymatic activity of DS11 phytase was more active at pH 7, but that of AF phytase was more active at pH 5. From these results, the phytate in the gastrointestinal tract could be degraded in the small intestine or stomach by DS11 or AF phytase, respectively. In conclusion, the results presented in this paper indicated that different combination ratios of DS11 and AF phytase, depending on the kind of feedstuff, might effectively induce more enzymatic activity both in the stomach and small intestine in terms of the pH of the gastrointestinal tract.     

An improved method for a rapid determination of phytase activity in animal feed

The current direct colorimetric assay for phytase activity in feeds has interference from high P background and other factors. Our objective was to develop a rapid and reliable spin column method to accurately determine phytase activity in feed ingredients or complete diets. After the feed sample was extracted by stirring in 0.2 M citrate buffer, pH 5.5, for 30 min at room temperature, the oily layer of the supernatant fraction was removed by passing through an acrodisc syringe filter (0.45-microm HT Tuffryn membrane, Gelman Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI). The filtrate was then loaded onto a spin column (MW cutoff 30,000, Millipore, Bedford, MA) to remove free phosphate before the phytase activity assay. Compared with the direct assay, this new procedure improved both accuracy and reproducibility. When diets contained phytase at 0 to 1,500 U/kg (as fed), the CV for multiple assays of the same samples (n = 6) by the new method ranged from 1 to 6% compared with 28 to 39% by the direct method. A linear relationship was found between the added phytase activity in practical diets and the analyzed activity by the new method (r2 = 0.99; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the spin column method is an improved assay for phytase activity in animal feed, and may be used for quality control of phytase supplementation.     

超剂量植酸酶在猪生产中的应用研究进展

植酸酶作为释放植物中磷的高效水解酶,低剂量植酸酶在动物生产和环境保护方面具有促进作用和广阔的应用前景。有研究表明超剂量添加植酸酶对猪的生长潜力有较大促进作用,但目前关于超剂量植酸酶的研究和应用尚为缺乏。本文从植酸和植酸酶的作用机理、超剂量植酸酶在猪生产中的应用及其应用过程中面临的问题等方面进行综述。     

植酸酶在畜牧业上的研究与应用

大量研究结果显示,植酸酶在动物生产和环境保护方面具有很好的应用前景。本文就植酸酶的种类和来源、理化特性、作用机理以及在畜牧业上的应用作一简要综述。     

The effect of previous exposure to dietary microbial phytase on the endogenous excretions of energy, nitrogen and minerals from turkeys

1. A precision feeding experiment was conducted with turkeys, which had previously been fed diets with or without phytase, to study the effects on the excretions of endogenous energy (EEL), nitrogen (ENL), amino acids (EAAL) and minerals. 2. Female turkeys (BUT 6) which had been fed one of 4 experimental diets (low P maize-soya diets (control, C), C + 250 international units of phytase/kg diet (FTU), C + 500 FTU and C + 2500 FTU) were used in this study. All birds were fasted and then given 50 mL of glucose solution at 46 d of age. Birds were allocated to individual metabolism cages in a randomised block design with 8 replicates for each of the 4 previously-fed diets. 3. The response of EEL and ENL to phytase pre-exposure was linear. An increase of 100 FTU reduced the EEL and ENL by approximately 1·6 kJ and 20 mg respectively. The results suggest that a minimum activity of phytase of 500 FTU is needed to initiate the reduction of these losses. 4. Pre-exposure to phytase reduced the EAAL, which was best described as a linear response with increasing phytase dose in the pre-study period. An increase of 100 FTU reduced the losses of total endogenous amino acids by approximately 225 mg. 5. In contrast to the results for endogenous energy losses, turkeys pre-exposed to phytase linearly increased their excretions of Ca and Mg with increasing phytase activity in the pre-study period. 6. The effects of feeding turkeys with supplementary phytase continued for at least 4 d after the diets were withdrawn. This suggests that exposure to phytase alters the functionality and secretions of the gastrointestinal tract, which may influence the nutritive value of diets fed immediately after.