干细胞中两个关键细胞因子Oct4和Sox2

胚胎干细胞(ESC)在谱系特异性标志被激活前,Oct4和Sox2蛋白水平是细胞向谱系选择发展过程中的连续临时性标志。Oct4和Sox2转录因子在启动细胞重编程、维持ESC多能性和决定其是否走向分化方面具有关键作用。它通过与靶基因调控区结合,选择性地抑制分化基因或者激活多能性基因的表达而达到调控目的。干细胞共激活复合物(SCC)是Oct4和Sox2在Nanog基因协同激活时所需要的,它直接与Oct4和Sox2相互作用并集中在Nanog和Oct4启动子部位以及大部分被Oct4和Sox2占据的基因组区域,在维持ES细胞多能性和保持基因组完整性方面发挥着重要功能。因此,对Oct4、Sox2这两个关键性细胞因子作用机制深入了解,有助于细胞重编程分子机制的进一步阐明,为干细胞的相关研究奠定基础。     

miRNA对干细胞重编程的影响

miRNA在胚胎干细胞(ES)细胞的自我更新及多能性中扮演重要角色,国内外研究结果表明,在体细胞形成诱导性多能干细胞(IPS)的过程中,许多miRNA与Sox2、Oct4和Nanog等调控因子组成调控网络。miRNA在细胞周期、重编程及表型建立过程中也起着重要的调控作用。另外,在IPS细胞形成中,miRNA很有可能代替关键转录因子。     

羊水来源干细胞基因组特征的研究进展

人和动物存在羊水来源的多潜能干细胞(amniotic fluid-derived stem cells,AFSCs)。AFSCs被公认为是介于胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞之间的一种特殊的细胞类型,因此,AFSCs同时具有成体干细胞和胚胎干细胞的生物学特性。AFSCs干细胞特性的保持是以其标志基因以及基因组的整体特异表达为基础。目前,已经有相关研究对不同胎龄时期的AFSCs的标志基因Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、SSEA系列以及Tra-1-60和Tra-1-81等在基因组中的表达特征进行了分析。对AFSCs的相关研究进展进行综述,以期为羊水干细胞的进一步系统、深入研究提供理论依据。     

猕猴外周血液中多潜能调控因子Oct4、Nanog和Sox2基因的表达

采用半定量RT-PCR对采自幼体(2岁以内)、亚成体(2～5岁)和成体(5岁以上)猕猴共28份外周血样品进行分析.结果显示,幼体和亚成体猕猴所有外周血样品均转录表达Oct4、Nanog和Sox2基因,大部分成体猕猴外周血样品(8/12)表达Oct4、Nanog和Sox2基因,少数样品仅表达Oct4和Sox2(2/12)或Oct4和Nanog(1/12),1份样品不表达3个基因;同一年龄组内,Sox2表达水平均显著高于Oct4和Nanog(P≤0.05),幼体组Oct4和Nanog的表达水平没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),亚成体组和成体组Oct4的表达水平均显著高于Nanog(P≤0.05);在不同年龄组间,Oct4和Nanog表达水平没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),幼体组Sox2表达水平显著高于成体组(P≤0.05).结果表明,在生理条件下Oct4、Nanog和Sox2基因在不同年龄段猕猴外周血中均转录表达,不同基因表达水平存在一定差异,随年龄增加这些基因表达量有降低的趋势.     

DNA甲基化酶抑制剂5-Aza-CdR对多能基因及甲基化相关基因在徒手克隆胚胎中表达模式的影响

本试验通过实时荧光定量PCR方法对多能基因Oct4和Nanog及DNA甲基化相关基因Dnmt1和Tets在徒手克隆（handmade cloning,HMC）胚胎中的表达模式进行初步研究,并探讨5-Aza-CdR处理重构胚对这些基因表达模式的影响。结果显示,Oct4、Nanog和Tet3的表达在2细胞时期达到顶峰,Dnmt1和Tet2基因的表达随HMC胚胎发育而下降,而Tet1基因随HMC胚胎发育表达上升。使用5-Aza-CdR处理重构胚没有改变Oct4、Tet1和Tet3基因的表达模式,使Nanog基因在胚胎发育初期表达增加,Dnmt1和Tet2基因在胚胎发育初期表达降低。研究初步确立了Oct4、Nanog、Dnmt1和Tets基因在HMC胚胎的表达模式,5-Aza-CdR对重构胚的处理可对HMC胚胎的甲基化模式产生影响。     

猪肌肉卫星细胞的分离培养及生物学特性鉴定

以猪胎儿为材料,采用胶原酶消化法或组织块法培养胎儿背部最长肌获得了肌肉卫星细胞,该细胞体外可以传到9代以上。培养的细胞多呈纺锤体型和梭型,具有明显的方向性,呈典型的长轴平行排列。流式细胞仪分析结果显示,该细胞呈CD29、CD166、CD45、CD44阳性,CD71、CD34阴性。RT-PCR检测发现其表达Desmin、C-Myc、Nanog、Pcna、Oct4、Klf4,弱表达Myog,不表达Sox2、MyoD。免疫组化染色发现其表达Desmin等肌肉细胞的特异性标记,同时表达Nanog、Pcna等多能性细胞标记。本试验建立了一种简便高效的猪肌肉卫星细胞体外分离和培养方法,得到的细胞具有肌肉卫星细胞的典型生物学特性,同时表达间质干细胞和多能性干细胞的部分标记。     

添加不同因子对绵羊类胚胎干细胞多能性的影响

为筛选出更有利于维持绵羊类胚胎干细胞(oESC-like cell)多能性的因子,在基础培养基N2B27/CH中,分别添加PD、PD+hLIF、PD+BPM4、PD+hLIF+BMP4,通过比较分析,初步筛选出了比本实验室原培养体系(N2B27/CH+bFGF)更利于维持oESC-like多能性的培养基添加因子。结果显示:基础培养基中添加PD、PD+hLIF后细胞生长较好,细胞之间的结合更加致密;各种培养基培养物都表达AKP与Sox2、Oct4免疫荧光蛋白等oESC-like多能性标志;4种不同培养基与bFGF相比,细胞的生长速度减慢;在基础培养基N2B27/CH中添加PD和PD+hLIF使多能性候选基因Lin28与c-Myc表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),Nestin的表达量极显著下调(P<0.01),加入PD+hLIF使Oct4表达量极显著上调(P<0.01)。因此,在oESC-like基础培养液N2B27/CH的基础上,添加PD或PD+hLIF更有利于oESC-like细胞多能性维持。     

猪胚胎早期卵裂时间与其发育潜能关系的初步研究

旨在探讨初次卵裂时间对猪孤雌胚胎发育潜能及其基因相对表达水平的影响。本试验从健康母猪卵巢上抽取卵母细胞进行体外成熟培养,将猪孤雌激活胚胎分为早期卵裂组(16～22 h)与晚期卵裂组(26～32 h)统计比较卵裂率和囊胚率,并对囊胚的多能性相关基因Oct4、Sox2、Klf4等和凋亡相关基因Bcl-xl、Bax、Caspase-3的相对表达水平进行分析检测。结果表明,猪孤雌激活胚胎在16～22 h发生卵裂的为50%～60%,而26 h之后发生卵裂的不到20%,在18 h前完成第一次卵裂的胚胎囊胚发育率为79%,42 h后发生初次卵裂的胚胎无法发育至囊胚期。猪孤雌激活胚胎早期卵裂组的囊胚发育率显著高于晚期卵裂组(P0.05)。早期卵裂组囊胚的Oct4、Nanog、Sox2、Klf4基因的表达量显著高于晚期卵裂组(P0.05),Oct4、Sox2、Klf4基因的相对表达量极显著高于晚期卵裂组(P0.01),Bax和Caspase-3基因的相对表达水平极显著低于晚期卵裂组(P0.01),而Bcl-xl作为保护因子其表达量相对于晚期卵裂胚胎(26～32 h)显著上调(P0.05)。结果显示,初次卵裂时间较早的猪孤雌激活胚胎发育潜能显著高于较晚卵裂胚胎,其囊胚多能性相关基因表达上调,凋亡相关基因表达下调,卵裂时间可作为鉴定猪孤雌激活胚胎发育潜力的重要参数。     

崂山奶山羊胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）的分离培养及成神经诱导分化

旨在建立崂山奶山羊胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）体外分离培养方法,并研究其生物学特性和成神经分化的能力。取怀孕3个月的崂山奶山羊胎儿股骨,分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞,并进行传代培养,测定其细胞倍增时间,利用RT-PCR技术检测Oct4、Nanog、Sox2基因的表达;取P3 BMSCs分别向成神经细胞进行诱导分化,并从组织学水平和基因水平进行鉴定。结果表明,分离得到的胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞大小较为均匀,呈梭形的成纤维细胞样,可表达Oct4、Nanog、Sox2基因;传代接种后第4天进入指数生长期,第8天进入平台期,前10代BMSCs的平均倍增时间为29.7 h;P3 BMSCs成神经诱导后,尼氏体经甲苯胺蓝染色后可见紫蓝色,其特异性表达基因ENO2和GFAP表达呈阳性。获得的崂山奶山羊BMSCs具有成神经分化潜能。     

诱导性多能干细胞研究进展

诱导性多能干细胞(iPS细胞)技术是近几年新发展起来的一种分子生物学技术,该技术采用体外导入Oct4、Sox2、c-Myc和Klf4等4个转录因子可将小鼠体细胞直接重构成为ES细胞样的多潜能细胞,并命名这类细胞为诱导性多潜能干细胞(即iPS细胞)。同样转染上述因子或Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、LIN28等4个因子也能够使人类体细胞重构为iPS细胞,进一步研究表明iPS细胞具有与人类ES细胞相似的基本特征。然而,不论是作为载体的病毒,还是植入的基因都具有致癌的风险,从而限制了iPS细胞的临床应用前景。为克服iPS细胞致癌的风险,科学家们研究出了不借助病毒、安全地将普通皮肤细胞转化为iPS细胞的方法。由此表明iPS细胞将在临床医学、再生医学和药物筛选、疾病动物模型的建立等领域中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Pluripotent stem cells--model of embryonic development,tool for gene targeting,and basis of cell therapy

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cell lines with the capacity of self-renewal and a broad differentiation plasticity. They are derived from pre-implantation embryos and can be propagated as a homogeneous, uncommitted cell population for an almost unlimited period of time without losing their pluripotency and their stable karyotype. Murine ES cells are able to reintegrate fully into embryogenesis when returned into an early embryo, even after extensive genetic manipulation. In the resulting chimeric offspring produced by blastocyst injection or morula aggregation, ES cell descendants are represented among all cell types, including functional gametes. Therefore, mouse ES cells represent an important tool for genetic engineering, in particular via homologous recombination, to introduce gene knock-outs and other precise genomic modifications into the mouse germ line. Because of these properties ES cell technology is of high interest for other model organisms and for livestock species like cattle and pigs. However, in spite of tremendous research activities, no proven ES cells colonizing the germ line have yet been established for vertebrate species other than the mouse (Evans and Kaufman, 1981; Martin, 1981) and chicken (Pain et al., 1996). The in vitro differentiation capacity of ES cells provides unique opportunities for experimental analysis of gene regulation and function during cell commitment and differentiation in early embryogenesis. Recently, pluripotent stem cells were established from human embryos (Thomson et al., 1998) and early fetuses (Shamblott et al., 1998), opening new scenarios both for research in human developmental biology and for medical applications, i.e. cell replacement strategies. At about the same time, research activities focused on characteristics and differentiation potential of somatic stem cells, unravelling an unexpected plasticity of these cell types. Somatic stem cells are found in differentiated tissues and can renew themselves in addition to generating the specialized cell types of the tissue from which they originate. Additional to discoveries of somatic stem cells in tissues that were previously not thought to contain these kinds of cells, they also appear to be capable of developing into cell types of other tissues, but have a reduced differentiation potential as compared to embryo-derived stem cells. Therefore, somatic stem cells are referred to as multipotent rather than pluripotent. This review summarizes characteristics of pluripotent stem cells in the mouse and in selected livestock species, explains their use for genetic engineering and basic research on embryonic development, and evaluates their potential for cell therapy as compared to somatic stem cells.     

禽类多能性干细胞研究进展

胚胎干细胞是未分化的具有增殖和自我更新能力的细胞,并且能分化成所有类型的体细胞以及生殖细胞。它们提供了早期胚胎分化的体外模型,也是基因操作的重要靶细胞。禽类多能性干细胞培养最重要的应用领域是以干细胞体外遗传修饰、鉴定为技术平台的家禽转基因技术。通过此技术对禽类基因进行遗传修饰与操作,在胚胎发育基础研究、转基因禽类生产及家禽育种等方面有巨大的应用前景。但是禽类多能性干细胞培养的许多基本问题仍亟待解决,如探索其建系的培养条件、揭示其维持多能性和增殖能力的分子机制等。文章综述了禽类多能性干细胞的分离方法、体外分化能力、嵌合体形成以及基因修饰方面的研究进展及目前的研究局限。     

Construction and Validation of Oct4-EGFP Pluripotent Reporter Vector in Pig

This study aimed to construct Oct4-EGFP pluripotent reporter vector in pig without destroying cells researching the expression pattern of Oct4, thus contributing to early embryonic development and stem cell research.Construct Oct4-EGFP pluripotency reporter vector with the In-Fusion PCR cloning technology, the Oct4 promoter sequence to direct the recombinant vector pEGFP-N1 instead of EGFP original CMV promoter plasmid pEGFP-N1 by Oct4 and liposomal transfection technology, and transfected into livability of porcine fetal fibroblasts cells.The results showed that it had successfully constructed Oct4-EGFP pluripotency reporter vector by PCR and sequencing verified, and initially verified the validity of the carrier in the parthenogenetic blastocysts.After liposomal transfection, 8 genetically modified cells of incorporates pluripotent report carrier with the Oct4-EGFP had been gained by screening and PCR.Thus, the In-Fusion PCR cloning technology could efficiently construct Oct4-EGFP pluripotency reporter vector and obtained transgenic positive cells could lay the foundation for the early development and embryonic stem cell research of pig embryos.     

猪Oct4-EGFP多能性报告载体的构建与验证

本研究旨在构建一套猪Oct4-EGFP多能性报告载体,可在不破坏细胞的前提下研究Oct4的表达规律,从而有利于早期胚胎发育研究及干细胞的研究。试验采用无缝克隆(In-Fusion PCR cloning)技术,将Oct4启动子序列直接重组到pEGFP-N1载体上,用Oct4代替质粒pEGFP-N1中增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)原有的CMV启动子构建出Oct4-EGFP报告载体,并用脂质体转染技术转染入大白猪胎儿成纤维细胞中,分析Oct4-EGFP报告载体,表达情况。结果发现,经PCR及测序验证,成功构建了Oct4-EGFP多能性报告载体,并在孤雌囊胚上初步验证了载体的有效性;经过脂质体转染,经筛选及PCR鉴定,获得了8株整合有Oct4-EGFP多能性报告载体的转基因细胞。研究结果表明,运用无缝克隆技术可高效率构建Oct4-EGFP多能性报告载体,且获得的转基因阳性细胞可为猪胚胎早期发育和胚胎干细胞研究奠定技术基础。     

Interspecies cell fusion between mouse embryonic stem cell and porcine pluripotent cell

In the area of stem cell research, fusion of somatic cells into pluripotent cells such as mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells induces reprogramming of the somatic nucleus and can be used to study the effect of trans-acting factors from the pluripotent cell on the pluripotent state of somatic nucleus. As many other groups, we previously established a porcine pluripotent cell line at a low potential. Therefore, here, we performed experiments to investigate if the fusion with mouse ES cell could improve the pluripotent state of porcine pluripotent cell. Our data showed that resultant mouse–porcine interspecies fused cells are AP positive, and could be passaged up to 20 passages. Different degrees of increases in expression of porcine pluripotent genes proved that pig-origin gene network can be programmed by mouse ES. Further differentiation study also confirmed these fused cells’ potential to form three germ layers. However, unexpectedly, we found that chromosome loss and aberrant (especially in porcine chromosomes) is severe after the cell fusion, implying that interspecies cell fusion may be not suitable to study porcine pluripotency without additional supportive conditions for genome stabilization.